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Appendix A: Tables 1 Employed Scientists by Doctorate Field and Employment Sector, 56 2 Primary Work Activities of Employed Ph.D.s by Field of Employment, 57 3 Primary Work Activities of Employed Scientists by Field of Doctorate, 58 4 Median Annual Salaries of Full-time Employed Ph.D.s, 59 5 Normalized Median Annual Salaries of Full-time Employed Ph.D.s, 60 6 Median Annual Salaries in Dollars of 30- to 34-year-old Full-time Employed Ph.D.s, 61 7 Normalized Median Annual Salaries of 30- to 34-year-old Full-time Employed Ph.D.s, 62 8 Age Distribution of Employed Ph.D.s in 1985, 63 9 Field Mobility of Employed Ph.D.s in 1985, 64 10 Field of Doctorate Distribution of Employed Ph.D.s in 1985, 65 11 Work Mobility of Agricultural Ph.D.s, 66 12 Ph.D. Degrees Granted by U.S. Colleges and Universi- ties, 67 13 Bachelors' and Masters' Degrees Granted by U.S. Colleges and Universities, 68 14 Total 22-year-olds in the U.S. Population (in thousands), 69 55
TABLE 1 Employed Scientists by Doctorate Field and Employment Sector Employment Sector Field of Doctorate Year Academiaa Industry Government Total0 Applied agriculture 1975 6,700 2,400 2,100 11,300 1985 9,200 4,800 2,700 16,700 Animal 1975 1,700 600 300 2,600 1985 2,300 1,100 400 3,800 Plant and soil 1975 2,700 700 900 4,300 1985 3,300 1,400 700 5,500 Food 1975 500 700 100 1,300 1985 600 1,100 100 1,800 Natural resources 1975 1,100 200 700 2,000 and environment 1985 1,800 800 1,300 3,900 Other 1975 700 200 200 1,100 1985 1,100 400 200 1,800 Agricultural 1975 1,000 300 300 1,600 economics 1985 1,900 600 400 3,000 Agriculture-related 1975 27,400 8,300 5,300 41,000 basic sciences 1985 37,100 17,200 6,700 61,100 Biological sciences 1975 27,200 7,900 4,800 39,900 1985 37,200 16,500 6,200 60,000 ''This sector does not include postdoctoral students. This sector includes self-employed Ph.D.s. °Totals are not exact. Numbers were rounded and a small number of Ph.D.s (less than 0.3 percent) did not report their employment sectors. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 56
TABLE 2 Primary Work Activities of Employed Ph.D.s by Field of Employment Primary Work Activity Manage- R&D Teaching ment Other Total8 Field of Employment Year (Number) Applied agriculture 1975 88 20 28 12 100 14,800 1985 41 15 21 21 100 20,600 Animal 1975 80 80 22 16 100 2,600 1985 84 22 16 27 100 3,900 Plant and soil 1975 58 20 15 9 100 3,800 1985 60 13 13 12 100 5,300 Food 1975 41 9 89 9 100 2,200 1985 41 8 33 16 100 2,700 Natural resources 1975 30 22 88 13 100 4,400 and environment 1985 32 14 23 29 100 6,100 Other 1975 32 14 86 15 100 1,800 1985 81 18 28 19 100 2,700 Agricultural 1975 40 26 19 11 100 1,900 economics 1985 41 30 10 17 100 2,700 Agriculture-related 1975 42 40 12 4 100 34,500 basic sciences 1985 49 30 11 8 100 45,900 Biological sciences 1975 40 48 12 3 100 34,000 1985 50 30 12 8 100 50,600 Totals are not exact. Numbers were rounded, and a small number of Ph.D.s (less than 4 percent) did not report their work activities. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 57
TABLE 3 Primary Work Activities of Employed Scientists by Field of Doctorate Primary Work Activity Manage- R&D Teaching ment Other Total3 Field of Doctorate Year (96) (%) (Number) Applied agriculture 1975 40 22 22 13 100 11,300 1985 42 19 18 18 100 16,700 Animal 1975 33 24 24 16 100 2,600 1985 35 20 20 23 100 3,800 Plant and soil 1975 47 19 18 12 100 4,300 1985 51 16 17 15 100 5,500 Food 1975 38 14 32 12 100 1,300 1985 36 13 28 19 100 1,800 Natural resources 1975 33 35 19 11 100 2,000 and environment 1985 36 24 17 21 100 3,900 Other 1975 48 19 23 10 100 1,100 1985 51 22 12 11 100 1,800 Agricultural 1975 35 25 27 8 100 1,600 economics 1985 34 26 20 17 100 3,000 Agriculture-related 1975 38 36 16 7 100 41,000 basic sciences 1985 43 25 16 14 100 61,100 Biological sciences 1975 36 38 16 7 100 39,900 1985 43 27 15 14 100 60,000 Totals are not exact. Numbers were rounded, and a small number of Ph.D.s (less than 4 percent) did not report their work activities. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 58
TABLE 4 Median Annual Salaries of Full-time Employed Ph.D.s Field of Employment Year Academia3 Industry Government Median Applied agriculture 1975 41,800 49,400 49,000 45,800 1985 40,500 46,900 45,700 43,100 Animal 1975 44,400 45,200 49,400 44,800 1985 40,700 46,000 45,900 43,600 Plant and soil 1975 40,600 42,600 40,200 42,200 1985 38,800 42,000 49,600 40,300 Food 1975 40,200 51,000 49,800 48,400 1985 42,000 50,600 45,600 49,300 Natural resources 1975 39,600 50,800 48,600 45,400 and environment 1985 40,600 46,700 43,400 42,900 Other 1975 45,200 49,200 56,600 47,000 1985 44,500 48,600 48,200 46,300 Agricultural 1975 43,600 65,000 56,800 47,400 economics 1985 41,400 68,500 41,400 42,100 Agriculture-related 1975 40,600 46,000 49,000 43,600 basic sciences 1985 38,300 44,200 44,400 40,300 Biological sciences 1975 40,600 40,800 49,200 42,400 1985 38,400 45,000 44,700 40,400 NOTE: Applied agricultural scientists have a higher average age than biological or natural scientists and, on average, more years of professional experience at each age. Academic salaries are adjusted for a 12-month equivalent. Salaries are in constant 1985 dollars. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 59
TABLE 5 Normalized Median Annual Salaries of Full-time Employed Ph.D.s Field of Employment Year Academiaa Industry Government Median Applied agriculture 1975 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1985 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Animal 1975 1.06 0.91 1.01 0.98 1985 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.01 Plant and soil 1975 0.97 0.86 0.98 0.92 1985 0.96 0.90 1.09 0.94 Food 1975 0.96 1.03 1.02 1.06 1985 1.04 1.08 1.00 1.14 Natural resources 1975 0.95 1.03 0.99 0.99 and environment 1985 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 Other 1975 1.08 1.00 1.16 1.03 1985 1.10 1.04 1.05 1.07 Agricultural 1975 1.04 1.32 1.16 1.03 economics 1985 1.02 1.46 0.91 0.98 Agriculture-related 1975 0.97 0.93 1.00 0.93 basic sciences 1985 0.95 0.94 0.97 0.94 Biological sciences 1975 0.97 0.95 1.00 0.93 1985 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.94 NOTE: Applied agricultural scientists have a higher average age than biological or natural scientists and, on average, more years of professional experience at each age. aAcademic salaries are adjusted for a 12-month equivalent. Applied agricultural scientists' salaries equal 1.00. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 60
TABLE 6 Median Annual Salaries in Dollars of 30- to 34-year-old Full-time Employed Ph.D.s Field of Employment Academia Industry Government Median Applied agriculture 30,800 34,600 33,300 32,400 Animal 30,700 32,600 Plant and Soil 30,900 34,600 30,900 Food 45,500 45,100 Natural resources and environment 26,600 24,900 41,400 27,600 Other 33,800 Agricultural economics 33,000 32,900 Agriculture-related basic sciences 28,500 38,100 31,000 30,500 Biological sciences 28,700 37,900 32,000 30,700 NOTE: Applied agricultural scientists have a higher average age than biological or natural scientists and, on average, more years of professional experience at each age. In several of the fields of employment and employment sector columns, the number of respondents was too small for meaningful estimates of salaries. ^Academic salaries are adjusted for a 12-month equivalent. SOURCE: NRG (1986b). 61
TABLE 7 Normalized Median Annual Salaries of 30- to 34-year-old Full-time Employed Ph.D.s Field of Employment Academia Industry Government Median Applied agriculture* Animal 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 Plant and soil 1.00 1.00 0.95 Food 1.32 1.39 Natural resources and environment 0.86 0.72 1.24 0.85 Other 1.04 Agricultural economics Agriculture-related basic sciences 1.07 0.93 1.10 1.02 0.93 0.94 Biological sciences 0.93 1.10 0.96 0.95 NOTE: Applied agricultural scientists have a higher average age than biological or natural scientists and, on average, more years of professional experience at each age. In several of the fields of employment and employment sector columns, the number of respondents was too small for meaningful estimates of salaries. ''Applied agricultural scientists' salaries equal 1.00. Academic salaries are adjusted for a 12-month equivalent. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 62
TABLE 8 Age Distribution of Employed Ph.D.s in 1985 (percentage) Field of Employment Under 35 35-39 40-45 46-49 50-55 Over 55 Total3 Applied agriculture 10 18 22 16 16 18 100 Academia 11 19 16 15 17 23 100 Industry 11 17 28 17 15 12 100 Government 6 16 26 17 17 19 100 Agricultural economics 12 17 21 20 10 20 100 Academia 13 15 20 23 9 21 100 Industry 6 17 26 16 0 35 100 Government 15 27 20 10 21 6 100 Agriculture-related basic sciences 11 20 23 15 12 18 100 Academia 10 18 24 16 13 18 100 Industry 19 26 21 11 10 14 100 Government 6 20 22 19 13 20 100 Biological sciences 12 21 23 15 12 17 100 Academia 10 20 24 15 13 18 100 Industry 19 25 22 12 9 13 100 Government 7 20 22 20 12 19 100 aTotals are not exact because of rounding. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 63
TABLE 9 Field Mobility of Employed Ph.D.s in 1985 (percentage) Field of Doctorate Agriculture- Other Field of Applied Agricultural Related Natural Other Employment Agriculture Economics Basic Sciences Sciences Fields Applied agriculture 75c i 7 2 0 Agricultural economics 1 65 0 0 0 Agriculture- related basic sciences 9 0 66 s 0 Other natural sciences 8 2 21 80 6 Other fields r 27 7 15 93 Total0 100 100 100 100 100 aThis field includes the specialties listed under the agriculture, biological sciences, health sciences, computer and information sciences, mathematics, and physical sciences headings from Summary Report 1985: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities (NRC, 1986b) except agricultural economics and those specialties that are included under applied agricultural sciences and agriculture-related basic sciences. See Table 3-1 and Appendix C. These fields include the specialties listed under the engineering, psychology, social sciences, humanities, education, and professional fields headings from Summary Report 1985: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities (NRC, 1986b). See Table 3-1 and Appendix C. For example, 76 percent of individuals with Ph.D. degrees in applied agri- culture worked in applied agriculture. Totals are not exact because of rounding. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 64
TABLE 10 Field of Doctorate Distribution of Employed Ph.D.s in 1985 (percentage) Field of Employment Agriculture- Other Field of Applied Agricultural Related Natural Other Doctorate Agriculture Economics Basic Sciences Sciences3 Fields" Applied agriculture Agricultural economics Agriculture- related basic sciences Other natural sciences Other fields 61C 20 13 6 3 72 0 25 3 0 87 9 1 1 0 10 78 12 7 90 Total0 100 100 100 100 100 &This field includes the specialties listed under the agriculture, biological sciences, health sciences, computer and information sciences, mathematics, and physical sciences headings from Summary Report 1985: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities (NRC, 1986b) except agricultural economics and those specialties that are included under applied agricultural sciences and agriculture-related basic sciences. See Table 3-1 and Appendix C. These fields include the specialties listed under the engineering, psychology, social sciences, humanities, education, and professional fields headings from Summary Report 1985: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities (NRC, 1986b). See Table 3-1 and Appendix C. For example, of the Ph.D.s who worked in applied agriculture, 61 percent received Ph.D.s in that field. Totals are not exact because of rounding. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 65
TABLE 11 Work Mobility of Agricultural Ph.D.i (percentage) Sector Status in 1985 Sector Statui in 1979 Academia Industry Government Academia M 12 6 Industry 4B â¢1 2 Government 8 6 92 Totalb 100 too 100 For example, 4 percent of those employed by industry in 1979 were employed by academia in 1985. Totals are not exact because of rounding. SOURCE: NRC (1986b). 66
TABLE 12 Ph.D. Degrees Granted by U.S. Colleges and Universities Field 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 Applied agriculture Total 997 854 968 1,063 1,096 1,192 Domestic 716 574 643 662 723 765 Animal Total 176 150 179 209 218 252 Domestic 128 109 118 129 147 167 Plant and soil Total 316 269 288 352 393 440 Domestic 208 157 172 210 246 268 Food Total 119 113 118 104 141 186 Domestic 78 64 79 53 89 79 Natural resources and environment Total 244 209 226 236 227 238 Domestic 208 177 192 189 172 193 Other Total 142 113 157 162 117 126 Domestic 94 67 82 81 69 58 Agricultural economics Total 162 143 1(4 168 157 147 Domestic 103 87 79 103 88 87 Agriculture-related basic sciences Total 3,219 3,124 3,247 3,343 3,178 3,093 Domestic 2,831 2,731 2,885 2,986 2,804 2,618 Biological sciences Total 1,758 1,631 1,555 1,414 1,468 1,516 Domestic 1,421 1,316 1,318 1,104 1,093 1,077 NOTE: "Domestic" included U.S. citizens and individuals with permanent visas. "Total" included the domestic number and the number of foreign students who received Ph.D. degrees from U.S. colleges and universities. For 3 percent of individuals with Ph.D.s, citizenship was unknown. SOURCE: NRC (1985c). 67
TABLE 13 Universities Bachelors' and Masters' Degrees Granted by U.S. Colleges and Field of Degree 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 Agriculture and natural resources b Bachelor's 17,500 21,500 23,100 21,000 21,000 Master's 3,070 3,700 3,990 4,160 4,270 Biological sciences Bachelor's 51,700 53,600 48,800 47,600 40,900 Master's 6,550 7,110 6,830 5,870 5,740 Physical sciences Bachelor's 20,700 22,900 23,200 24,100 23,500 Master's 5,810 5,330 5,450 5,510 5,290 aThis category includes agronomy; soil science; animal science; dairy science; poultry science; fish, game, and wildlife management; horticulture; ornamental horticulture; agriculture and farm management; agricultural economics; agri- cultural business; food science and technology; forestry; natural resource management; agriculture and forestry technologies; and range management. SOURCES: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1975, 1977, 1979); U.S. Department of Education (1981, 1983). 68
TABLE 14 Total 22-year-olds in the U.S. Population (in thousands) Year Men Women Total Actual 1970 1,757 1,737 3,494 1971 1,759 1,750 3,509 1972 1,762 1,749 3,511 1973 1,839 1,817 3,656 1974 1,892 1,865 3,757 1975 1,944 1,919 3,863 1976 1,996 1,975 3,971 1977 2,041 2,015 4,056 1978 2,072 2,047 4,119 1979 2,158 2,127 4,285 1980 2,177 2,138 4,315 1981 2,173 2,139 4,312 1982 2,169 2,131 4,300 1983 2,204 2,165 4,369 1984 2,160 2,112 4,272 1985 2,126 2,086 4,212 Projected 1986 2,144 2,068 4,212 1987 2,051 1,988 4,039 1988 1,932 1,868 3,800 1989 1,869 1,815 3,684 1990 1,830 1,771 3,601 1991 1,877 1,816 3,693 1992 1,934 1,864 3,798 1993 1,936 1,867 3,803 1994 1,760 1,699 3,459 1995 1,701 1,644 3,345 1996 1,642 1,586 3,228 1997 1,682 1,622 3,304 1998 1,653 1,597 3,250 1999 1,710 1,650 3,360 2000 1,704 1,646 3,350 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce (1984, 1986). 69
