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Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop (2014)

Chapter: 5 Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience

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Suggested Citation:"5 Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
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Suggested Citation:"5 Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
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Page 28
Suggested Citation:"5 Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
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Page 29
Suggested Citation:"5 Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 30
Suggested Citation:"5 Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 31
Suggested Citation:"5 Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience." National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2014. Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18849.
×
Page 32

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5    Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability,   and Social Resilience    This session explored three questions:     What is urbanization?   Which  principles  should  be  considered  when  developing  a  collabora‐ tive research environment?   How does one consider the cultural aspects of cities when conducting  research?    Three speakers gave presentations in this session, which was moderated  by  John  Carfora,  Associate  Provost  for  Research  Advancement  and  Compli‐ ance  at  Loyola  Marymount  University.  Eric  Strauss,  President’s  Professor  of  Biology  and  Executive  Director  of  the  Center  for  Urban  Resilience  at  Loyola  Marymount University, discussed the role that healthy cities can play in inter‐ national research collaborations. Osman Ahmed, Head of Global Research and  Innovation at Siemens Building Technologies Inc., described an open innova‐ tion platform for sustainable cities that is producing a paradigm shift in interna‐ tional collaboration. Jurij Paraszczak, Director of IBM Research Industry Solu‐ tions and Leader of the Research Smarter Cities Program at IBM, spoke about  the use of analytics as applied to cities to gain information about culture.    5.1 FROM SUSTAINABILITY TO RESILIENCE: REIMAGINING THE ROLE OF THE  HEALTHY CITY IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS    Presenter: Eric Strauss, President’s Professor of Biology and Executive  Director of the Center for Urban Resilience at Loyola Marymount University    The  field  of  urban ecology  is  a  rather  new one,  said  Eric Strauss.  Urban  ecology is an emerging and interdisciplinary science that uses the tools of the  natural and physical sciences together with those of the social sciences to study  27 

28                   Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World  cities  and  understand  resiliency.  Cities  make  up  three  percent  of  the  world’s  land mass but are home to about half of the world’s population. Urbanization,  he  noted,  is  a  dominant  demographic  trend  and  the  most  important  compo‐ nent  of  land  transformation  processes.  Urban  areas  have  some  of  the  largest  populations of underrepresented people (i.e., race, ethnicity, economic status)  and  as  a  result  “present  an  extraordinary  opportunity  to  re‐envision  how  we  teach  science,  how  we  engage  stakeholders,  and  how  we  reimagine  the  boundaries of how we conduct our research,” said Strauss.   Urbanization  offers  many  opportunities  for  studying  new  phenomena,  Strauss explained. For example, urbanization in the United States has brought  with it an amazing transformation in terms of what Americans can eat without  fear of succumbing to food poisoning. “In developing nations, food poisoning is  a serious problem,” said Strauss. He added, though, that “we have traded ease  and access to cheap, safe food for long‐term challenges associated with behav‐ ioral  diseases  related  to  this  kind  of  food  consumption.”  The  easy  access  to  cheap, high‐calorie food and the kind of clustering in the way those in the cities  live  is  a  new  phenomenon  for  humans, he noted.  “In  many  ways  our  govern‐ ment systems, our organizations for instruction, and our organizations for en‐ gaging stakeholders, are not prepared for these kinds of clusters,” Strauss said.  The largest and fastest growing megacities in the world are now in devel‐ oping  nations,  and  as  much  as  30  percent  of  the  population  in  those  cities  is  living in abject poverty. Strauss believes that technology and international out‐ reach  can  create  transformative  opportunities  for  researchers  in  the  sciences  and extraordinary opportunities for communities to gain resilience. Historically,  ecology with regard to human activity has focused on the idea of sustainability,  or stabilizing the currently disruptive relationship between human culture, the  earth’s most complex ecosystem, and the living world. But given that systems  are incredibly dynamic, what is needed—and where urban ecology is starting to  focus—is resiliency in the face of those dynamics.   In its early days, urban ecology operated on the principle that cities are  an  imposition  on  nature,  but  today  urban  ecologists  are  thinking  more  about  the functional consequences of heterogeneity found in cities. “Cities are much  more diverse than we had anticipated, and some of the rules that we thought  we would find in cities using a model of imposition do not fit,” said Strauss. For  example, the number of birds living in cities is higher than the number that live  outside of cities, though diversity is higher outside of cities. As another exam‐ ple, urban rivers do not behave the way ecologists predicted based on an im‐ position model.  Today,  there  are  four guiding  principles  for  urban  ecology: (1)  cities  are  open,  multi‐scale  systems  with  a  wide  range  and  size of habitats  in  a mosaic;  (2) they are heterogeneous ecosystem composites that are patchy in terms of    

Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience  29  microclimates,  hydrology,  and  economics;  (3) cities  are complex  adaptive  sys‐ tems  with  biophysical  and  social  legacies  as  feedback;  and  (4)  cities  are  func‐ tional socio‐ecological systems that can be framed in terms of ecosystem ser‐ vices and environmental justice. Taken together, these four principles sensitize  the relationship of science to the people that science serves, which Strauss said  is a significant change in that it means that science has to show a direct human  benefit if the goal is to advocate for the environment. “If you are asking people  in the city of Washington, DC to plant 100,000 trees, those are funds that could  be  used  to  hire  teachers  or  hire  fireman,  so  you  better  be  able  to  justify  the  value of those trees,” he said.  Ecologists, said Strauss, have always been measuring biological diversity,  and  arguably  the  life  sciences  are  about  understanding  diversity  on  different  scales. “I would argue that we are framing it differently in the context of urban  ecology,”  he  stated.  “We  are  measuring  diversity  as  it  relates  to  the  services  that we require from healthy urban ecosystems.” These ecosystem services, he  explained, provide resilience to urban dwellers as stakeholders, where resilient  systems  are  those  that  are  able  to  absorb  shock—in  this  case  global  environ‐ mental change—and  be able to continue in their function. Strauss noted that  the National Science Foundation recognized this shift in its 2007 decadal plan  for its long‐term ecological research stations around the country. This plan calls  for all funded projects to bring together the natural and social sciences to bet‐ ter understand resilience. “Ecologists have traditionally studied biotic structure  and  function,”  he  said.  We  are  gaining  a  better  understanding  of  the  interac‐ tion between ecosystems services and human outcomes, and how changes in  human behavior can modify our impact on those structures.  He cited a study his group has been conducting on feral cats in Los Ange‐ les. There are some million feral cats in Los Angeles and they are major preda‐ tors of birds. His group has shown that when coyotes move into an area they  kill some, though not many, cats, but the effect is that cats change their behav‐ ior. “If you are a cat, a coyote is a terrorist,” he said. “You don’t often die, but  you  are  afraid  all  the  time.”  As  a  result,  cats  do  not  hunt  as  efficiently,  bird  populations  rebound  and  suppress  insect  populations,  and  insecticide  use  drops. “Ultimately, coyotes are an ecosystem service,” said Strauss.   Strauss concluded his remarks by noting that in the United States, urban  ecology falls in the domain of the Ecological Society of America, but there is a  new  organization  forming  in  Europe  called  the  Society  for  Urban  Ecology.  Its  mission  is  to  foster  and  develop  new  knowledge  of  urban  ecology  worldwide  and  it  is  doing  this  by  strengthening contacts  and  dialogues  among  the  wider  international community.        

30                   Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World  5.2 AN OPEN INNOVATION PLATFORM FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES    Presenter: Osman Ahmed, Head of Global Research and   Innovation at Siemens Building Technologies Inc.    There  are  four  elements  to  a  sustainable  city,  Osman  Ahmed  explained  to the workshop participants: recycle everything, reduce consumption, increase  efficiency,  and  learn  from  nature.  The  key  to  creating  those  four  elements  is  making  sure  that  the  necessary  investments  are  affordable.  He  laid  out  the  principles of the open innovation model that Siemens uses. An open innovation  model  has  no  boundaries  for  research  and  development,  which  means  that  intellectual property can be licensed in from, or out to, any entity—an individ‐ ual,  a  company,  a  university—as  a  means  of  establishing  an  innovation‐ accelerating environment. An open innovation model uses collaborative fund‐ ing and it changes the commercialization paradigm from research and develop  to connect and develop. It is a model that can span the globe and that creates a  good environment for collaboration.   As an example, Ahmed discussed a Siemens project with the government  of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. This ongoing project, which also in‐ volves the government‐owned Masdar Institute, is creating a living laboratory  that  uses  an  entire  city,  known  as  Masdar  City,  to  implement  and  test  ideas,  developed elsewhere, linked to the living laboratory. The goal of this project is  to  accelerate  the  commercialization  of  intellectual  property  related  to  power  grid technology in a way that benefits the government, academia, and Siemens  and that ends with development of a carbon‐neutral city of 50,000 people. He  noted that economic pressure and the local political climate have slowed this  project considerably.  Given the scope of this project, it should come as no surprise that the fo‐ cus of the strategic partnership was multifaceted and involved a large number  of stakeholders. Focusing on one aspect of the project, developing new building  technologies,  Ahmed  explained  that  there  are  four  primary  stakeholders.  Sie‐ mens  Building  Technologies,  together  with  its  partners,  provides  investment,  technology  and  resources,  and  commercializes  innovative  products.  Masdar  Institute  and  its  partners  conduct  research  and  test  prototypes,  and by  doing  so, the institute becomes a premier research institute for green building tech‐ nologies.  Masdar  City  and  its  partners  invest  in  the  technology  infrastructure  and  act  as  the  innovation  hub.  If  this  approach  works,  Abu  Dhabi  shifts  its  economy from one based on construction to one based on innovation.  Ahmed noted that one of the lessons that he has learned from this and  smaller projects he has been involved with in China, Europe, and North Ameri‐ ca  is  that  technology  partners  need  to  drop  the  attitude  of  “my  way  or  the    

Urbanization, Ecological Sustainability, and Social Resilience  31  highway” and “not invented here” in order to make an innovative collaborative  model  work.  Intellectual  property  issues  can  be  contentious,  he  added,  given  the different conventions that exist in the world. European companies assume  that if they fund research, the intellectual property belongs to them, while that  is not the assumption in the United States. It is also important to fully under‐ stand the governance structures and transparency of those structures for part‐ ner governments.   “From the very beginning you have to understand that this is a partner‐ ship,  like  a  marriage,”  said  Ahmed.  “If  you  don’t  focus  on  the  partnership,  it  won’t  succeed.”  For  the  Masdar  project,  the  partners  broke  the  project  into  definable sections, or quadrants, and each partner identified five places in each  quadrant  that  it  could  compromise  and  five  things  that  it  expected  from  its  partners. That exercise served as the beginning of the discussion that enabled  the project to move forward.  Besides compromise, this type of project requires continued commitment  from the leadership of all the stakeholders. “Continuity of that commitment is  perhaps more important than the commitment itself,” said Ahmed, particularly  since leadership is bound to change over the course of such a long project. In  closing, he noted the importance of keeping a long‐term perspective when en‐ gaging  in  a  collaborative  innovation  model.  “If  you  want  to  have  something  quick,  if  you  need  to  have  a  quick  return  on  investment,  then  that  will  be  an  impediment to developing this whole collaborative innovation model.”    5.3 CULTURE THROUGH THE NUMBERS: ANALYTICS APPLIED TO CITIES    Presenter: Jurij Paraszczak, Director of IBM Research Industry Solutions   and Leader of the Research Smarter Cities Program at IBM    Cities  waste  an  enormous  amount  of  resources,  in  large  part  because  they lack an organizational structure that lets them see across the entire city,  said Jurij Paraszczak. They lack the ability to examine the data they collect from  many sources, find patterns in the data, and then use those patterns to make  predictions that can enable them to operate more efficiently. He noted that in  his work, he and his colleagues have yet to consider the cultural aspects of cit‐ ies  because  there  are  so  many  easier  problems  to  solve  right  now  that  they  have not yet been able to tackle these more difficult issues and how they relate  to efficiency.  One important component of a city is its infrastructure. The objective in  terms of efficiency is to find, predict, replace and repair this infrastructure with  maximum yield, and to deliver infrastructure‐related services—electricity, wa‐ ter,  and  transportation,  for  example—with  maximum  efficiency.  Doing  so  re‐

32                   Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World  quires managing supply so that it optimally matches demand, and that requires  understanding what the city’s residents want and how they want it delivered.   In the past, cities and their consultants would look at individual problems  and attempt to solve them one at a time, but today the approach is to see how  these problems interact and use analytics and predictive models to develop a  more  integrated  view  of  a  city.  One  surprising  lesson  that  Paraszczak  and  his  colleagues have learned is that while cities have numerous problems to solve,  the  issue  that  city  officials  pick  as  their  worst  problem  is  not  being  able  to  communicate with their residents.   As  an  example  of  the  type  of  information  that  analytics  can  provide,  Paraszczak  briefly  discussed  a  project  his  team  worked  on  in  Minneapolis.  To  start,  they  conducted  some  150  interviews  with  city  employees  in  numerous  agencies  and  learned  that  the  best  predictor  of  future  events  in  the  city  are  permits, whether they are for building, construction, liquor licenses, events, or  other  activities.  Unfortunately,  employees  in  one  agency  were  unaware  of  permits being issued by their colleagues in other agencies, and the result was  often confusion and inefficiency. For example, one agency might issue a permit  for  a  festival  while  another  agency  could  issue  a  permit  for  construction  that  would impact traffic trying to reach that festival. Mapping these different per‐ mits,  using  software  that  IBM  now  sells,  can  allow  cities  to  better  coordinate  and plan activities and enable them to make decisions that increase efficiency.  During  the  ensuing  discussion,  Strauss  noted  that  large‐scale  analytics  can reveal patterns that are very small‐scale, impacting specific neighborhoods  or  communities  within  a  city.  These  very  local  issues  can  then  be  dealt  with  more efficiently using targeted educational programs. “You can use large‐scale  data but create interventions to work at the neighborhood scale,” said Strauss.  

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In an increasingly interconnected world, science and technology research often transects international boundaries and involves researchers from multiple nations. This paradigm provides both new opportunities and new challenges. As science and technology capabilities grow around the world, United States-based organizations are finding that international collaborations and partnerships provide unique opportunities to enhance research and training. At the same time, enhancing international collaboration requires recognition of differences in culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and training.

Culture Matters is the summary of a workshop convened by the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) in July 2013 to address how culture and cultural perception influence and impact the process by which research agreements are made and negotiated across international boundaries. In this workshop, "Culture Matters: An Approach to International Research Agreements", representatives from around the world and from GUIRR's three constituent sectors - government, university, and industry - gathered to provide input into four specific meeting tracks or domains. The tracks focused on research and agreements affecting or involving people/human subjects; environmental and natural resources; science, engineering, and manufacturing; and agriculture and animal issues. This report examines each of these domains and the role that culture and cultural expectations may have in the forging and implementation of international research agreements.

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