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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2014. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18969.
×

References

1. IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council). 2013. Confronting commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

2. Glosser, A., K. Gardiner, and M. Fishman. 2004. Statutory rape: A guide to state laws and reporting requirements. http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/08/SR/StateLaws/report.pdf (accessed April 10, 2013).

3. Farrell, A., J. McDevitt, and S. Fahy. 2008. Understanding and improving law enforcement responses to human trafficking, final report, 2008, June. Boston, MA: The Institute on Race and Justice, Northeastern University.

4. Fassett, B. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, Dallas Police Department’s approach to commercial sexual exploitation of children, February 29, 2012, Washington, DC.

5. Gavin, D. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the Boston Police Department’s approach to commercial sexual exploitation of children, February 29, 2012, Washington, DC.

6. Goldfarb, S. 2012. Site visit presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on Support to End Exploitation Now, March 23, 2012, Boston, MA.

7. Clawson, H. J., N. Dutch, and M. Cummings. 2006. Law enforcement response to human trafficking and the implications for victims: Current practices and lessons learned. Fairfax, VA: Caliber Associates, Inc.

8. Farrell, A., J. McDevitt, R. Pfeffer, S. Fahy, C. Owens, M. Dank, and W. Adams. 2012. Identifying challenges to improve the investigation and prosecution of state and local human trafficking cases. Washington, DC: Northeastern University and Urban Institute.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2014. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18969.
×

9. NRC. 2012. Reforming juvenile justice: A developmental approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

10. Brickhead, T. R. 2011. The “youngest profession”: Consent, autonomy, and prostituted children. Washington University Law Review 88(5):1055-1115.

11. Bryan, C. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the Center for Court Innovation, February 29, 2012, Washington, DC.

12. Puig-Lugo, H. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, February 29, 2012, Washington, DC.

13. Bortel, A., M. Ellingen, M. C. Ellison, R. Phillips, and C. Thomas. 2008. Sex trafficking needs assessment for the state of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN: The Advocates for Human Rights.

14. Serita, T. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the Criminal Court of the City of New York, Queens County, February 29, 2012, Washington, DC.

15. Sherman, F. T. 2012. Site visit presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, Criminal Court of the City of New York, Queens County, March 23, 2012, Boston, MA.

16. Clawson, H. J., N. Dutch, A. Solomon, and L. Goldblatt Grace. 2009. Human trafficking into and within the United States: A review of the literature. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.

17. Walker, T. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the Chicago Police Department, July 11, 2012, Chicago, IL.

18. Polaris Project. 2013. Online training. http://www.polarisproject.org/what-we-do/national-human-trafficking-hotline/access-training/online-training (accessed April 11, 2013).

19. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 2013. Federal law enforcement training center. http://www.fletc.gov/search?SearchableText=trafficking (accessed April 11, 2013).

20. Hersh, L. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, King’s County District Attorney’s Office, February 29, 2012, Washington, DC.

21. Greene, J. 2012. Site visit presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on Cook County State’s Attorney’s Office, Human Trafficking Task Force, July 11, 2012, Chicago, IL.

22. Knowles-Wirsing, E. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on Salvation Army STOP-IT, July 11, 2012, Chicago, IL.

23. Nasser, M. 2012. Site visit presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the U.S. Attorney’s Office, Northern District of Illinois, July 11, 2012, Chicago, IL.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2014. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18969.
×

24. Clawson, H. J., and N. Dutch. 2008. Identifying victims of human trafficking: Inherent challenges and promising strategies from the field. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.

25. Gentile Long, J., and T. Garvey. 2012. No victim? Don’t give up: Creative strategies in prosecuting human trafficking cases using forfeiture by wrongdoing and other evidence-based techniques. Strategies: The Prosecutor’s Newsletter on Violence Against Women 7:1-7.

26. Koch, B. 2012. Identifying a financial footprint for human trafficking. Presentation at meeting of the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, May 12, 2012, San Francisco, CA.

27. DOJ (U.S. Department of Justice). 2009. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s efforts to combat crimes against children. Washington, DC: DOJ.

28. DOJ. 2010. The national strategy for child exploitation prevention and interdiction: A report to Congress. Washington, DC: DOJ.

29. FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation). 2012. Innocence lost national initiative. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/cac/innocencelost (accessed September 17, 2012).

30. FBI. undated. Overview and history: Online child pornography/child sexual exploitation investigations. http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/innocent-images-1 (accessed March 11, 2013).

31. OJJDP (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention). 2010. OJJDP FY 2010 ICAC Program—law enforcement strategies for protecting children from commercial sexual exploitation. Washington, DC: DOJ.

32. Allen, B., L. Gharagozloo, and J. C. Johnson. 2012. Clinician knowledge and utilization of empirically-supported treatments for maltreated children. Child Maltreatment 17(1):11-21.

33. Gelber, A. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice, February 29, 2012, Washington, DC.

34. Adams, W., C. Owens, and K. Small. 2010. Effects of federal legislation on the commercial sexual exploitation of children. Juvenile Justice Bulletin 1-10.

35. Lynch, D. C., K. Tucker, and K. Widner. 2012. Improving offender accountability in CSEC cases: Tools for investigating and prosecuting adult exploiters. Atlanta, GA: Emory University School of Law Barton Child Law and Policy Center.

36. Los Angeles County Juvenile Court. 2011. Title II formula block grant application: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

37. University of Michigan Law School. 2013a. Human trafficking clinic. http://www.law.umich.edu/clinical/humantraffickingclinicalprogram/Pages/humantraffickingclinic.aspx (accessed April 11, 2013).

38. University of Michigan Law School. 2013b. Human trafficking law project. http://www.law.umich.edu/clinical/humantraffickingclinicalprogram/humantraffickingproject/Pages/default.aspx (accessed May 7, 2013).

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2014. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18969.
×

39. Guymon, M. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the Los Angeles County Probation Department, May 9, 2012, San Francisco, CA.

40. Herz, D., and J. Ryan. 2010. Summary of Los Angeles County prostitution arrest statistics.

41. Powers, J. E. 2012. County’s aggressive strategy to combat domestic minor sex trafficking. http://file.lacounty.gov/bos/supdocs/70403.pdf (accessed April 24, 2013).

42. Castro Rodriguez, G. 2012. Site visit presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the Youth Justice Institute, May 11, 2012, San Francisco, CA.

43. Siffermann, W. P. 2012. Site visit presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, San Francisco Juvenile Probation Department, May 11, 2012, San Francisco, CA.

44. Taniguchi, C., and R. White. 2012. Site visit presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the San Francisco Juvenile Hall, May 11, 2013.

45. Schweig, S. 2012. Changing perceptions: A conversation on prostitution diversion with judge Fernando Camacho. http://www.courtinnovation.org/research/changingperceptions-conversation-prostitution-diversion-judge-fernando-camacho-0?url=research%2F11%2Finterview&mode=11&type=interview (accessed October 26, 2012).

46. Durchslag, A. M., and S. Goswami. 2008. Deconstructing the demand for prostitution: Preliminary insights from interviews with Chicago men who purchase sex. Chicago, IL: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation.

47. Cedeno, M. 2012. Pimps, johns, and juvenile prostitutes: Is New York doing enough to combat the commercial sexual exploitation of children. Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 22(153):153-179.

48. Yen, I. 2008. Of vice and men: A new approach to eradicating sex trafficking by reducing male demand through educational programs and abolitionist legislation. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 98:653-686.

49. Walts, K. K., S. French, H. Moore, and S. Ashai. 2011. Building child welfare response to child trafficking. Chicago, IL: Loyola University Chicago, Center for the Human Rights of Children.

50. Bridge, B. J., N. Oakley, L. Briner, and B. Graef. 2012. Washington state model protocol for commercially sexually exploited children. Seattle, WA: Center for Children and Youth Justice.

51. Baker, J., and E. Nelson. 2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on multi-disciplinary responses, May 9, 2012, San Francisco, CA.

52. Multnomah County. 2012. Multnomah County: Community response to Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC). Multnomah County, OR: Department of Community Justice.

53. Piening, S., and T. Cross. 2012. From “the life” to my life: Sexually exploited children reclaiming their futures Suffolk County Massachusetts’ response to Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC). Boston, MA: Children’s Advocacy Center of Suffolk County.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2014. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18969.
×
Page 41
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2014. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18969.
×
Page 42
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2014. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18969.
×
Page 43
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2014. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/18969.
×
Page 44
Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector Get This Book
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Every day in the United States, children and adolescents are victims of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. These are not only illegal activities, but also forms of violence and abuse that result in immediate and long-term physical, mental, and emotional harm to victims and survivors.

In 2013, the Institute of Medicine/National Research Council released the report Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States. The report found that the United States is in the very early stages of recognizing, understanding, and developing solutions for these crimes.

Law enforcement professionals, attorneys, and judges all have important roles to play in responding to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States. Their knowledge and ability to identify victims, investigate cases, and make appropriate referrals is crucial to the development of an overall response to these crimes.

This Guide for the Legal Sector provides a summary of information from the original report that is most relevant to individuals within the legal sector who interact in some way with victims, survivors, and perpetrators of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors. This includes federal, state, county, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies; police officers and investigators; probation officers; parole officers; corrections officers; prosecutors and defense attorneys; victim advocates; and judges.

This guide includes definitions of key terms and an overview of risk factors and consequences; noteworthy examples of efforts by law enforcement personnel, attorneys, the juvenile and criminal justice systems, and the judiciary; multisector and interagency efforts in which the legal sector plays an important role; and recommendations aimed at identifying, preventing, and responding to these crimes.

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