National Academies Press: OpenBook

Current Problems in Geodesy (1987)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Current Problems in Geodesy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19180.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Current Problems in Geodesy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19180.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Current Problems in Geodesy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19180.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Current Problems in Geodesy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19180.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Current Problems in Geodesy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19180.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Current Problems in Geodesy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19180.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1987. Current Problems in Geodesy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/19180.
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REFERENCE COPY FOR LIBRARY USE ONLV Current Problems in Geodesy Committee on Geodesy Board on Earth Sciences Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources National Research Council SEP 2k '90 NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington. D.C. 1987

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self -perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel 0. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. ii

IK 7*7 Support for this project was provided under general funds for the Board on Earth Sciences through the following agencies: the Defense Mapping Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Available from Committee on Geodesy Board on Earth Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418 Printed in the United States of America iii

COMMITTEE ON GEODESY Richard H. Rapp, Ohio State University, Chairman Richard J. Anderle, General Electric Company Judah Levine, National Bureau of Standards Sidney Miller, South Carolina Geodetic Survey Richard J. Mitchell, Department of County Engineers, Los Angeles (retired) John A. Orcutt, Scripps Institution of Oceanography John Rundle, Sandia National Laboratory Owen W. Williams, Defense Mapping Agency (retired) Liaison Members Bernard Chovitz, National Geodetic Survey Ken Daugherty, Defense Mapping Agency Frederick J. Doyle, U.S. Geological Survey Edward Flinn, National Aeronautics and Space Administration John R. Filson, U.S. Geological Survey Michael A. Mayhew, National Science Foundation Paul E. Needham, U.S. Geological Survey Joseph W. Berg, Jr., Staff Director Hyman Orlin, Staff Consultant Shirley E. Cole, Administrative Secretary iv

BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES W. G. Ernst, University of California, Los Angeles, Chairman Robin Brett, U.S. Geological Survey Randolph W. Bromery, University of Massachusetts Lawrence M. Cathles, Cornell University Larry W. Finger, Carnegie Institution of Washington Robert N. Ginsburg, University of Miami Alexander F. H. Goetz, University of Colorado Kate H. Hadley, Exxon Company, U.S.A. Michel T. Halbouty, M. T. Halbouty Energy Company Joseph V. Smith, University of Chicago Sean C. Solomon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Steven Stanley, Johns Hopkins University George A. Thompson, Stanford University Donald L. Turcotte, Cornell University Ex-Officio Members Paul B. Barton, Jr., U.S. Geological Survey Donald M. Hunten, University of Arizona Liaison Members Miriam Baltuck, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jerry Brown, National Science Foundation Philip Cohen, U.S. Geological Survey Bruce Doe, U.S. Geological Survey Robert M. Hamilton, U.S. Geological Survey Bruce B. Hanshaw, 28th International Geological Congress James F. Hays, National Science Foundation John G. Heacock, Office of Naval Research Donald F. Heinrichs, National Science Foundation Marvin E. Kauffman, American Geological Institute William M. Kaula, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ben Kelly, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers George A. Kolstad, Department of Energy Ian D. MacGregor, National Science Foundation Andrew Murphy, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Dallas L. Peck, U.S. Geological Survey John J. Schanz, Jr., Congressional Research Service Shelby G. Tilford, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Raymond Watts, U.S. Geological Survey Kenneth N. Weaver, Maryland Geological Survey Arthur J. Zeizel, Federal Emergency Management Agency Joseph W. Berg, Jr., Staff Director

COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND RESOURCES Norman Hackerman, National Research Council, Chairman Clarence R. Allen, California Institute of Technology Thomas D. Barrow, Standard Oil Company (retired) Elkan R. Blout, Harvard Medical School George F. Carrier, Harvard University Dean E. Eastman, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Joseph L. Fisher, Office of the President, George Mason University William A. Fowler, California Institute of Technology Gerhart Friedlander, Brookhaven National Laboratory Mary L. Good, Allied Signal Corporation Phillip A. Griffiths, Duke University J. Ross Macdonald, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Charles J. Mankin, Oklahoma Geological Survey Perry L. McCarty, Stanford University William D. Phillips, Mallinckrodt, Inc. Richard J. Reed, University of Washington Robert E. Sievers, University of Colorado Edward C. Stone, Jr., California Institute of Technology Karl K. Turekian, Yale University George W. Wetherill, Carnegie Institution of Washington Irving Wladawsky-Berger, IBM Corporation Raphael C. Kasper, Executive Director Lawrence E. McCray, Associate Executive Director vi

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORY 2 OBJECTIVES OF GEODESY 2 AREAS OF STUDY 4 I. Global Positioning System, 4 Testing, 4 Monumentation, 5 Geodetic Control, 5 Improvement in Accuracy, 6 Data Formats, Analysis Programs, and Coordinate Systems, 7 Orbits, 7 Data Classification, 7 II. Geodesy in Hostile Environments, 8 III. Geodesy in Ocean Areas, 9 IV. Gravity Field Information, 10 V. International Programs, 11 Global Crustal Motion Measurements, 11 Earth Rotation Service, 11 VLBI, SLR, and GPS Observing Campaigns, 12 VI. Validation of Experimental Methods, 12 VII. Geodetic Data, 12 Data Bases, 12 Data Classification, 12 Applications, 13 vii

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