MAKING
VALUE FOR
AMERICA
Embracing the Future of Manufacturing, Technology, and Work
Committee on Foundational Best Practices for Making Value for America
Nicholas M. Donofrio and Kate S. Whitefoot, Editors
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: This publication has been reviewed according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Engineering report review process. Publication of signed work signifies that it is judged a competent and useful contribution worthy of public consideration, but it does not imply endorsement of conclusion and recommendations by the National Academy of Engineering. The interpretations and conclusions in such publications are those of the authors and do not purport to represent the views of the council, officers, or staff of the National Academy of Engineering.
This study was supported by generous gifts from Robert A. Pritzker and the Robert Pritzker Family Foundation, and Gordon E. Moore, with additional support from Cummins, Boeing, IBM, Rockwell Collins, Xerox, Jon Rubinstein, Qualcomm, and Edward Horton. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the people or organizations that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-32653-7
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-32653-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015932679
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Copyright 2015 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Far too much of our nation is waiting for new ways of working to arrive. We hear lots of rhetoric about how the nature of work will change, as if it relates to some unknown distant future. The fact is that it is happening now, and we need a broader recognition of this fact and policies and education that reflect it.
—Charles M. Vest
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COMMITTEE ON FOUNDATIONAL BEST PRACTICES
FOR MAKING VALUE FOR AMERICA
Nicholas M. Donofrio [NAE], Chair, Fellow Emeritus, IBM Corporation; Principal, NMD Consulting LLC
Ashok Agrawal, Managing Director, Professional Development, and Director, Education and Career Development, American Society for Engineering Education
Erik K. Antonsson, Corporate Director of Technology, Northrop Grumman Corporation
Lawrence D. Burns [NAE], Professor of Engineering Practice, University of Michigan
Steve Hoover, Chief Executive Officer, Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
Christopher Johnson, Management Sciences Lab Manager, General Electric Global Research
Dean Kamen [NAE], President, DEKA Research & Development Corp.
Linda P.B. Katehi [NAE], Chancellor, University of California, Davis
Theresa Kotanchek, Chief Executive Officer, Evolved Analytics LLC
Ann L. Lee [NAE], Senior Vice President, Genentech; Head, Global Technology Development, Roche
Arun Majumdar [NAE], Jay Precourt Professor and Senior Fellow, Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University
Brad Markell, Executive Director, AFL-CIO Industrial Union Council
J. Jerl Purcell, Executive Director, HD Growth Program, Cummins Inc.
Jonathan J. Rubinstein [NAE], former Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Palm, Inc.
Dan Swinney, Executive Director, Manufacturing Renaissance
Chad Syverson, J. Baum Harris Professor of Economics, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago
John J. Tracy [NAE], Chief Technology Officer, Boeing
Sharon J. Vosmek, Chief Executive Officer, Astia
Staff
Kate S. Whitefoot, Program Director and Senior Program Officer
Lance A. Davis, Executive Officer
Proctor P. Reid, Director, Program Office
Penelope J. Gibbs, Senior Program Associate
Robert Pool, Freelance Writer
Amelia Greer, Associate Program Officer (since September 2014)
Cameron H. Fletcher, Senior Editor
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Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies’ report review process. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Norman R. Augustine, Retired, Lockheed Martin Corporation
Ann Bartel, Columbia Business School
J.D. Hoye, National Academy Foundation
Henry Kressel, Warburg Pincus LLC
Javier Miranda, US Census Bureau
Ed Morris, National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute
Andrew Reamer, George Washington University
Robert E. Schafrik, Retired, General Electric Aviation
Lydia Villa-Komaroff, Cytonome/ST, LLC
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Julia Phillips, Sandia National Laboratories. Appointed by the National Academy of Engineering, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
In addition to the study committee, NAE staff, and reviewers, many other individuals assisted in the development of this report. Gina Adam, UCSB PhD candidate, and Youngbok Ryu, Christine Mirzayan Science & Technology Policy Graduate Fellow, assisted in data collection and presentation. Clair Woolley, NAP Editorial Projects Manager, coordinated the production of the report, and Michele de la Menardiere designed the cover. We also thank the many experts who met with the committee to provide their insights on the numerous business, economic, educational, and policy issues central to the committee’s charge.
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