Index
Acoustic methods, dolphin mortality reduction, 90-91
Acoustic signals, dolphin mortality reduction, 86
Aggression, dolphin, 51
Alternative gear incentive, regulation, 105
Area, yellowfin tuna, 16
Atlantic Tuna Conventions Act, 22
B
Backdown alternatives, dolphin mortality reduction, 85-86
Backdown channel escape, dolphin mortality reduction, 82-85
Backdown dolphin release
dolphin behavior, 89
dolphin mortality reduction, 88
Backdown process, 36-37
Bait boat conversion, purse seine, 16
Behavior/based dolphin release, dolphin mortality reduction, 86-89
Biology
dolphin, 43-45
yellowfin tuna, 38-41
Bird flock, herd sighting, 48-49
Bond, tuna/dolphin, 45-46
breaking, 89-90
Bottlenose dolphin
behavior overview, 7
tuna association, 43
Bubble barrier, dolphin mortality reduction, 86
C
Canned light-meat tuna
Europe, 18
Far East, 18
United States, 18
Canning tuna, 31-32
Canopy reduction, dolphin mortality reduction, 76-77
Capture area, dolphin mortality, 61
Carrying capacity, purse-seine fleet, dolphin mortality, 63-64
Certificate
dolphin mortality, 104-105
recommendation, 111
Chase, tuna-seining operation, 49
Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation, United States
Senate, 14
Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries, United States House of
Representatives, 14
Common dolphin, 4
behavior overview, 7
dolphin mortality, 19
herd, 16
tuna association, 43
Current strength, dolphin mortality, 62
D
Delphinus delphis, see Common dolphin
Distribution, yellowfin tuna, 38
Documentation/data format, flotsam location/characteristic, 157-165
Dolphin
aggression, 51
behavior, tuna-seining operation, 47-51
biology, 43-45
echolocation system, 46
ecology, 43-45
feeding behavior, 47
food detection, 46
male coalition, 51
population maintenance, 70-71
release from net, 20
release-gate test, recommendation, 115
social disruption, seining, 71
species found in association with tuna, 43-44
Dolphin abundance
overview, 8
research vessel data, 64-68
spinner dolphin, 66-69
spotted dolphin, 65-67
striped dolphin, 66
tuna vessel data, 64-69
Dolphin-associated method, overview, 2-3
Dolphin behavior
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, 48
tuna behavior, 42-51
Dolphin behavior research, recommendation, 115-117
Dolphin maneuvering, seine, recommendation, 115
Dolphin mortality, 52-64, 69-71
background, 15-21
capture area, 61
certificate, 104-105
current strength, 62
data, 18-19
dolphin-saving procedure utilization, 63
estimate, 54-64
factor overview, 7-8
fine-mesh panel alignment, 62
flag of vessel, 61
habituation area, 61
historical overview, 69-71
incidental, 52-54
malfunction, 62
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 19
natural, 71
operational factors, 14-15
problem overview, 2-3
prohibition, 102-104
reduction, overview, 19-21
reduction techniques, see Dolphin
mortality reduction techniques
reduction techniques overview, 8-9
set duration, 62
species, 60
species commonly affected, 19
stock, 60
time of capture, 61-62
tuna catch size, 58
United States fleet, 19
vessel captain, 58-60
vessel number/total mortality, 63-64
Dolphin mortality data
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 19
National Marine Fisheries Service, 19
Dolphin mortality reduction techniques
acoustic signals, 86
acoustical methods, 90-91
backdown alternatives, 85-86
backdown channel escape, 82-85
backdown dolphin release, 88
bait boats, 98
behavior-based dolphin release, 86-89
bubble barrier, 86
canopy reduction, 76-77
dolphin-associated fishing
alternatives, 93-101
dolphin behavior on backdown
release, 89
Doppler current profile, 74-75
fine-mesh strip, 75
fish-aggregating devices, 93-98
gillnets, 101
helicopter-deployed extraction, 86
jet boat, 73-74
light-induced detecting/ranging, 92
longline fishing, 98-99
Medina double corkline, 72-73
midwater trawl, 99-101
non-purse-seine techniques, 98-101
pair trawl, 99-100
pear-shaped snap ring, 75
pre-backdown release, 86-88
regulatory alternatives, 102-109
remote sensing satellites, 91-92
roll-up reduction, 77-79
safety crook, 75
seining modification, 72-86
small-mesh Medina panel, 75
species selectivity, 81-82
synthetic aperture radar, 92
tuna/dolphin barrier, 79-81
tuna/dolphin bond reduction, 89-90
yellowfin tuna location method, 90-92
Dolphin Protection Consumer Act, 105
legislation, 32-33
Dolphin-saving procedure utilization, dolphin mortality, 63
Dolphin-tuna barrier, dolphin mortality reduction, 79-81
Dolphin-tuna relationship, 45-46
bond breaking, dolphin mortality reduction, 89-90
Doppler current profile, dolphin mortality reduction, 74-75
E
Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean
harvest, 40-41
recommendation, tuna-dolphin fishery, 110-117
Yellowfin Regulatory Area, 24-25
Echolocation system, 46
Ecology
dolphin, 43-45
yellowfin tuna, 38-41
Economic competition, world tuna fishing, 30-32
Economic considerations, 28-33
Ecuador, 17
Embargo
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 28
Mexico, 28
ETP, see Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean
Europe
canned light-meat tuna, 18
world tuna fishery share, 4
Exclusive economic zone, 16
F
Far East
canned light-meat tuna, 18
world tuna fishery share, 4
Feeding behavior
dolphin, 47
tuna, 47
Fine-mesh panel alignment, dolphin mortality, 62
Fish-aggregating devices, dolphin mortality reduction, 93-98
Fisherman, performance, 20
Fisherman's Protective Act, 22
Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 22, 24, 26, 32-33
Fishing captain performance standards, 106-109
Fishing gear
backdown, 19
Medina panel, 36
overview, 6-7
pear-shaped snap ring, 36
purse seine, 34-37
raft, 36
speedboat, 36
swimmer, 36
Fishing method
log fishing, 37
longline fishing, 37
school fishing, 37
yellowfin tuna, 16
Fishing technique
dolphin release, 20
Medina panel, 19-20
Fishing techniques workshop, 20
Flag of vessel, dolphin mortality, 61
Fleet, yellowfin tuna, 16
Flotsam location/characteristic, documentation/data format, 157-
Flotsam tagging notification, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission , 166-167
Food detection, dolphin, 46
France, world tuna catch percentage, 15
Fraser's dolphin, behavior overview, 7
G
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 22
Gillnets, dolphin mortality reduction, 101
Global canned tuna production, homogeneity, 31
Growth, yellowfin tuna, 38-39
H
Habituation area, dolphin mortality, 61
Harvest
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, 40-41
skipjack tuna, 40-41
world tuna fishing, 29-30
yellowfin tuna, 40-41
Harvesting tuna not in association with dolphins, recommendation, 117-118
Helicopter-deployed extraction, dolphin mortality reduction, 86
Herd sighting, tuna-seining operation, 48-49
House of Representatives, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries , 14
I
Imports, 32-33
Incentives, recommendation, 111
Indonesia, world tuna catch percentage, 15
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 16-17, 23-24, 28
dolphin mortality data, 19
flotsam record, 157-165
flotsam tagging notification, 167
observer program, 52
technical advisory offices, 20
Tuna-Dolphin Workshop, 52
International Commission on the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, 22
International policy considerations, 28
J
Japan, world tuna fishery share, 3, 15
Jet boat, dolphin mortality reduction, 73-74
K
Korean Republic, world tuna catch percentage, 15
Lagenodelphis hosei, see Fraser's dolphin
Latin America, 17
Legislation
Dolphin Protection Consumer Act, 32-33
Fisherman's Protective Act, 22
Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 22, 24, 26, 32-33
South Pacific Tuna Act, 22
Tariff Act of 1930, 22
Tuna Conventions Act, 22, 23-24
tuna fishermen regulations, 129-156
Light-induced detecting/ranging, dolphin mortality reduction, 92
Longevity, yellowfin tuna, 38-39
M
Male coalition, dolphin, 51
Malfunction, dolphin mortality, 62
Management, yellowfin tuna, 40
Marine mammal policy, United States, 26-28
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 13-14, 26-27, 28, 69, 105-106
embargo, 28
legislative intent, 1
mortality quota, 19
Medina, Harold, fine-mesh panel, 19
Medina double corkline, dolphin mortality reduction, 72-73
Medina panel, 36
dolphin mortality reduction, 75
Mesh strip, fine, dolphin mortality reduction, 75
Mexico, 17
embargo, 28
United States, relations, 28
world tuna catch percentage, 15
Midwater trawl, 99-101
Misetich, Anton, backdown, 19, 36-37
Monitoring, recommendation, 111
N
National Academy of Sciences, 13-14
National Marine Fisheries Service
dolphin mortality data, 19
Tuna-Dolphin Workshop, 52
Natural mortality, dolphin, 71
Net closing, tuna-seining operation, 50
Net pursing, tuna-seining operation, 50
O
Observer effect, dolphin mortality estimate, 54
Observer program, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 52
P
Pair trawl, 99-100
Pear-shaped snap ring, 36
Peru, 17
Philippines, world tuna catch percentage, 15
Physiology, yellowfin tuna, 38-39
Population dynamics, yellowfin tuna, 40
Porpoise Rescue Foundation, 20, 69-70, 75
Price incentive, non-dolphin-associated tuna, 105-106
Puretic power block, 15
Purse seine, 34-37
bait boat conversion, 16
method modification, dolphin mortality reduction, 72-86
problem overview, 14-15
workshop recommendation overview, 20-21
Purse-seine finshing, overview, 2
Purse-seine fleet, carrying capacity, dolphin mortality, 63-64
Purse-seine gear modification, recommendation, 111-115
R
Raft, 36
Recommendation
dolphin mortality reduction overview, 10-12
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, tuna-dolphin fishery, 110-117
harvesting tuna not in association with dolphins, 117-118
Recovery, dolphin population, 70-71
Regulation
alternative gear incentive, 105
dolphin mortality certificate, 104-105
dolphin mortality prohibition, 102-104
Dolphin Protection Consumer Act, 105
fishing captain performance standards, 106-109
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 105-106
non-dolphin-associated tuna, 105-106
tuna fishermen, 129-156
see also Dolphin mortality reduction techniques; Legislation
Remote sensing satellites, dolphin mortality reduction, 91-92
Republic of China, world tuna catch percentage, 15
Research vessel data, dolphin abundance, 64-68
Roll-up reduction, dolphin mortality reduction, 77-79
Roughtoothed dolphin
behavior overview, 7
tuna association, 43
S
Safety crook, dolphin mortality reduction, 75
Sampling design, dolphin mortality estimate, 53
Seine, see Purse seine
Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 14
Set, tuna-seining operation, 49-50
Set duration, dolphin mortality, 62
Sexually immature tuna, 14
Skipjack tuna
canned tuna market, 18
dolphin association, 16
harvest, 40-41
Snap ring, pear-shaped, 36
dolphin mortality reduction, 75
Social disruption, dolphin, seining, 71
South Pacific Tuna Act, 22
Spain, world tuna catch percentage, 15
Species, dolphin mortality, 60
Species selectivity, dolphin mortality reduction, 81-82
Speedboat, 36
Spinner dolphin, 4
behavior overview, 7
dolphin abundance, 66-69
dolphin mortality, 19
feeding behavior, 47
tuna association, 43-44
Spotted dolphin, 4
dolphin abundance, 65-67
dolphin mortality, 19
feeding behavior, 47
tuna association, 43-45
tuna bond, 45-46
Spotted tuna, behavior overview, 7
Stenella attenuata, see Spotted dolphin
Stenella coeruleoalba, see Striped dolphin
Stenella longirostris, see Spinner dolphin
Steno bredanensis, see Roughtoothed dolphin
Stock, dolphin mortality, 60
Stock structure, yellowfin tuna, 38
Striped dolphin
behavior overview, 7
dolphin abundance, 66
tuna association, 43
Synthetic aperture radar, dolphin mortality reduction, 92
T
Tariff Act of 1930, 22
Technical advisory offices, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission , 20
Thunnus albacares, see Yellowfin tuna
Time of capture, dolphin mortality, 61-62
Trawling
hypothetical technique, 100-101
incidental dolphin catch, 100
midwater, 99
pair trawls, 99-100
Treaty
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 22
U.S.-Canada Pacific Albacore Treaty, 22
Tuna, see individual species
Tuna behavior
dolphin behavior, 42-51
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, 48
feeding, 47
Tuna behavior research, recommendation, 115-117
Tuna Conventions Act, 22, 23-24
Tuna-dolphin barrier, dolphin mortality reduction, 79-81
Tuna-dolphin relationship, 45-46
bond breaking, dolphin mortality reduction, 89-90
Tuna fishermen, regulations, 129-156
Tuna maneuvering, seine, recommendation, 115
Tuna policy
international policy, 27-28
United States, 22-26
Tuna-seining operation
chase, 49
dolphin/tuna behavior, 47-51
herd sighting, 48-49
net closing, 50
net pursing, 50
set, 49-50
Tuna vessel data, dolphin abundance, 64-69
Tursiops truncatus, see Bottlenose dolphin
U
United States
canned light-meat tuna, 18
market, 17-18
Mexico, relations, 28
tuna and marine mammal policy, 5-6
world tuna catch percentage, 15
world tuna fishery share, 3-4
United States canned tuna standards, 31
United States fleet
decline, 19
dolphin mortality, 19
previous dominance, 17
United States House of Representatives, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, 14
United States marine mammal policy, 26-28
United States Secretary of Commerce, 13-14
United States Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation , 14
United States tuna policy, 22-26
U.S.-Canada Pacific Albacore Treaty, 22
V
Venezuela, world tuna catch percentage, 15
Vessel captain, dolphin mortality, 58-60
Vessel captain education, recommendation, 111
Vessel number, dolphin mortality, 63-64
W
World tuna fishery, nation participation, 3-4
World tuna fishing
economic competition, 30-32
harvest, 29-30
Y
Yellowfin Regulatory Area, 41
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, 24-25
Yellowfin tuna, 38-41
abundance, 39-40
alternative location methods, dolphin mortality reduction, 90-92
biology, 38-40
canned tuna market, 18
distribution, 38
dolphin association, 15-16
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, 23
ecology, 40-41
economic importance, 1
fork length, 39
growth, 38-39
harvest, 40-41
longevity, 38-39
management, 40
physiology, 38-39
population dynamics, 40
sex ratio, 39
stock structure, 38
temperature, 39
total catch, 16
yield, 40
Yield, yellowfin tuna, 40
