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APPENDIX C NOTE S ON CONTRIBUTORS HENDRlK w. BODE was born in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1 905. A graduate of Ohio State University in 1 924, Dr. Bode remained at Ohio to earn his masters degree in 1 926 and then received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1 935. His professional experiences include forty-one years with the Bell Telephone Laboratories as a member of the Technical Staff, serving three years as Director of Mathematical Research, three years as Direc tor of Reseal ch in the Physical Sciences, and nearly a decade as Vice-President of Bell. I n 1 967 Dr. Bode left the Bell Laboratories to become Gordon McKay Professor of Systems Engineering at Harvard University. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a foundi ng member of the National Academy of Engineering , a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the American Association for the Advance ment of Science. Awarded the Presidential Certificate of Merit in 1 948 and the Edison Medal of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic E ngineers in 1 969, Dr. Bode holds over two dozen patents, is the author of numerous papers on electric circuit theory and related subjects, and has written the book Network Anal sis and Feedback Amplifier Design ( 1 945) . y RAYMOND BOWERS is Professor of Physics and member of the Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics at Cornell University. Dr. Bowers is also Deputy Director of the Cornell University Interdisciplinary Program on 3Q-973 Q--69 ----12 151 Digitized by Goog Ie
Science, Technology and Society. Born in London, England, in 1 927, he attended the University of London and Oxford University, receiving a bachelors degree in 1 948 and a doctor of philosophy degree in 1 95 1 . From 1 95 1 to 1 954 he was a research fellow at the University of Chicago, and from 1 954 to 1 960 he was a research physicist for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation . From July 1 966 to September 1 967� Dr. Bowers served as a member of the staff of the Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President, where he was concerned with questions of national science policy. He has continued to work in the area of science policy through service on national  committees and also in the Cornell program. Dr. Bowers has been a consultant to Westinghouse, IBM, RCA, and United Aircraft Corporation. His research interests have spanned many aspects of solid-state physics and the physics of very low temperatures. He is currently studying the phenomenon of plasma waves in solids. HARVEY BROOKS, Dean of Engineering and Applied Physics and a member of the Faculty of Public Ad ministration at Harvard University, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1 9 1 5. He earned his A.B. from Yale in 1 937, spent a year in graduate study at Cambridge University, and received his Ph.D. in physics from Harvard in 1 940. He was a member of the Society of Fellows �t H�rvard . Dr. Brooks holds honorary degrees from H(\rvard, Yale, Brown, Ken yon, and Union. Currently the Chairman of the Committee on Science and Public Policy of the National Academy of Sciences, he is also a member of the National Science Board, a member of the National Academies of Science and Engineering, a consultant-at-large to the President's Science Ad visory Committee, a consultant to the Scientific Di- 152 Digitized by Goog Ie
rectorate of the Organization for Economic Coopera tion and Development, and was for many years a member of the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safe guards of the Atomic Energy Commission. He is a member of the Naval Research Advisory Committee. In addition, he is editor-in-chief of the journal Physics and Chemistry of Solids and author of a wide variety of papers and essays. In 1 960, Dr. Brooks received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award of the Atomic Energy C?mmission. EDWARD c. CREUTZ , a native of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, born in 1 9 1 3, is Vice President-Research and De velopment of Gulf General Atomic, Inc., and Director of the company's John Jay Hopkins Laboratory for Pure and Applied Science in San Diego, California. He received his B.A. degree in 1 936 and his Ph.D. degree in 1 939 from the University of Wisconsin. From 1 942 to 1 944 he headed the first group to under take metallurgical studies of uranium, beryllium, and aluminum for the Manhattan Project. This work led to the successful development of the fuel elements for the first nuclear reactors at Oak Ridge and Hanford. Between 1 944 and 1 946 he was group leader at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory when the primary work on the atomic bomb was done. Before joining Gulf General Atomic, Dr. Creutz was Head of the Department of Physics and Director of the Nuclear Research Center at Carnegie Institute of Technology. During 1 955-56, he held a special assignment as scientist-at-large evaluating the United States' con trolled thermonuclear program. for the Atomic Energy Commission. Dr. Creutz's broad interest in science includes the publication of articles in physics, as well as metallurgical and botanical subjects. He has been a member of the Divisional Committee for Science Education of the National Science Foundation, and 153 Digitized by Goog Ie
Director-at-large of the Governing Board of the American Institute of Physics. A. HUNTER DUPREE, the George L. Littlefield Professor of American History at Brown University, was born in Hillsboro, Texas, in 1 92 1 . A graduate of Oberlin College, he earned his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1 952. His professional posts have included eleven years as Professor of History at the University of California at Berkeley ; two years as Assistant to the Chancellor ; and varying periods of service as referee for research proposals to the Social Science Division of the National Science Foundation, as a member of the Foundation's Panel on History, as an adviser to the American Institute of Physics, as a member of the council of the History of Science Society, and as a member of the board of editors of that Society's journal, Isis. In addition to numerous government consultantships, he has been called upon by the University of California to serve on advisory committees for educational television, natural resources, public education in science and technology, and a humanities institute. His extensive publications include three books, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities ( 1 957) , Asa Gra 1810-1888 ( 1 959) , and y-- Science and the Emergence of Modern America ( 1 953) . RALPH w. GERARD, a native of Harvey, Illinois, was born in 1 900. Currently Dean of the Graduate Division, Professor of Biology, and Director of Special Studies at the University of California at Irvine, Dr. Gerard is internationally known for his pioneer work on the chemical and electrical activity of nerve and of brain. He has lectured on six continents, has served as professor at eight universities, and has received a number of honorary degrees and foreign medals and awards. He is a member of numerous learned societies, among them the National Academy of Sciences, and 1 54 Digitized by Goog Ie
has been President of the American Physiological Society. Dr. Gerard is or has been consultant to various governmental and other institutions in this country and abroad and has written and lectured extensively in the behavioral and systems science areas and their application to human affairs. His nine books include Unresting Cells ( 1 940) , The Body Functions ( 1 94 1 ) , Food for Life ( 1 952) , Mirror to Ph ysiology: A Self-Survey of Ph ysiological Science ( 1 958) , and Computers and Education ( 1 967) . NORMAN KAPLAN, born in 1 923 in New York City, has been Professor of Sociology at The George Washing ton University and Senior Staff Scientist in the Pro gram of Policy Studies in Science and Technology. In the fall of 1 969 he is assuming the post of Professor of Sociology and Chairman of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Northeastern Uni versity in Boston. He has also been on the faculties of the University of Pennsylvania, Cornell, and Columbia. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology from Columbia University in 1 955. He edited and con tributed to Science and Society ( 1 965) . He has also been a contributing author of The Handbook of Modern Sociology ( 1 964) , The Management of Scientists ( 1 964) , and the International Enc yclopedia of the Social Sciences ( 1 968) , and has published papers on science and society in various scholarly journals. MILTON KATZ , the Henry L. Stimson Professor of Law and Director of International Legal Studies, Harvard Law School, was born in New York City in 1 907. He is a member of the Harvard University Administrative Committee for International Studies and the Faculty Committees for the Development Advisory Service, the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, and the Committee on Regional studies. He is also a Research Associate, Program in Technology and Society, Harvard Uni- 155 Digitized by Goog Ie
versity. He received his A.B. from Harvard College in 1 927. A year later, he entered Harvard Law School, receiving his LL.B. in 1 93 1 . He served as Law Clerk to U.S. Circuit Judge Julian W. Mack in 1 93 1-32. From 1 935 to 1 938, he was Executive Assistant to the Chairman and Special Counsel of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The following year he was Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General. From 1 94 1 to 1 943, Professor Katz was Solicitor of the War Production Board, and during part of that time he was also U.S. Executive Officer of the Combined Production and Resources Board (U.S.A.-United Kingdom-Canada) . In 1 943, he wa8 appointed to the Office of Strategic Services in Washington. Following World War I I , he was appointed Byrne Professor of Administrative Law at Harvard University. In 1 95Q- 5 1 , he was the U.S. Special Representative in Europe, with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. As such, he was chief of the Marshall Plan in Europe. I n 1 95o-5 1 , concurrendy with his Marshall Plan duties, he served as the Chairman and U.S. Member of the Financial and Economic Com mittee under NATO, and as U.S. Representative to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. From September 1 95 1 to June 1 954, Professor Katz was Associate Director of the Ford Foundation. In 1 954, he returned to Harvard to his present post. He was Chairman, Committee on Manpower, White House Conference on International Cooperation in 1 965, and he is currently Chairman of the Committee on Life Sciences and Social Policy of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Books by Professor Katz include The Relevance of International Ad judication ( 1 968) , The Things That Are Caesar's ( 1 966) , The Law of International 156 Digitized by Goog Ie
Transactions and Relations: Cases and Materials (with Kingman Brewster, Jr.) ( 1 960) , Government Under Law and the Individual (editor and co-author) ( 1 957) , and Cases and Materials in Administrative Law ( 1 947) . He has also published a variety of articles on law, foreign policy, education, and foundations. MELVIN KRANZBERG was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1 9 1 7. He received his A.B. from Amherst College and then studied at Harvard University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1 942. Dr. Kranzberg has served as a Vice-President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Chairman of its Section L (History and Philosophy of Science) . He is a former Chairman of the Humanistic-Social Division of the American Society for Engineering Education and is currently Chairman of the Historical Advisory Committee of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Vice-Chairman of the United States National Committee of the Interna tional Union of the History and Philosophy of Science. He is the founder of the Society for the History of Technology and editor of its quarterly journal, Tech nology and Culture. Dr. Kranzberg is editor of the two volume Technology of Western Civili.�ation ( 1 967) and the author of several books and numerous articles in encyclopedias and scholarly journals on engineering education, French history, and the history of science and technology. Awarded the Leonardo da Vinci Medal of the Society for the History of Technology in 1 967, he is now Professor of History and Director of the Graduate Program in the History of Science and Technology at Case-Western Reserve University. HANS H. LANDSBERG was born in Germany in 1 9 1 3. He studied at the London School of Economics an.d Columbia University. His professional experience includes a broad association with the United Nations 157 Digitized by Goog Ie
as a member of the Relief and Rehabilitation Admin 1 946 and the Food and Agriculture istration in Italy in Organization from 1 947 to 1 949. He spent the years 1 950 to 1 955 as an economist in the Office of the Economic Advisor to the Israel Government . A member of the American Economic Association ; the Federal Power Commission's Power Requirements Special Technical Commjttee ; and the Executive Committee, Study of the Consequences of Population Change and Their Implications for National and International Policies of the National Academy of Sciences, Mr. Landsberg sits on the Advisory Board of Technological Forecasting. He has authored and co-authored a number of articles and books, including Natural Resources for U.S. Growth ( 1 964) . Since 1 960 he has been Director of the Resource Appraisal Program of Resources for the Future, Inc . GENE M . LYON S, born i n 1 924 i n Revere, Massachusetts, is Professor of Government and Chairman of the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. Professor Lyons was graduated from Tufts College in 1 947, received a License en Science Politique at the Graduate Institute of I nternational Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1 949, and took his doctoral degree at Columbia in 1 958. From 1 966 to 1 968, he served as Executive Secretary of the Advisory Committee on Government Programs in the Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council . Professor Lyons was the co-author (with the late John Masland) of Education and lvlilitary Leadership ( 1 959) . His book, Military Policy and Economic Aid, was published in 1 96 1 , and a book written with Professor Louis Morton, Schools for Strategy, was published in 1 965. His latest book, The Uneasy Partnership: Social Science and the Federal Government in the Twentieth Century, will be published in September 1 969. Professor 158 Digitized by Goog Ie
Lyons is also editor and contributor to two studies published under the auspices of the Dartmouth Public Affairs Center in 1 965 : "America : Purpose and Power," and "European Views of Anierica." He has contributed frequently to professional journals and other publications. LOUI S H. MAYO, currently Vice-President for Advanced Policy Studies and Director of the Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology at The George Washington University, was born in Prestonsburg, Kentucky, in 1 9 1 8. A graduate of the United States Naval Academy, the University of Virginia Law School, and the Yale University Law School, where he received his S .J.D. in 1 953, Dean Mayo's profes sional experience includes service as a member of the Law School Faculty and Dean of the Graduate School of Public Law at George Washington, as Executive Secretary of the Network Study Staff of the Federal Communications Commission, and as a member of the White House Task Force on Dis armament in 1 956. He has also been a member of Project ARISTOTLE, the Task Group on Standards of Measurement and Evaluation. Dean Mayo's pub  lications span a wide variety of scholarly and legal journals, and he recently published a series of studies of the technology assessment function in connection - with his work in the Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology. GERARD PIEL, a native of Long Island, New York, was born in 1 9 1 5. After serving as science editor for Life Magazine from 1 939 to 1 945, he helped organize the Scientific American and is curr ently president and publisher of that journal. A graduate of Phillips Academy and Harvard College (A.B. magna cum laude, 1 937) , Mr. Piel holds honorary degrees from a number of major universities, including Brandeis, Carnegie- 159 Digitized by Goog Ie
Mellon, and Columbia Universities, the University of British Columbia, and Williams College. A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society, the Health Research Council of the City of New York, and the Council on Foreign Relations, he is the author of Science in the Cause of Man ( 1 96 1 ) . HERBERT A . SIMON, born in 1 9 1 6 in Milwaukee, Wiscon sin, is Richard King Mellon Professor of Computer Science and Psychology at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Chairman of the Division of Behavioral Sciences of the National Research Council, and a member of the President's Science Advisory Com mittee. A graduate of the University of Chicago, where he received his Ph.D. in 1 943, Dr. Simon holds honorary degrees from Yale University, Case Institute of Technology, Lund University, and the University of Chicago. He is a fellow of a number of learned societies including the American Psychological and American Sociological Associations. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Public Administration, and the Societe Royale des Lettr� de Lund, Dr. Simon h as served on the faculties of the University of Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Technology, and the Carnegie Institute of Tech nology. He has also been consultant to the RAND Corporation and the Cowles Foundation for Research Economics and is a former chairman of the Board of Directors of the Social Science Research Council. He is the author of a number of articles and books , including Models of Man ( 1 956) , Organizations ( 1 958) , The New Science of Management Decision ( 1 960) , and The Shape of Automation ( 1 965) . CYRIL STANLEY SMITH, an American citizen since 1 940, was born in Birmingham, England, in 1 903. He graduated from Birmingham in 1 924 and received a 160 Digitized b y Goog Ie
Doctor of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1 926. During World War II, he served as Associate Division Leader in Charge of Metallurgy at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. He then moved to the University of Chicago to become Director of the Institute for the Study of Metals and Professor of Metallurgy. Winner of the U . S . Presidential Medal for Merit in 1 946 and the Leonardo da Vinci Medal of the Society for the History of Technology in 1 966 ; a member of the National Academy of Sciences, of the General Advisory Com mittee, Atomic Energy Commission, from 1 946 to 1 952, and of the President's Science Advisory Com mittee in 1 959 ; and past President of the Society for the History of Technology, Dr. Smith is · presently Institute Professor, Professor of History of Technology and Science, and Professor of Metallurgy at M . I .T. , a position he assumed in 1 96 1 . MORRIS TANENBAUM was born in Huntington, West Virginia, in 1 928. A graduate of Johns Hopkins University, with a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Princeton in 1 952, Dr. Tanenbaum began his career as a member of the Technical Staff of the Bell Tele phone Laboratories. At Bell he became Assistant Director of the Metallurgical Research Laboratories in 1 960 and Director of the Solid State Device Labor atory in 1 962. He joined Western Electric in 1 964 as Director of Research and Development at the com pany's Engineering Research Center in Princeton, New Jersey, and assumed his present position as Gen eral Manager of the Engineering Division in 1 968. Dr. Tanenbaum developed the first successful silicon diffused base transistors and pnpn diodes and has secured several patents on the fabrication of semi conductive devices and the preparation of semicon ductor and magnetic materials. A Director of the 161 Digitized by Goog Ie
American Society for Testing and Materials and a member of the Materials Advisory Board of the National Academy of Sciences, he has served in numerous advisory groups for government, university, and professional organizations and currently sits on the editorial advisory boards of several leading tech nical journals, including Solid State Electronics and the Journal of Materials Science and Engineering. LAURENCE H. TRIBE was born in Shanghai, China, in 1 94 1 , and has lived in the United States since 1 946. Currently Assistant Professor of Law at Harvard University and a Research Associate to the Harvard University Program on Technology and Society, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year at Harvard College and, in 1 962, earned his A.B. degree magna cum laude with highest honors, having been awarded a summa cum laude by the Harvard Depart ment of Mathematics. Mter spending a year at the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences as a National Science Foundation Fellow and an Honorary Woodrow Wilson Fellow, he attended the Harvard Law School, where, in 1 966, he received his L.L.B. degree magna cum laude and was the recipient of the Beale Prize. Professor Tribe was Law Clerk to Justice Mathew 0. Tobriner of the California Supreme Court from 1 966 to 1 967 and came to his position as Executive Director of the Technology Assessment Panel from the Supreme Court of the United States, where he spent the 1 967 Term as Law Clerk to Mr. Justice Stewart. Professor Tribe is the author of a Lawrence Radiation Laboratory report, "Numerical Solution of Ill-Conditioned Linear Systems" ( 1 959) , and a published set of lectures, Criminal Law Enforce ment and the Constitution ( 1 967) . DAEL WOLFLE , born in 1 906 in Puyallup, Washington, is executive officer of the American Association for 162 Digitized by Goog Ie
the Advancement of Science and publisher of the magazine Science. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1 927, received his Ph.D. from Ohio State University in 1 93 1 , and has been the recipient of several honorary degrees. Dr. Wo1fle has served as consultant to the Organisation for Economic Coopera tion and Development and a number of other agencies. He received the Presidential Certificate of Merit in 1 948 and is the author of America's Resources of S pe cialit.ed Talent ( 1 954) , Science and Public Policy ( 1 959) , and numerous editorials on science policy matters in Science. 0 163 Digitized by Goog Ie
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