Losing Generations: Adolescents in High-Risk Settings (1993)

A

Ability grouping, see Tracking of students

Abortion, 92, 96

Abuse and neglect, 18, 19, 54-55, 185

and child welfare system, 4, 180-185 passim, 188-189

and health care system, 6, 88

Accidents, see Injuries

Adolescent Diversion Project (ADP), 215

Adoption, 186

Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, 176-177

After High School, Then What?, 126

AIDS, see HIV

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 47, 91, 129, 176

Alcohol use, 84, 241

during pregnancy, 18

American Medical Association (AMA), 87

Anorexia nervosa, 90

Apprenticeship, 209

Arrest, 10, 42, 74, 152, 153, 157-158

Asian population, 65

Assault, 82, 152,

see also Sexual assault and abuse

Assistance, see Welfare system

Attitude, see Demeanor

Authoritative parenting, 53, 54

Autism, 18

Autonomy, see Independence and autonomy issues

B

Basic skills, 32-33, 205, 210-211

Black males

and crime and justice system, 9-10, 33, 153, 154, 157-158, 163

educational achievement, 72, 112

employment, 25

life expectancy, 82

Black population, 3, 5, 16, 26, 54, 65, 88

crime, 76, 152-154

education, 32-33, 43, 68-69, 104, 111, 112

employment, 26-33 passim, 35, 127, 130

female-headed families, 34-35, 51

and justice system, 10, 33, 154-161, 163-164

teen mothers, 19, 52, 73-74

see also Black males

Bottom-up decision making, 245-247

Bussing programs, 68

C

Career Beginnings, 143-144, 211

Caregiving, see Parents and parenting

Carl Perkins Vocational Education Act, 129, 130

Case management, 214-216

Cerebral palsy, 18

Chapter 1 programs, 108, 113-115, 118, 242

Childbearing, see Teenage pregnancy and parenting

Child support payments, 46

Child welfare system, 4-5, 175-189

and abuse and neglect, 4, 180-185 passim, 188-189

alternatives, 200-201

outcomes, 183-185

research needs, 253

settings, 180-182

Childhood diseases, 95

Clinics, 89, 90

College education, 8, 25, 32, 36, 125

Community-based services, 11, 177-178, 186, 245-247

health care, 89-90, 204-205

job training, 129

model programs, 194, 198-203, 212-213, 219-220

Community Based Youth Services (CBYS), 177

Community development corporations (CDCs), 198-199

Compensatory education, 8, 103, 107, 113-115, 118

alternative programs, 206-207

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 135, 136

Comprehensive service programs, 212-220, 223, 238-239

multicultural approaches, 221-222

research needs, 254-255

see also Model service programs

Concentrated poverty areas, see Economic stratification

Confidentiality and consent issues, 95-97

Contraceptives, 85, 88, 92

Cooperative education, 133, 209

Counseling, see Case management;

Mentoring programs

Crack, see Drug markets

Crime and criminal behavior, 5, 9, 42, 71, 74-76, 152-156, 167

by abused children, 55

as alternative to legitimate work, 33-34, 36, 74, 155, 165-166

and child welfare system, 181-182

and population density, 75, 160-161

see also Drug markets;

Drug use and treatment;

Justice system

D

Deaths, 81, 82-84

from abuse, 54

see also Homicide;

Suicide

Delinquency, see Crime and criminal behavior;

Status offenses

Demeanor

and employment, 166

and police treatment, 158-160

Dental care, insurance, 92, 93

Depression, 82, 92

Development and developmental risks, 17-19, 42, 49-50

comprehensive services, 217-220

and early childbearing, 18-19

independence, 50, 180, 186-188, 219

research needs, 247-249, 253-254, 255-256

Discrimination, 221, 237, 244-245

in employment, 31-32, 71

in justice system, 10, 153, 157-164, 167-168, 245

research needs, 248

Divorce, 43, 45-46, 47, 51

and neighborhood crime, 75, 76

Drug markets, 5-6, 67-68

as alternative to legitimate work, 33, 34, 68, 155

Drug use and treatment, 6, 49, 81, 84, 88, 96

AIDS risk, 85

insurance coverage, 91, 92, 93, 94

during pregnancy, 18

prevention programs, 217

E

Early childbearing, see Teenage pregnancy and parenting

Earned income tax credit, 47

Earnings and wages, see Employment and unemployment

Economic stratification, 5, 64-68, 70-77, 154-155, 236-237

and crime, 5, 9-10, 74-76, 152-156, 167

and educational achievement, 8, 72-73, 102-103, 117

and school finance and resources, 7, 68-69, 105-109, 117

and vocational education, 131-132

Education, see Compensatory education;

Educational achievement;

Grade retention;

School dropouts;

Schools;

School-to-work transition;

Tracking of students;

Vocational education

Educational achievement, 7-8, 70, 103-104, 105, 126-127

and economic stratification, 8, 72-73, 102-103, 117

family structure, 43, 49, 50-51

model programs, 205-208, 217

relation to income and employment, 2, 25-32 passim, 36, 48, 104-105

and school finances, 108-109

and school organization, 109, 207-208

and vocational education, 133-135, 141-142

see also Compensatory education;

Grade retention;

School dropouts;

Tracking of students

Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Chapter 1 programs, 108, 113-115, 118, 242

alternatives, 206-207

Emotional problems, see Mental health and services

Employment and unemployment, 2, 4, 5, 8-9, 32, 66, 67, 71, 74

and crime, 156, 166

discrimination, 31-32, 71

earnings declines, 2, 24-26, 28, 30

and insurance coverage, 91, 92-93

parents, 2-3, 24-27, 41-42, 43, 46-48, 55-56, 238

relocation of jobs to suburbs, 3, 30-31

sectoral shifts, 27-28, 36

see also Job skills and training;

School-to-work transition;

Vocational

education

Ethnic groups, see Hispanic population;

Racial and ethnic groups

Extended families, 52, 56

F

Families, see Abuse and neglect;

Family economic security;

Fostercare;

Marriage and married couples;

Parents and parenting;

Single-parent households;

Stepfamilies

Family economic security, 2-4, 16-20, 24-27, 34-36, 41-42, 44-46

Family planning, 94, 96, 203

Female-headed families, 5, 34-35, 44, 66, 69-70

and crime, 155, 156

economic security, 3, 25, 34-35, 44-46

and educational achievement, 43, 50-51, 73

and teen pregnancy, 74

Females

educational achievement, 73, 112

employment and earnings, 25, 26, 27, 31, 127

health and mental health, 84, 90

job training, 131-132, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144

and justice system, 158-159, 164

in stepfamilies, 51

see also Female-headed families;

Teenage pregnancy and parenting

Firearms, 84, 241

Foster care, 4-5, 176-189 passim

discharge planning, 215-216

Friends of the Family, 197

G

Gangs, 152, 155, 165

Gault decision, 151

Gentrification, 75

Ghettos, see Inner-city areas

Good practice programs, see Model service programs

Government roles, 245-247

Grade retention, 8, 103, 112-113, 118

alternatives, 206, 242

Graduation, see Educational achievement;

School dropouts

Grand Central Partnership, 198

Guns, see Firearms

H

Handicapped children, services, 181

Head injuries, 19

Health care, 85-90, 97-98, 240-241

availability, 6-7, 85

confidentiality and consent, 95-97

insurance coverage, 6, 85, 91-93, 94-95, 98, 241

model programs, 203-205

preventive, 81-82, 88, 241

research needs, 251-252

see also Mental health and services

Health condition and risks, 49, 81-85, 97

and family income, 2, 17-20, 42

see also Mental health and services

Health of Adolescents, 87

Hearing problems, 18, 92, 93

Hispanic population, 3, 5, 26, 65

and crime, 153

educational achievement, 43, 51, 104, 105, 111, 112

employment, 127

female-headed families, 34-35, 51

school segregation, 68-69

HIV, 85

deaths, 6, 81, 84

Homeless youth, 182

Homicide, 6, 70, 81, 82, 153

and neighborhood composition, 76, 155-156

Hospitalization, 92, 95

I

Illegitimacy, 34

Immigrants, competition for low-wage jobs, 3, 29

Immunization, 95

insurance coverage, 92, 93

Imprisonment, 10, 163-167

Income, see Economic stratification;

Family economic security;

Poverty and low income

Income transfers, see Aid to Families with Dependent Children;

Welfare system

Independence and autonomy issues, 180, 186-188, 219

and single-parent families, 50

Injuries, 19-20, 82

from abuse, 19, 55

deaths, 82, 83

Inner-city areas, 65, 74

employment discrimination, 31, 71

and justice system, 9, 10, 156, 165, 167

and suburbanization of employment, 3, 30-31

see also Economic stratification;

Neighborhoods

Insurance coverage, 6, 85, 91-93, 94-95, 98, 241

mental health, 90

see also Medicaid

J

Job Corps, 136, 140, 207, 211

Jobs for America's Graduates, 211

Job skills and training, 3, 8, 146

alternative programs, 208-212

basic skills, 32-33, 210-211

and child welfare system, 184

Federally funded programs, 126, 129-130, 135-145

see also Vocational education

JOBSTART, 142, 143, 144-145, 211

Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), 125-126, 129, 130, 135-137,141-142, 146, 208

Justice system, 9-11, 42, 151-152

adult system consignment, 10, 151

alternatives, 10-11, 167, 177-178, 200, 215

and child welfare system, 181-182

discriminatory practices, 10, 153, 157-164, 167-168, 245

imprisonment, 10, 163-167

plea bargaining, 161-162

research needs, 252-253

Juvenile Justice Alliance, 200

L

Latinos, see Hispanic population

Lead exposure and poisoning, 19-20

Learning disabilities, 18-19, 20

Life expectancy, 82

Literacy, 32-33, 33-34, 103-104, 114

Low achievers, see Educational achievement;

Grade retention;

Tracking of students

Low birthweight, 18

Low income, see Economic stratification;

Poverty and low income

Low wage jobs, 36

competition from immigrants, 3, 29

M

Males

employment and earnings, 25-29 passim, 66, 127

grade retention, 112

job training, 132, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144

and justice system, 164

mental disorders, 84

sexual activity, 84-85

in single-parent households, 49

see also Black males

Maltreatment, see Abuse and neglect

Managed health care, 7, 98, 252

Manufacturing employment, 27-28, 30-31, 36

Marijuana, 84

Market forces, and school-to-work transition, 9, 129, 130

Marriage and married couples, 43

economic security, 3, 35-36, 41-42, 46-48

teen mothers, 44, 52

see also Divorce;

Female-headed families;

Stepfamilies

Mathematics, 103-104, 114

and vocational education, 134

McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, 129

Medicaid, 91, 93-94

Medical insurance, 92, 93

Medicine and medical condition, see Health care;

Health condition and risks;

Physicians

Mental health and services, 6, 42, 82, 84, 90-91

and abused children, 55, 184-185

comprehensive services, 217-219

and family structure, 49, 51

and foster care, 4, 184-186

insurance coverage, 91, 92, 93

parental consent for services, 96

physician contacts, 87-88, 90

school-based programs, 203-204

Mental retardation, 18

Mentoring programs, 143, 213-214

Midwest, social trends, 69

Minimum wage, 30

Model service programs, 11, 193-195, 222-223

health care, 203-205

job training, 208-212

neighborhood mobilization, 198-203

parental support, 196-197

schools, 201-203, 205-208, 220

Mothers, in work force, 3, 41-42, 43

see also Female-headed families;

Teenage pregnancy and parenting

Multicultural approaches, 221-222

N

National Assessment of Educational Progress, 104

National Community Service Act, 129

Neighborhoods, 5, 63-64

and crime, 5, 9, 71, 74-76, 154-156, 167

and drug markets, 5-6, 67-68

and educational achievement, 72-73, 102-103

racial stratification, 5, 54, 65, 71, 76-77, 154-155

research needs, 250-251

service and development programs, 198-203, 216-217, 239-240

and teen pregnancy, 73-74

underclass, 5, 66-67, 69, 71, 154-155

see also Economic stratification

New Chance, 197

Nonprofit organizations, 11

job training programs, 11, 129, 137

Northeast states

school segregation, 68

social trends, 69

Nutrition during pregnancy, 18

O

Obstetrics and gynecology, 88

Offensible space, 160-161

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 91

P

Parents and parenting, 3, 52-54, 55-56, 213

consent for health services, 95-97

and divorce, 51

employment, 2-3, 24-27, 46-48, 55-56, 238

poverty impacts, 17, 19-20, 42, 108

school involvement, 108, 201-203

support services, 180-181, 195-197, 198, 238

see also Abuse and neglect;

Foster care;

Single-parent households;

Teenage pregnancy and parenting

Pediatrics, 88

Peer counseling and instruction, 217-218, 221

Peer group influence, 53, 54, 74, 152

Physicians, 6, 85-86, 87-89

Plea bargaining, 161-162

Police, 156-157

discriminatory practices, 10, 157-161

Poverty and low income, 2-3, 16-17, 20, 26, 69-70, 236

developmental and health impacts, 17-20, 42, 49-50, 81-82

and early childbearing, 19

and educational achievement, 43, 104-105, 110-111, 115

and employment, 129

and insurance coverage, 91, 92

and mental health care, 90

see also Economic stratification;

Welfare system

Pregnancy, see Teenage pregnancy and parenting

Premature delivery, 18

Prenatal care, 18

Preventive health services, 81-82, 88, 241

insurance coverage, 91-92, 94-95

mental health, 90-91

Medicaid coverage, 93-94

model programs, 203-204

Primary care services, see Physicians

Prisons and imprisonment, 10, 163-167

Project Redirection, 197

Property taxes, 106

Prosecution, 161-162

Psychosocial problems, see Mental health and services

Punishment, see Justice system

R

Racial and ethnic groups

and crime and justice system, 9-10, 152, 157-158, 162-164

educational achievement, 32, 104, 110-111, 112, 117

mental health care, 90

multicultural services, 221-222

parenting, 54, 108

school segregation, 68-69

see also Black males;

Black population;

Discrimination;

Hispanic population;

White population

Rape, see Sexual assault and abuse

Reading, see Literacy

Recession and recovery periods, 69-70

and employment, 24-25, 29

and school finance, 107

Recidivism, 165

Regional differences

social trends, 69-70

Remedial education, see Compensatory education

Research needs

child welfare system, 253

development and development risks, 247-249, 253-254, 255-256

family structure and support, 249-250

health care, 251-252

justice system, 252-253

neighborhoods, 250-251

school programs, 250

school-to-work transition, 252

services and outcomes, 254-255

Restitution programs, 200

Retention, see Educational achievement;

Grade retention;

School dropouts

Robbery, 152

Runaways, 85, 182

Rural areas

and poor families, 47-48

school finance, 106

S

School dropouts, 42, 43, 66, 103, 105, 115-116, 126-127

criminal activity, 33-34, 153

employment, 25-30 passim, 36, 127

and foster care, 4

and grade retention, 112-113

job training programs, 135, 136, 139, 145

and neighborhood composition, 72-73

prevention programs, 113, 115-117, 118, 206-207

and single-parent families, 49, 50-51

and vocational education, 134

Schools, 186

alternative programs, 206-212, 217-218, 241-242, 250

clinics, 89, 203-204

finances and resources, 7, 8, 68-69, 103, 105-109, 113-114

instructional practices, 108, 110, 118, 205-208, 242

mental health services, 90

model programs, 201-203, 205-208, 220

parental involvement, 108, 201-203

segregation, 68-69

School-to-work transition, 8-9, 42-43, 125-130, 145-146, 242-244

research needs, 252

see also Job skills and training;

Vocational education

Segregation, see Economic stratification

Sentencing, 163-164

Services, see Child welfare system;

Community-based services;

Comprehensive

service programs;

Model service programs;

Welfare system

Service-sector employment, 28, 30-31, 36

Sexual activity, 42, 84-85, 88

prevention programs, 203, 218

and single-parent families, 49

see also Sexually transmitted diseases;

Teenage pregnancy and parenting

Sexual assault and abuse, 55, 82, 152, 165

Sexually transmitted diseases, 6, 81, 85, 88, 94-95

Medicaid coverage, 94

parental consent for services, 96

Single-parent households, 5, 34-35, 43-44, 49-51

and crime, 156

economic security, 3, 25, 34-35, 44-46

and educational achievement, 43, 49, 50-51

and neighborhood crime rates, 75, 76

Skills, see Job skills and training

Smoking, 49, 84, 241

during pregnancy, 18

Social work, 176

Southern states

school segregation, 68

social trends, 70

Special education, 90, 102n, 185

State and local programs, 11, 245-246

foster care, 179

job training, 130

Status offenses, 152, 167, 176

Stepfamilies, 3, 51

Street kids, 182

Students, see Educational achievement;

Learning disabilities;

School dropouts

Subculture of delinquency, 166

Substance abuse, see Alcohol use;

Drug use and treatment;

Smoking

Suburbs

educational achievement, 102-103

racial stratification, 65

relocation of jobs, 3, 30-31

school finance and resources, 7, 106, 107

Suicide, 6, 49, 81, 82, 84, 86

Summer training and education programs (STEP), 136, 143, 144, 211

Supported Work Project (SWP), 139

T

Teachers, 107-108, 109, 202, 207-208, 246

Technological change, 28

Tech prep, 134-135

Teenage pregnancy and parenting, 18-19, 42, 44, 52, 81, 86

and abuse, 55

and foster care background, 4, 184

insurance coverage, 92

Medicaid coverage, 93, 94

and neighborhood composition, 73-74

parental consent for services, 96

prevention programs, 203

support services, 181, 196-197, 214-215

Teen Outreach, 217

Temporary employment, 139

Tests, educational achievement, 104

and early childbearing, 18-19

and employment, 32-33

There Are No Children Here, 155

Tracking of students, 7-8, 103, 108, 110-112, 118

alternatives, 206, 242

Chapter 1 programs, 114

Training, see Job skills and training

Truancy, 86, 105

Tutoring, 206

Two-parent families, see Marriage and married couples

U

Underclass neighborhoods, 5, 66-67, 69, 71, 154-155

Unemployment insurance, 47

Unionization, declines in, 3, 30

Unmarried women, see Female-headed families

Urban areas,

education, 104, 105

school finance and resources, 7, 106, 107, 108

see also Inner-city areas;

Neighborhoods

V

Violence, 75-76, 82, 155-156

deaths, 84

drug-related, 5-6, 68

prevention programs, 217-218

see also Abuse and neglect;

Crime and criminal behavior;

Homicide;

Robbery;

Sexual assault and abuse;

Suicide

Vocational academies, 210

Vocational education, 9, 125, 129, 130-133, 146

alternative programs, 208-212

and educational achievement, 133-135, 141-142

Volunteer programs, 200-201

W

Welfare system, 47-48, 66, 67, 69-70, 238

see also Child welfare system;

Foster care

White population

and crime and justice system, 162

educational achievement, 43, 51, 104

employment and earnings, 25, 127

female-headed families, 34, 51

physician contacts, 88

teenage mothers, 52

Women, see Female-headed families;

Females;

Teenage pregnancy and parenting

Work, see Employment and unemployment;

Job skills and training

Y

Youth Action Program

YouthBuild, 201

Youth Employment Demonstration Program Act (YEDPA), 135, 137, 138 141

Youth Incentive Entitlement Project (YIEP), 139