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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Index

A

Abiotic stresses, 79, 192

Acacia senegal,126

Aflatoxins, 51

Africa

domesticated species, 33

farming practices, 66

genetic resources work, 356-357

root and tuber programs, 96

African cassava mosaic virus, 58

African streak virus, 200

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights including Trade in Counterfeit Goods, 281

Agricultural practices/systems

alternative strategies, 18, 66-67, 76

continuous cropping, 78

crop rotations, 18, 66, 76, 78

high-input, 66

IARC programs, 66

monoculture, 16, 18, 36-37, 48, 50-51, 66, 67, 82

multilines mixture, 17, 66-67

and productivity, 63

recommendations, 82-83

relay planting, 17-18, 66-67

research funding, 103

and resistance, 76

traditional, 127-128

and vulnerability of crops, 82-83

and yields, 179

Agrobacterium tumefanciens,252

Albino mutants, 226

Alfalfa, 104-106, 110

Algae, 242, 243, 246, 252

Alleles

common, 121

common, localized, 139, 140, 143

common, widespread, 139, 140

conceptual classes, 139

defined, 407

frequency, 138, 140, 143, 144-145, 159

introgression from exotic sources, 134

loss (drift), 160, 170

lower-frequency, 146-147, 148-149

rare, 160

rare, localized, 139, 143

rare, widespread, 139-140, 143

resistance, 54

self-incompatibility, 138

see also Neutral allele

Allium species, 9, 123, 125, 369, 373

Almonds, 123

Alpha interferon, 249

American Cyanamid Co., 285

American Malting Barley Association, 234

American Society of Agronomy, 183

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Andean Pact, 24, 266

Aneuploids, 234-236, 407

Animals

germplasm importations, 262, 273

in vitro conservation, 196-197

of quarantine significance, 262

proprietary rights on, 284

see also Livestock

Antibiotics, 249

Aphids, 265

Apomixis, 156, 293, 407

Apples, 33, 58, 61, 66, 78, 122-125

Apricots, 79

Arabidopsis spp., 199

Argentina, 74, 262

Artificial selection, 1, 2, 4

Asia

alternative farming practices, 66

crop genetic diversity, 71

genetic resources conservation programs, 354-355

germplasm banks, 354-355

wild oats, 141, 142, 144

Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 267

Asian Farming Systems Network, 98

Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, 9, 95, 354

Australia, genetic resources works, 358-359

B

Bacillus thuringiensis, 249, 252

Backcrossing, 21, 63, 101, 225

Bacteria

in collections, 243, 245

entry pathways for, 269

freeze-drying, 246

liquid nitrogen preservation, 246

nitrogen-fixing, 242, 252

plasmids in, 245-246

species number and richness, 245

see also individual bacteria

Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris),77

Bacterial diseases, 57

Bananas (Musa spp.), 52, 58, 61, 125, 172, 268, 274, 374

Bangladesh, 70, 76

Barley

accessions, 182

Barley Genetics Newsletter,233-236

collections, 182, 185, 207, 367

economic value, 319

evolutionary processes and use of, 33, 184, 185

genetic stock collections, 229, 232-236

haploid plants, 195

hybridization, 185

IARC releases in developing countries, 93

nurseries, 96

primitive, 207

private sector breeding programs, 105, 106

public sector research, 104

rust epidemic, 58

Barley Genetic and Aneuploid Stock Collection, 234-236

Baum, Warren, 37

Beans

breeding programs, 97, 114

common, 9, 33, 52, 59, 62

dry (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 64, 68-69, 368

Faba, 368

farming practices, 66

field, 93

IARC releases in developing countries, 93, 94

Michigan navy, 68

pests and pathogens, 68-69

pinto, 68-69

public sector research, 104

quarantine restrictions, 265

seed production and distribution, 114

snap, 64

winged, 369

Belgium, 240

Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon).262

Beta-lactam antibiotics, 249

Biological diversity

conventional, 14, 26-27, 280, 375

defined, 408

intraspecific, 121, 126

threats to, 2

Biosphere reserves, 123-124

Biotechnology

advances in, 189-190

in developing countries, 26

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

expenditures on plant breeding, 108

funding for, 103, 111, 112

and gene pools of wild species, 31, 35, 38

germplasm conservation and, 10-11, 17, 20, 38-39, 111-112, 189-190

limitations of, 199-200

microorganism used in, 249-252

ownership issues, 13, 14, 108, 289-290

private sector research, 105, 107, 111, 289-290

and quarantine, 10, 12, 267, 274-275

recommendations, 20, 22-23, 26, 202-204

research needs, 22-23

and species diversity, 4, 52

team approach with breeders, 111-112

uses, 22-23, 52

see also Genetic engineering;

In vitro conservation;

Molecular conservation technologies

Bipolaris maydis,36, 59

Black pepper, 13

Black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis),58, 268

Bolivia, 94

Bottleneck effect, 147

Bovine viruses, 196

Brazil, 37, 74, 122, 241, 262

Bread molds (Neurospora spp.),219, 220, 242

Breeders

collections, 134, 180, 307-308

interests, 35, 62

lines, 60, 62, 175, 219, 226-227, 408

monitoring advanced materials, 175

perceptions of crop vulnerability, 65

perceptions of germplasm systems, 62-63, 88, 114-115, 174-179, 180-183, 206

team approach with molecular biologists, 111-112

see also Plant breeders

Breeding

DNA transformation technique and, 11

and pathogen/pest absence, 58

performance advances175, 178

speed and accuracy, 2

stocks, 134, 181, 307-308

systems, 155-156

see also Crop breeding programs;

Plants breeding

Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens)16, 56, 76-77

Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Protection, 285

Burkina Faso, 77

C

Cabbage, common, 9, 95

Cacao, 172, 373

Cacao swollen shoot virus, 58

California

Cooperative Rice Research Foundation, Inc., 292

grape pests, 36

plants quarantines, 34

Rice Research Board, 292

sorghum pathogens, 175

wild oats, 141, 142, 144

Callus culture, 190, 192

Canada, 126, 283, 284, 359

Canola, 105, 106

Caribbean

genetic resources works, 355-356

Plant Protection Commission, 267

Carrot, 104, 369

Cassava

clones, 172, 195

collections, 369, 373

crop improvement programs, 96

exchange of germplasm, 195

forage, 9

IARC releases in developing countries, 93, 94

pathogens and pests, 12, 58

wild species, 122

Cassava bacterial blight, (Xanthomonas manihotis),12, 252, 273

Cattle, 295-296, 299

Cell cultures, 193

Cenchrus ciliaris,126

Center for Genetic Resources (Netherlands), 213

Central Rice Research Institute, 309-310

Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, 355, 356

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), 9, 39, 69, 94 , 97, 114, 195, 265, 366

Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), 9, 39, 88, 194, 267, 294, 366

Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT)

back-up collection for, 132

data base, 362

enhancement of germplasm, 186

establishment, 9, 38, 92

exchange of germplasm, 290

mission, 38, 39

nurseries, 95-96

rust susceptibility of populations, 74-75

teosinse conservation, 123-124

wheat breeding, 74-74, 81, 95-96

Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 122, 356

Cercospora sp., 252

Cereals

adaptability testing, 95

collections, 9, 367

domestication, 33

Certified seed systems, 284

Characterization

biochemical, 121, 125

biotechnology and, 203-204

core subsets, 170

data, 21, 22-23

data bases with, 215

defined, 161, 408

descriptors and descriptor states, 162, 209

environmental adaptation, 121

evaluation data and, 161

of gene pools, 121

growth rate, 121

importance of, 161-162, 165, 206

information sources, 212

molecular level, 197

morphology, 121, 125

passport data and, 161

phenology, 121, 125

phytopathology, 125

and seed regeneration, 162

size of collections and, 20, 167

standardization of data, 162

techniques, 162

technologies, 20

yield, 125

see also Traits

Charles M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, 229-232

Chatkal Mountains Biosphere Reserve, 124

Cherries, 78-79, 123, 125

Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica),49, 58, 259

Chickpeas, 9, 93, 368

China, 9, 74, 78, 85, 124, 166, 288-289, 293

Chinese cabbage, 9

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,242

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 252

Citrus spp., 61, 125, 373

Climax populations, 126

Clones/clonal propagation, 38, 61, 153

crops maintained as, 172, 179

defined, 408

DNA fragments, 23

in vitro tissue culture, 22

microorganisms used in, 249-252

naturally occurring, 190

uses, 197

Clover, 80, 119

Cocoa (Theobroma spp.), 125

Coconut, 172, 274

Coconut palm191

Cocoyams, 96, 197

Coffee, 13, 52, 58, 125, 268, 274, 289

Coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix),58, 268

Collections of germplasm

access to, 23, 24, 88

active, 131, 132, 134, 178-179, 180-184, 407

allelic diversity and, 141-145

back-up, 131, 132, 151, 152

base, 88, 90, 131-132, 134, 152, 153, 155, 168, 180, 254, 290, 293 , 294, 367-373, 407

breeders', 134, 180

breeders' perceptions and use of, 62-63, 88, 180-183

completeness of, 88

core subsets, 8, 19-20, 88-89, 167-170

data bases, 8, 213-215

deficiencies in, 140-141

defined, 408

documentation of, 8-10, 32, 140-141, 206-217

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

early, 34-35

empirical studies, 136-139, 141-145

environmentally influenced genetic differentiation and, 141-145

evaluation problems, 10-11, 32, 182-183;

see also Evaluation of accessions

genetic diversity and, 136-139

in vitro, 193-194

information sources on, 207-208

IPPGR role, 86

long-term conservation commitment, 367-373

maintenance and renewal of accessions, 181-182

major holdings, 5, 9, 88

microorganisms, 43

modernization, 183-184

obsolescence, 180-181, 182

parameters of genetic diversity, 135-136

passport and descriptor information, 9-10, 20, 63, 171-172, 181, 411

problems, 89

recommendations, 151-152, 170-171

redundancy, 166-170, 171, 182

reference, 195

size considerations, 7-8, 10, 42, 166-170, 182

sources of new accessions, 183-184

status of, 32

storage lives, 132

testing for pathogens/pests, 276

types, 131-134

value of, 5-6, 43, 223

worldwide, 85-92, 153

see also Genetic stock collections;

Sampling

Collectotrichum sp., 252

Colombia, 37, 265, 293

Colorado potato beetle, 119

Colorado State University, 233, 234

Comite Tecnico Ad-Hoc en Sanidad Vegetal para el Area Sur, 267

Commodity research networks, 96-97, 98, 114

Commonwealth of Independent States

genetic reserves, 122, 124

genetic resources work, 37, 349, 352

maize collection, 290

patents on animals, 284

Computers/computerization of collection data

data bases, 213-215

hardware, 210

information supply to users, 212-213

software, 210-211, 214

standardization of systems, 211-212

Conflicts over genetic resources

international controversy, 326-332

international dialogue, 324-336

international payment, 340-343

International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources and, 41, 26, 226, 325-327

North-South debate, 91-92, 332-333

origins, 322-324

ownership and stewardship, 333-334

plant breeders' rights, 92

politics and geography, 321-324

recommendations, 344-346

resolution avenues, 338-339

resolution basis, 337-338

responses to, 336-344

scientific balance, 343-344

seed industry restructuring, 334-336

South-South debate, 41

treaty solution, 339-340

Conservation of germplasm

actions necessary for, 253

adequacy of efforts, 118

biotechnology and, 10-11, 17, 38-40, 197-198

demand for, 11

dissenting views, 40-42

historical background, 1

importance, 5-6, 29, 32, 253

IPPGR role, 86

multilevel collaborations, 28

origin, 33-34

rationales for, 49

science and technology and, 6-11

status of major crops, 8

see also In situ conservation;

In vitro conservation

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 214

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CIGAR), 5, 94-95, 374

criticisms of, 26, 92

funding by, 27, 88, 375

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

IARC administration, 37-38, 85, 360-361

internationalization through, 377

legal protection for working materials, 288

recommended role, 25, 26, 320

Technical Advisory Committee, 40, 322, 361

Copyright, 13, 286-287

Core subsets of collections

advantages, 7, 19, 168

disadvantages, 19, 168-169

practical problems, 169-170

recommendations, 19-20, 171

size considerations, 19-20, 167, 169

uses, 20. 88-89, 169, 182

Corn

domestication, 33

gene pools, 178

hybrid, 5

introduction to Americas, 173

pests and pathogens, 16, 36, 61

private-sector hybrids, 52

public sector research, 104

southern corn leaf blight epidemic, 16, 36

sweet, 104

varietal dominance, 64

yield increases, 2

Zea mays,220

Costa Rica, 86, 195

Côte d'Ivoire, 77

Cotton, 1, 64, 65, 76, 104-106, 110

Cotton boll weevil, 259

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 349

Cowpeas, 9, 80, 93, 265

Crop breeding programs

concerns about, 98-99

exotic germplasm, 95-96

international, 95-99

legumes, root crops, and vegetables, 93-95

networks and interactions with national programs, 96-98

nurseries, 95-96

private sector programs, 104-108, 110-114

public sector programs, 102-104, 110-114

recommendations, 114-116

and yields, 2

Crop varieties

centers of diversity, 35

desirable characters, 35

genetic diversity, 60-61

genetically heterogeneous populations, 61-62

protection, see Patents; Proprietary initiatives

see also Vulnerability of crop varieties

Crops

area and farm value of, 64

clonally propagated, 38, 61

data bases, 215, 362-364

directories, 208

quarantines, 261-262

regions of diversity and regions of production, 350-351

rotations, 18, 66, 76

Cross-licensing, 108

Cross-pollinating species, 61, 157, 158

Crucifer, 104, 369

Cryogenic storage, 19, 190

Cucurbit, 104, 370

Cultivars

defined, 408

selection for traits, 32

see also Varieties

Cyclosporin, 249

Cytoplasmic male sterility, 59, 76, 78, 80

D

Data bases

address and address codes in, 209-210

central crop, 89, 208, 215, 217, 362-364

collections, 213-215

development, 91

DNA sequence, 23, 38, 197-199, 203

European, 352, 353

international crop germplasm, 217, 352, 353, 362-363

management systems, 211, 214

microbial culture collections, 240-241, 255

on-line, 213, 240, 241

recommendations, 203-204, 216-217

Denmark, 85

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Descriptors and descriptor states, 162, 165, 181, 205, 206-207, 209

Developing countries

crop genetic resources, 6, 15, 40

environmental funding, 27

exploitation of, 92, 323-324

genetic diversity of crops, 16, 27, 69, 72, 74, 75, 76, 80-81, 114

germplasm banks in, 42, 87, 90-91, 92

maize germplasm trade, 291

microorganism applications in, 252

MIRCEN-sponsored collections, 253

national programs, 81, 92-93

ownership issues, 13, 24-25, 27, 101, 279, 282, 290, 299-300

potato breeding programs, 294

plant protection legislation, 282

private sector role in, 112-113, 115

public sector role in, 113

quarantine policies, 275-276

recommended roles, 26-27, 129, 301, 345-346

seed organizations, 113

seed policies, 113-114, 115

use of germplasm resources, 180

yield increases, 92, 188

see also Conflicts over genetic resources

Diagnostic probes, patents, 286

Differential survival, 157-158

Dioecious species, 159

Disease

transmission by embryo transfer, 196-197

see also Epidemics;

Pathogens;

individual pathogens

DNA

artificial chromosomes, 198

defined, 408

introduction from other species, 31

markers, 121, 199, 201-202, 224

measure of variation, 121

plasmid libraries, 23

probes, 10-11, 23, 52, 199, 200-202, 204, 220, 224

randomly amplified polymorphic, 202

recombinant technology, 189, 203

transformation technique, 11, 31, 38, 197, 202

DNA sequences

data banks, 23, 38, 197-199, 203

from dead materials, 38-39, 198, 201

as genetic resources, 38, 197-198

linkage maps, 197, 199

restriction fragment length polymorphisms, 23, 67-68, 121, 199-202

Documentation

compatibility between systems, 209-210, 211-212

computerization, 210-213, 216

deficiencies in, 140-141

descriptive information, 8-11, 206-207

environmental conditions, 208-209

of evaluation efforts, 165-166

of genetic resources, 205-217

importance, 38

and management of collections, 205

recommendations, 21, 187, 216-217

status report, 213-214

technology development and, 215-216

and use of systems, 181, 212-213

see also Information on germplasm collections

Domesticated species

evolution of, 33-34, 129

in situ conservation, 127-128

plant-pathogen relationships, 60

Dot blot tests, 11

Double cropping, 59

Drosophila spp. (Fruit flies), 37, 138, 219, 220

Drought, 51, 57

Dutch elm disease (Ceratocystis ulmi,)58

Dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa),58, 70

E

Earworms (Heliothis zea),73

Eastern Europe

genetic resources work, 350, 352

security of collections in, 42

Ecogeographical surveys, 124-125

Economic assessment of genetic resources

contributions of international collections, 317-318

Hedonic pricing method, 308-309

incorporation into advanced cultivars and, 307-308

institutional releases and, 312

landrace appearance and, 312-313

markets, 304-306

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

origins and conclusions in varieties and, 313

pedigree analysis, 310

price evaluation methods, 306-309

regression analysis of data, 313-316

recommendations, 319-320

rice, 309-318

valuation, 303-304

varietal releases and, 310-311

Ecotypic differentiation, 155

Eggplant, 9, 370

Empirical studies

of allelic diversity, 141-145

of genetic diversity and, 136-139

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, 356

Endangered species, 275

Environmental conditions

and allelic frequency, 143

documentation, 208-209

for evaluation experiments, 164

and genetic variation in characters, 121

and genetic vulnerability, 51, 55, 60, 79

heterogeneity and, 60

meteorological data bases, 208-209

and pest populations, 78

seed regeneration and, 160

tolerance to, 252

Epidemics

blast, 77

brown planthopper, 16

bunt, 70

chestnut blight, 58

costs of, 80

Dutch elm disease, 58

evaluation of, 164

heterogeneity and, 60

leaf blight, 75

movement of pests into new areas, 58

Periconia root rot of sorghum, 175

potato late blight, 36, 55, 58

powdery mildew, 79

rust, 56, 58, 68-69

shoot fly, 70

southern corn leaf blight, 16, 36, 59, 67, 99-100

Erosion control, 66

Escherichia coli,219, 242, 249

Escuela Té cnica Superior de Ingenieros Agron ómos, 363

Ethiopia, 42, 207, 289, 357

European

Association for Research on Plant Breeding, 352, 361, 364

Community, 24, 240, 266, 283, 285-286, 354

Cooperative Program for the Conservation and Exchange of Crop Genetic Resources, 88, 352

corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis),61, 259

Culture Collections Organization, 240

data bases, 353

genetic resources work, 352-354

germplasm banks, 352-354

and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, 267

Molecular Biology Laboratory, 198

Patent Convention, 284

Program on the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources, 354

Evaluation of accessions

breeders' contribution, 21

characterization and, 161

communication among germplasm users, 165

control of exotic germplasm, 164

core subsets and, 170

costs, 90

defined, 408-409

documentation, 9-10, 165-166, 182-183, 215

environments or sites for, 164

IBPGR role, 89-90

importance, 182-183

large-scale, systematic, 162-163

multidisciplinary approach, 162, 163, 165

recommendations, 187

resistant or tolerant species, 164

sample size, 163

supplies of seed or materials, 163

test planning and implementation, 163-164

and use of germplasm, 162, 182-183, 206

verification of data, 164-165

Evolution, molecular, neutral theory of, 135

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Evolutionary processes, and germplasm use, 184-185

Ex situ conservation

and accessibility of germplasm, 6-7

advantages, 117, 118

collections, 356

defined, 38, 117, 409

in situ methods combined with, 128

multiplication, 14, 160-8

of perennials, 190

selection pressures, 160

Exchange of germplasm

data base, 194

demand for, 35

and genetic diversity, 100-101

importance, 11-12, 117, 348

in vitro cultures and, 194-195

international programs, 26-27, 266

introduction of old pests, 1

national programs, 26-27, 348

and pathogen/pest introduction, 262, 263-264

policy constraints, 12, 25

proprietary rights and, 24, 25, 100-101, 107-108, 288, 299-301

quarantine and, 264-265, 266-268

recommendations, 24-27, 276, 301

resistance breeding and, 69

scientific code of conduct for, 300-301

for vegetables, 95

in vitro conservation and, 194-195

see also Proprietary rights;

Quarantine

Exotic germplasm

breeders' avoidance of, 62-63

control during evaluation, 164

dissemination of, 95

documentation, 165

enhancement of, 95-96

and genetic vulnerability, 80

introgression from, 74, 134, 178, 186

in maize hybrids, 73-74

screening, 178

sources, 178

tolerance and resistance traits from, 74-75

wheat, 69, 70

and yields, 178

Exotic pathogens and pests, 58, 259-260, 262, 263

Eyespot disease (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides), 21

F

Federations of Culture Collections, 241

`Field bindweed, 259

Filamentous fungi

antibiotics from, 249

Coprinus sp., 244

enzyme transfer to yeasts, 249

freeze-drying, 246

information sources, 240

Neurospora crassa,242

preservation problems, 242, 244

Schizophyllum sp., 244

viruses in, 245-246

Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), 58

Florida, 73

Flowers and ornamentals, 105, 106

Fodder crops, 120

Food and Agriculture Organizations, 5, 25, 40, 57, 132

Biennial Conference, 324-325

Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, 13, 15, 26, 41, 325, 328, 332, 365, 376, 378

exchange of germplasm, 91

definition of plant genetic resources, 226

genetic stocks defined by, 219

International Fund for Plant Genetic Resources, 343

International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, 41, 26, 226, 325-331, 339, 365, 378, 379-380

internationalization through, 92, 376, 378

Panel of Experts on Plant Exploration and Introduction, 37, 360, 364

phytosanitary certificates, 264, 266

recommended role, 26, 378, 379-380

Resolution 681, 324-325

technical conferences, 37, 322, 365

Food plants, number of species, 31

Food product development, 104

Forage and Range Research Laboratory, 122

Forages, 9, 104-106, 120, 122, 125, 129, 142, 178, 371

Forbs, 178

Ford Foundation, 38, 335

Fossils, as genetic resources, 39

France, 37, 213, 240, 291, 295

Fruit crops, 76-80, 105, 106, 122

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Fruit flies (Drosophila spp.), 37, 138, 219, 220

Fuelwood, 120

Fungal Genetic Stock Center, 242

Fungi

in collections, 243, 245

entry pathways, 269

habitat conservation, 248

pathogens, 36, 49, 57, 59, 242, 247

perennial lichen-forming, 248

pest control with, 252

preservation, 246-247

species number and richness, 245

see also Bread molds;

Filamentous fungi

Fusarium kernal rot, 51

G

Gel electrophoresis, 199

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Uruguay Round, 13, 280

Gene pools, 86

Genes, 20, 286, 289, 409

Genetic diversity

areas of, 322

biotechnology and, 4

brand names and, 101

in core subsets, 19-20

defined, 409

empirical studies, 136-139

enhancement and stabilization strategies, 66-67

environmental factors and, 8

enzyme variants, 138-139

and exchange of germplasm, 100-101

habitat destruction and, 32

importance, 173

loci and, 137, 138

measures of, 135-137

in primitive and modern varieties, 60-61

proprietary rights and, 100-101, 107, 279

qualitative or discretely inherited characters, 137-138

quantitative characters, 136-137

quarantine and, 276

and sampling strategies, 141-145

Genetic drift, 19, 147, 154, 156, 158-159, 161, 171, 409

Genetic engineering, 324

crops, 119, 252

microorganisms, 249

patents, 286

Genetic integrity

differential survival and, 157-158

genetic drift and, 158-159

isolation and, 10, 158

monitoring during seed storage, 166

outcrossing and, 157-158

principles of maintaining, 10, 156

regeneration and, 18-19, 132, 154-155, 148, 170

storage and, 132

and use of systems, 182

Genetic Maps,235

Genetic mixing, 157, 170

Genetic reserves, 120-121, 122-123

Genetic resources

accessing, 6-14

activism, 324

agricultural endowment, 2-4

dead materials as, 38-39, 198, 201

defined, 409

exchange, see Exchange of Germplasm

and food supply, 29-30

incorporation into advance cultivars, 307-308

global, 4

markets, 5

need for, 4-6

ownership, 40-42

threats to, 5

see also Germplasm

Genetic shift, 154-155, 157, 161, 170, 171

Genetic stock collections

accessioning of stocks, 231, 235

advisory board, 237-238

of agriculturally relevant, 221, 222, 227-229

biotechnology and, 220

breeding lines contrasted with, 226-227

components, 224-226

costs, 220-221, 237

data management, 231, 235-236, 238

demand for, 236

development and location, 221-224

dissemination of seed, 231

examples, 229-236

funding, 223, 228, 229, 230-231, 236-237

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

importance and use, 31, 220-221, 236

introduction of germplasm resources into, 307-308

management, 223-224, 227-229, 231, 234-235

microorganisms, 221, 222, 242

problems, 221

purposes, 220, 237

recommendations, 236-238

seed increase, 231, 235

single-gene or single-trait variants, 224, 412

Genetic stocks

alien addition and substitution lines, 225

chromosome number variants, 225

chromosome structure variants, 225

classes, 30-31

cytogenetic, 31, 225

defined, 219, 227, 409

electrophoretically detectable protein, 224

morphologic and physiologic variants, 224

multi-allelic, 31, 225, 410

near isogenic lines, 225

RFLP variants, 224

single-gene or single-trait variants, 31, 224, 412

transposable elements, 224

wild relatives, 225-226

Genetic uniformity, 16, 47-50, 52-53, 55, 62, 67, 82

Genetic vulnerability, 36-37

to abiotic stress, 51

agronomically related, 59

assessment and monitoring recommendations, 17, 81-83

changes in, 59-60

critical factors and assumptions, 48-49

and crop diversity since 1970, 67-81

current levels, 80-81

defined, 15-16, 48-53, 409

in developing countries, 114

environment and, 51

to exotic pathogens, 58

IARC programs and, 99

measurement of, 52-53, 67-68

monocultures and, 50-51

in new regions, 58

and pesticide treatment, 602

prediction of, 68

uniformity and, 48, 49-50

varietal development of germplasm and, 61-63

and varietal replacement over time, 63-66

Genetics Society of America, 221, 228-229

Germany, 37, 122, 213, 214, 240, 284

Germplasm

defined, 409

demand for, 11

enhancement, 20-21, 63, 91, 95-96, 111, 112, 143, 184, 185-186, 200

evaluation of, see Evaluation of accessions

global concerns, 37-40

importance, 32, 321

nature of, 29

sources of, 186, 272

usefulness, 21, 34-36;

see also Use of germplasm

value of, 24, 102, 287-288

varietal development, 61-63

see also Exotic germplasm;

Genetic resources

Germplasm banks

data bases, 213, 214

genetic erosion in, 27, 322

IBPGR role, 40, 86-89

linkages with breeders, 91

number, 40, 42, 153

size concerns, 42

storage capacity, 87

see also Collections of germplasm;

Seed

Germplasm users

of active collections, 178-179

communication among, 165

perceptions of systems, 179-180

workers' communications with, 180, 183

Global Environmental Facility, 27, 342

Global Plant Genetic Resources initiative, 42

Golden mosaic virus, 94

Gossypium somalense,126

Grain

conservation status, 8

public sector research, 104

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

small, 104

varietal dominance, 64

Grape gall louse, 34

Grapes

genetic vulnerability, 79

pathogens and pests, 36-37, 58

resistance in, 76

Grasses, 33, 104-106, 114, 178, 371

Grassy stunt virus, 76, 77, 305, 308

Gray leafspot disease( Cercospora zeaemydis),57

Greece, 240

Green bridge effect, 18

Green leafhopper (Nephotettix spp.), 77, 308

Green revolution, 26, 110, 322, 409

Greenbug (Schizaphis graminium),70

Groundnuts (Arachis spp.),125, 368

Guatemala, 97, 123, 144, 195

Gypsy moth, 259

H

Hand pollination, 159

Hard red winter wheat, 70, 174, 176-177

Herbarium specimens, 39

Herbicides, 79, 292

Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor),70

Heterogeneity, genetic, and epidemics, 60

Human immunodeficiency virus, 249

Human tissue plasminogen activator, 249

Hungary, 284

Hybridization, 10, 34

barley, 185

collections used for, 62

defined, 410

microorganizations, 249

and proprietary rights, 280-281, 291

RFLP analysis, 199

and seed industry development, 108-109

seed regeneration and, 156, 157, 305-306

wheat, 174

of wild species, 60

I

In situ conservation

and accessibility of germplasm, 6, 7

costs and funding, 22

defined, 38, 117, 410

DNA probes and, 202

of domesticated species, 6, 127-128

ex situ methods combined with, 128

high-priority crops, 125

importance, 7, 117-119

on microorganisms, 43, 247-248

monitoring, 126

national programs, 122-124

Native Seeds/SEARCH, 128

obstacles to, 124-125, 126

population size, 22, 126

in protected areas, 125-127

range of species and genetic diversity, 118-119

recommendations, 22, 128-129

targets of sampling strategies, 121

in traditional agroecosystems, 127-128

of wild species, 6, 18-19, 118, 120-125

In vitro conservation, 38

advantages, 190

of animals, 196-197

collection of germplasm, 193-194

disadvantages, 190

exchange of germplasm, 194-195, 276

laboratory facilities, 193-194

of plants, 172, 190-195

research needs, 22, 172, 203

storage, 192-193

Inbreeding/inbred species

complete self-pollination, 155, 160, 161

defined, 410

depression, 158-159

RFLP analysis, 200

seed regeneration and, 160, 161

India

agricultural production, 18

Central Rice Research Institute, 309

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, 310

restrictions on germplasm distribution, 289

rice programs, 76, 293, 309-318

wheat crops, 65, 70, 115, 265

Indonesia, 76, 77, 115, 264, 293

Information on germplasm collections

Barley Genetics Newsletter,233-236

core subsets, 20

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

descriptive, 206-207

exchange of, 88, 212-213

floppy disks/magnetic media, 208, 212

Genetic Maps,235

management, 20, 206

microfiche, 212

on-line, 208

other collections, 207-208

printed materials/catalogues, 208, 212-213

quality of, 206-207

sources, 207-209

standardization of, 209-210, 216-217

technology development, 215-216

see also Documentation

Information systems, see Computers/computerization of collection data; Data bases

Insecticidal crystal protein gene, 249

Institut für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft, 214

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 213, 291

Institut sur Recherche de Huile etOléagineaux, 295

Institut voor Plantenziektenkundig Ondersoek, 242

Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícola, 97

Insulin, 249

Integrated pest management, 18, 77

Intellectual property rights, 42

and exchange of germplasm, 24

international conventions, 281

national statutes, 280-281

recommendations, 24

see also Patents;

Proprietary rights

Inter-African Phytosanitary Council, 267

International agencies, conservation roles of, 91-92

International agricultural research centers (IARC), 366, 374

activities, 81, 86, 92

administration, 37

agronomic practices, 66, 97, 99

allocations for conservation, 87

breeders' use of data from, 62

control of, 333-334

criticisms of, 98-99, 333-334

effectiveness and achievements, 40, 92-93, 97, 98, 99

enhancement of germplasm, 95-96

establishment, 37, 92, 322, 335, 361

holdings, 14, 40, 87, 90, 365

IBPGR interaction with, 90

in vitro cultures, 194-195

legume, root crop, and vegetable collections, 93-95

mission, 25, 37, 377

monitoring role, 52

national program support, 92-97, 377

resistance screening, 95

see also individual centers

International Barley Genetics Symposium, 233

International Biological Program, 37

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), 5, 15, 25 , 39, 361

acquisition efforts, 86

activities, 364

approach, 88, 365

budgets, 322

control of, 333-334

criticisms of, 40-41

crop directories, 208

crop inventories, 214

data base, 194, 208

evaluation role, 89-90

facilities, 93

formation, 37, 40, 85, 322, 361

germplasm bank development, 86-89, 132, 290

global network, 365-366

IARC interaction with, 90

in situ conservation barriers, 126

mission, 40, 85, 364

and national programs, 90-91, 126

political issues, 322

recommended role, 26, 254

Regional Committee for Southeast Asia, 180

standard descriptor lists, 181, 209, 366

sources of samples, 333

technical conferences, 41

viability threshold for seed regeneration, 166

International Center for Agricultural Research in Agroforestry, 39 , 374

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, 9, 39, 362

International Congress of Culture Collections, 253

International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants , 282, 283

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 9, 39-40, 195, 366

International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, 9, 40, 75, 94, 96, 374

International issues

ownership of germplasm, 13-14, 15, 27, 40-42

trade restrictions, 13

see also Conflicts over genetic resources

International Livestock Center for Africa (ILCA), 40

International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP), 40, 98, 363

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 40, 85-86, 361

International Plant Protection Convention of 1951, 24, 266

International programs

breeders' dissatisfaction with, 180

breeding programs, 308

consortia, 378-379

constraints on, 14-15, 41-42, 374-375

crop data bases, 362-364

funding, 26-27, 42

global genetic resources network, 132, 365-366

recommendations, 25-27, 379-380

role, 364-365

see also individual programs

International Rice Germplasm Center, 293

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 5, 38, 40, 92

alternative farming practices, 66

back-up collection, 132

breeding stock, 76, 77

catalog, 209

characterization activities, 162

computer system, 214

control methods, 164

data base, 363

effectiveness, 88

enhancement of germplasm, 186

exchange of germplasm, 293

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization Program, 163

genetic uniformity studies, 52-53

holdings, 9, 38-39, 293, 305

nurseries, 96

test crosses, 87

varietal development, 81

viability threshold for seed regeneration, 166

International Rice Testing Program, 98

International Salmonella Center, 242

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources , 91, 125

International Union of Biological Sciences, 240

International Union of Microbiological Societies, 240

International Wheat and Barley Genetics Symposia, 221

Intra-accession random pollination, 158

Introduced species

pathogens from, 58

see also Exotic germplasm

Introgression, 63, 74, 134, 178, 186

Irish potato famine, 36

Isoalleles, 137

Isolation methods, 10, 157, 158

Isozyme analysis, 20, 67, 138, 158, 167

Israel, 18, 125

Italy, 86, 214, 240

J

Japan, 37, 78, 87, 115, 241, 285-286, 290, 293

Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense),259

Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena, 267

K

Kansas, 174

Karnal bunt (Tilletia indicia),70, 262, 265

Kenya, 85

Kora National Reserve, 126

maize production, 74-75

Kenyan Seed Company, 75

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Keystone International Dialogue on Plant Genetic Resources, 13, 15 , 42, 114, 332

Kora National Reserve, 126

Korea, Republic of, 77, 293

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata),259

L

Land-grant universities, 24, 102, 111, 112, 288, 292

Landraces, 1, 4

breeders' use of, 62, 114-115

defined, 410

genetic stability, 16

genetics of, 60

importance, 5, 16, 21, 86

in situ conservation, 118, 127-128

origins, 322

ownership issues, 13, 333

replacement of, 16-17, 32

seed regeneration, 160-161

threats to, 2

use trends, 69

wheat, 174

Latin America

beans, 114

genetic resources work, 355-356

legumes, 114

rice breeding program, 97

seed industry, 114, 343

Latin American Maize Project, 81, 89, 184

Leaf blight (Alternaria triticinia),73, 75

Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita),65, 70

Legumes

collections, 5, 9, 93-95, 178, 368, 371

conservation status, 8

defined, 410

domestication, 33

public sector research, 104

quarantine restrictions, 265

seed production in developing countries, 114

Lentils, 33, 62, 368

Lepidopteran larvae, 252

Lettuce mosaic virus, 273

Lima beans, 33

Livestock

genetic resources, 4, 120

in vitro conservation, 196-197

see also Cattle;

Poultry

Locusts, 269

Los Alamos National Laboratory, 198

Lupin, 368

M

Maize (Zea mays),263

area planted and farm value, 64

biotechnology research107, 200

collections, 5, 9, 132, 290, 367

conservation status, 8

core subsets, 168

Costa Rica76, 74

cultivated, 144-145

diversity of, 16, 101

domestication, 144, 290

economic value, 319

Ecuador 573

environmental stresses, 8

evolutionary processes and use of, 184, 185-186

exotic germplasm, 73-74

genetic stocks, 229

IARC varieties released in developing countries, 93

international conservation efforts, 89

Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic, 73, 185-186

isozyme variation, 8, 144-145

landraces, 73-74

Lancaster Sure Crop, 73

with nonviable pollen, 59

patents, 290-292

pathogens and pests, 57, 58

plant variety protection certificates, 291

pollination control, 159

private sector programs, 105, 106, 110, 290-291

productivity gains, 63, 75

programs, 81

proprietary lines, 108, 288

public sector research, 104, 290

resistance, 72, 74-75, 200, 292

sampling strategies, 141, 144-145

tissue culture techniques, 292

Tuxpeno-Hickory King, 74

varietal turnover, 74

vulnerability and diversity, 52, 61, 65, 72-75

wild relatives, 18, 123-124, 144

Maize bushy stunt mycoplasma, 73

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Maize chlorotic dwarf virus, 73

Maize chlorotic mottle virus, 73

Maize streak virus, 58, 73, 75

Malaysia, 76, 289, 294-295

Mali, 77

Managed nature reserves, 126

Managed resource areas, 126

Management of genetic resources

active collections, 132, 134

biotechnology and, 189, 203-204

characterization, 20, 161-162. 408

costs, 317

documentation and, 205

historical background, 1

importance, 2-4, 38, 141

information needs for, 206

monitoring seed viability and genetic integrity, 166

recommendations, 18-21, 22-23, 170-172, 203-204

redundancy among collections, 166-170

sample size considerations, 7-8

and use of, 180

see also Evaluation of accessions;

Seed regeneration

Mango (Mangifera spp.),125

McClintock, Barbara, 224

Measurement, of genetic vulnerability, 52-53

Mediterranean fruit fly, 259

Mendel, Gregor, 1

Meristems, 190-191, 193

Metarrhizium sp., 252

Mexico, 18, 37, 38

landrace conversation, 128

maize collection, 37, 38, 132, 144, 145

teosinte reserves, 123-124, 144

wheat pathogens, 265

wheat varieties, 70, 72, 282

Microbial culture collections

categories, 241

documentation, 254-255

freeze-drying and liquid nitrogen preservation, 246-247

funding, 241-242

genetic stock collections, 222

in-house, 241, 242

in situ conservation, 247-248

international coordination of, 241

laboratory suppliers, 241

management, 154-155

number of species in, 243

organization, 240-242

patent depositories, 285-286, 297-298

pathogen-reference, 43

problems, 43

research, 241, 242

resources, 242-243

service, 241, 253-254

stability in, 245-247

traditional preservation methods, 246

uses, 43, 248-252

Microbial genetic resources, 43

agricultural role, 249-252

centers, 240

conservation of diversity, 7, 244-245

data bases, 240

defined, 43

directory/catalog of, 240-242

genetic engineering and, 249-251

importance, 239-240, 244, 248

in situ conservation, 43

industrial applications, 250-252, 284-285, 298

inventory, 244-245

metabolite exploitation, 248-249

proprietary rights to, 284-286, 297-298

recommendations, 253-255

resources in culture collections, 242-244

sexual processes, 246

species number and richness, 245

Microbial Information Network Europe, 240, 255

Microbial Information Service, 241

Microbial Strain Data Network, 240, 243, 255

Micropropagation, 194

Millet, 9, 57, 64, 93, 367

Minor crops

landrace conservation, 127

public sector plant breeding programs, 110

vulnerability and diversity, 78-80

Mites, 269

Moko disease (Pseudomonas solanacearum), 58

Molecular conservation technologies, 22

polymerase chain reaction, 200-201

randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers, 121, 201-202

and redundancy problems, 182

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, 20, 67-68, 121, 199-200

see also DNA

Monarch butterflies, 269

Monitoring

advanced materials, 175

in vitro storage and, 191

seed viability and genetic integrity, 158, 166

Monoclonal antibodies, 286

Monocultures, 16, 18, 36-37, 48, 50-51, 66, 67, 82

Monomorphism, 138

Multilines, 17, 66-67

Mungbean, 9, 95

Mutations, 33, 137, 166, 190, 242, 295;

see also Genetic stock collections

Mycorrhizae, 252

N

National Academy of Sciences, 16

National Institutes of Health, 230, 235

National parks, 126

National Plant Genetic Resources Board, 99-100, 299

National programs

breeding, 307-308

constraints on, 14, 81, 86-87, 90-91, 98, 124

costs, 114

in developing countries, 81, 114

emphasis on, 376-377

exchange of accessions, 348

IARC collaboration with, 92, 96-98

IBPGR interaction with, 90-91

in situ conservation, 122-124

need for, 14, 348

participants, 348-349

purpose, 347

recommendations, 26-27

sectorialism and, 124

status of, 349-359

strategic importance of collections, 20

structure, 347-348

technology adaptation and transfer role, 97

National Research Council, 68, 69, 72, 99-100

National Science Foundation, 230, 236

National Seed Storage Laboratory, 35, 89, 132, 133, 154, 165, 231, 234, 235, 359

National Small Grains Collection, 182

Native Americans, 128

Native Seeds/SEARCH, 128

Natural monuments, 126

Natural selection, 1, 32, 50, 53-54, 60, 136, 159-160, 185

Nature reserves, 122-125

Nectarines, 78

Nematodes, 269

Netherlands, 37, 173, 213, 240, 242, 294

Neutral allele

and core subset size, 169

defined, 410

frequency, 159

model, 135-136

New Zealand, 358-359

N.I. Vavilov All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry, 349, 352

Niger, 77

Nigeria, 293

Nordic Gene Bank, 213

Nordic Register of Culture Collections, 241

North America

genetic resources work, 359

pests or pathogens introduced into, 259

North American Plant Protection Organization, 267

North Carolina State University, 362

Nurseries

disease and insect, 164

and exotic germplasm, 95-96

seed regeneration in, 157, 158

Nuts, 122

O

Oats, 8, 104, 105, 106, 141-144, 322, 367

Oil crops, 8

Oil palm, 125, 172, 191, 289, 294-295, 323

Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory, 294

Oilseeds, 370

Okra, 154, 370

Onion, 104, 125, 355

Open pollination, 159

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria, 267

Outbreeding

multiplication, and phenotypic changes, 160

sexual reproduction in, 155-156

Outcrossing/outcrossers

contamination from, 157-158

defined, 411

and genetic variability, 61, 160-161

interaccession, 157

seed regeneration, 157-158, 160-161

teosinte to maize, 123

Ozone, 79

P

Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, 295

Palm species, 122

Panama, 195

Panicum maximum, 126

Papua New Guinea, genetic resources work, 358-359

Passport data, 9-10, 20, 21, 63, 161, 165, 166, 171, 181, 182, 206 , 209, 212, 215, 216, 232, 411

Pasture species, 93, 114

Patents, 13, 24, 42

Abitibi case, 285

Allen case, 284

Argoudelis case, 285

Berger case,285

biological materials, 286

biotechnology, 108, 197

cattle and poultry, 295-297

corn hybrids, 42

defensive use of, 25

Deposit of Biological Materials case, 285

depository samples, 285-286, 297-298

on diagnostic probes, 286

Diamond v, Chakrabarty case, 284, 285

disclosure requirements, 101, 208, 285

and exchange of germplasm, 107-108

Feldman v. Aunstrup case, 285

on genes, 286, 289

Hibberd case, 283, 284, 286, 291

Hybritech, Inc., case, 286

legislation, 280

litigation, 283-284

Lundak case, 285

maize, 290-292

Mancy case, 285

microbes, 246, 284-285, 297-298

oil palm, 294-295

Pfizer case, 289

Pioneer Hi-Bred Ltd. case, 283, 284

potatoes, 293-294

private sector breeding programs and, 107

process, 284-285, 286, 298

Rabies Virus case, 285

and research use of materials, 289

rice, 292-293

and public sector programs, 112

on traits, 286

transboundary effects, 283-284

utility, 101

and value of germplasm, 102

vegetatively propagated plants, 280

Pathogens

detection, 267, 274

entry pathways, 269-270

environmental enhancement of effects, 57-58

exotic, 58

major, evolution of, 55-56

minor, enhancement of, 56-57

monitoring evolution of, 52

of quarantine significance, 262, 268-269

Peaches, 78, 123

Peanuts, 9, 64, 80, 93, 105, 106, 122, 229

Pears, 58, 122, 124, 125

Peas, 33, 64, 104, 368

Pecan, 11, 179

Pedigrees, 52

Penicillium strains, 249

Pepper 9, 95, 289

Perennial crops, 61, 190, 373, 411

Periconia root rot of sorghum, 175

Peru, 294

Pest control, quarantine and, 264

Pesticides

natural insecticides, 252, 298

research, 105

use, 60, 77, 76, 80

Pests

biocontrol, 252

biotype changes, 16

entry pathways, 269-270

monitoring evolution of, 52

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

of quarantine significance, 262, 268-269

risk analysis, 270-273

Philippines, 36, 38, 76, 77, 87, 132, 195, 293

Phylloxera, 36-37

Pierce's disease of grapes (Xylella fastidiosa), 58

Pigeonpeas, 9, 93, 368

Pine trees, 191

Pinus merkusii, 123

Pioneer (seed company), 110

Pioneer populations, 126

Plant breeders

interests in landraces and wild species, 21, 178-179

lines, 4, 30, 411

linkages with germplasm banks, 91

rights, 42, 92, 101, 295, 324, 331, 335

role in conservation, 21

Plant breeding

biotechnology and, 108, 112

cost per new variety, 107

in developing countries, 26

expenditures on, 107, 108

funding for, 103, 111

number of companies conducting programs, 105

private sector role, 42, 104-108, 110-114

process, 60

and productivity gains, 63

proprietary protection and, 103, 283

public sector role, 102-104

Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, 363

Plant disease epidemics, 36

Plant genetic resources

nature of, 30-31

risk associated with transfer of, 272

see also Genetic resources

Plant Genetic Resources Center (Ethiopia), 207

Plant-pathogen relationships

evolutionary nature, 53-55

regional movement of crop species and, 58

types, 55-60

Plant variety certificates, 13, 42, 101, 110, 112, 281, 283, 291

Plantation cultures, 58

Plants

importation of propagative materials, 262

in vitro conservation, 196-197

proprietary rights on, 281-284

see also Crops

Plasmids, 245-246, 249, 252, 286

Pleiotropy, 59, 411

Plum pox virus, 265

Plums, 79, 123

Political issues, 321-324, 327

Pollen, cryopreservation, 193

Pollution control, by microorganisms, 252

Polymerase chain reaction, 200-201, 203

Populus ilicifolia,126

Porcine viruses, 196

Portugal, 240, 290

Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans),55, 58, 268

Potato golden nematode, 259

Potatoes, 190

area planted and farm value, 64

breeding programs, 195

clones, 172

collections, 5, 9, 93, 195, 294, 369

conservation status, 8

detection of pathogens, 267

exchange of germplasm, 194-195, 276

genetically engineered, 119

IARC releases in developing countries, 93, 94

in vitro cultures, 194-195

origin, 173, 268

patents, 293-294

programs, 81, 93

public sector research, 104, 293-294

resistance to pathogens and pests, 55-56, 76, 119

risk from importation, 270-271

seed, 293, 294

virus detection, 276

wild, 119, 294

Poultry, patents, 288, 296-297, 299

Powdery mildews (Erysiphe spp.), 56

E. betae, 79

E. graminis, 70

Prebreeding, 21, 63

Private sector

biotechnology research, 105, 111, 289-290

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

breeding programs, 104-108, 110-114

corn hybrids, 52, 290-291

developing-country role, 112-113

expenditures, 107

focus of research, 110, 111

number of companies in plant breeding, 105

recommended role, 302

rice development, 293

scientific personnel, 106

Proctoctists, 243

Programa Regional Cooperativo de Papa, 81

Proprietary rights

to animals, 284

biotechnology and, 13, 14

and breeding activity, 279

control issues, 287-289

and exchange of germplasm, 24, 25, 100-101

farmers' rights, 42, 333

forms of protection, 13, 42

and genetic diversity, 100-101, 107, 279

and germplasm flows from developing countries, 279

human cell lines, 286

to hybrid corn, 42

implications of, 298-301

international impacts, 15, 101-102, 112-114, 279, 287-290

litigation, 283-287

on living beings, 280-287

to microbes, 284-286

to plants, 281-284

price issues, 287

and private sector programs, 104-108, 279

and public sector breeding programs, 102-104, 112

recommendations, 301-302

related rights, 286-287

and research allocation, 289-290

and seed industry restructuring, 108-110

species differences in, 298-299

see also Patents

Protected areas

categories, 125-126

conservation focus, 124

defined, 120

genetic reserves, 120-121

in situ conservation in, 120-121, 125-127

land area, 126

recommended use of, 129

Protozoa, 246

Prunus species, 12, 78-79, 124, 265

Pseudomonas spp., 252

P. syringae, 252

Pseudorabies virus, 196

Public networks, 52

Public sector

biotechnology funding, 111, 112

breeding program decline, 102-104

focus of research, 110, 111, 112

maize breeding efforts, 290

proprietary protection and, 102-104, 112, 292-294, 301

rice development, 292-293

Pulses, 33, 62

Q

Quarantines

and access to genetic resources, 12

biologic basis, 266-267

biotechnology and, 10, 12, 194, 200, 204

defined, 411

detection methods, 267

and exchange of genetic resources, 264-267

first, plant, 34

functions, 260, 267, 276-277

and genetic diversity, 276

geographic basis, 268

and global transfer of plant genetic resources, 262-273, 275-277

historical background, 1

implementation, 12

importation of genetic resources, 273-274

in vitro collections and, 194

international activities, 24

legal basis, 23-24, 265-266

as pest control strategy, 264

phytosanitary certificates, 264, 266

policies and practices, 24, 275-277

principles, 260-261, 264

recommendations, 32-24, 274-277

regional organizations, 266, 267

regulations, 12, 23-24, 34, 261, 273

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

risk reduction, 260-262

significant pests and pathogens, 268-269

and size of collections, 167

species subject to, 260-262

third-party, 264, 274, 275

uses, 259

R

Random genetic drift, 156, 159, 160

Recommendations

agronomic management strategies, 82-83

assessment and monitoring of crop vulnerability, 15-18, 81-83

back-up collections, 151

biotechnology, 22-23, 202-204, 274-275

collection of germplasm, 151-152

conflict resolution, 344-346

core subsets, 19-20, 171

crop breeding programs, 114-116

data base development, 116, 203-204, 238

developing-country programs, 26-27, 129, 301, 345-346

documentation, 21, 187, 216-217, 238

economic assessment, 319-320

evaluation of accessions, 187

exchange of germplasm, 24, 25, 26-27, 276, 301

funding mechanisms, 27, 236-237, 345, 380

genetic enhancement programs, 20-21, 186

genetic stability enhancement strategies, 17-18

genetic stock collections, 236-238

in situ conservation, 18, 22, 128-129

in vitro tissue cultures, 22, 203

international conservational efforts, 115-116, 379-380

investment recommendations, 320

management of genetic resources, 18-21, 170-172, 203-204

multilevel collaborations, 28

national and international programs, 25-27, 345-346, 379-380

proprietary rights, 24-25, 301-302

protected areas for conservation, 129

quarantine policies, 23-24, 274-277

redundancy elimination, 20, 171-172

research, 23-25, 129, 172, 203-204, 274-275, 320

sampling and sample size, 151-152

seed regeneration, 18-19, 170

size of collections, 18-20, 129, 171

storage methods, 172, 203

training of germplasm workers, 172, 275-276

use of germplasm, 21, 115-116, 186-187, 203-204

wild varieties, 18, 22, 129

Regeneration

in tissue culture, 191

see also Seed regeneration

Regional programs, 96-97, 98, 114, 115

Registration of cultivars, 183-184

Relationships,see Plant-pest relationships

Relay plantings, 17-18, 66-67

Resistance

alleles, 54

boom-and-bust cycles, 77

breakdown, 53-54

crop rotations and, 76

cytoplasmic inheritance and, 76

durability, 56

environmental stresses and, 51, 57, 102

evaluation of, 164

exotic germplasm and, 73-74

genes, 52

genetic markers, 200

and high yield, 61

and host-pathogen relationships, 55, 56

kinds of, 54-55

life cycle and, 59

major-gene, 55-56, 82

mixture-interaction, 55

of modern varieties, 60-61

to mosaic viruses, 94

in multiline varieties, 67

polygenic/horizontal, 54, 98-99

to potato late blight, 55-56

pyramiding of genes and, 56, 61, 70, 82

to rust, 55-56, 68-69, 72, 96

screening, 95

sources of germplasm for, 268

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

strategies for increasing, 50

uniformity and, 50

in varietal mixtures, 67, 82

varietal turnover and, 72, 73

vertical, 54, 55, 56, 76-77, 98

to viruses, 73-74, 75

Restriction fragment length

polymorphisms, 20, 23, 158, 167, 199-200, 201-202, 220, 224, 412

Restrictive distribution agreements, 288

Rhizobium spp., 242, 252

Rice (Oryza spp.)

alternative production practices, 66, 293

area planted and farm value, 64, 316-317

blast epidemic, 77

breeding programs, 97, 165

characterization, 162

Chinese hybrids, 76

Cina variety, 76

collections, 5, 9, 43, 132, 292-293, 309-310, 317, 367

conservation status, 8

continuous cropping, 78

documentation, 209

domestication, 33

economic analysis, 43, 316-318

fertility restoration gene, 53

genetic enhancement programs, 20-21

genome sequence, 199

high-yield varieties, 75-76, 77, 92, 115, 314

hybrid varieties, 293

importance, 292

institutional background, 309-310

institutional releases, 93, 312

international collections, 317-318

landraces, 312-313, 315-316

national collections, 309-310

origins and inclusions in varieties, 313, 315

O. glaberrima, 309

O. nivara, 77, 305

O. sativa, 309

patents, 292-293

pedigree analysis, 310, 315

pests and pathogens, 16, 59, 76-77, 305, 308

pricing methods, 309-318

private sector breeding programs, 105, 106, 293

public sector research, 104, 292-293

regression analysis of data on, 313-316

released varieties in India, 310-313

semidwarfism, 59, 75, 76, 77, 93, 96

test crosses, 87

value of germplasm stocks, 317

varietal releases, 310-311, 314

viruses, 16

vulnerability and diversity, 16, 52, 53, 75-78, 96, 114-115

wild, 164, 305, 309

see also International Rice Research Institute

Rice yellow mottle virus, 77

Rick, Charles M., 229, 232

Rinderpest, 12, 259-260

Robertson, D. W., 234

Rockefeller Foundation, 38, 335

Root crops, 9, 62, 93-95, 369

Rootworms (Crambus caliginosellus), 73

Rubber (Hevea spp.), 13, 58, 125, 172, 268, 274, 323

H. brasiliensis, 264

Rural development, wild gene pools and, 120

Russia, 174

Russian wheat aphids, 50

Rusts

conservation methods, 247, 248

Puccinia spp., 55-56, 58, 65, 70, 73, 74-75, 247

resistance to, 55-56, 68-69, 72, 96

Uromyces appendiculatus, 68-69

weed control with, 252

Rye, 11, 105, 106, 322, 367

Ryegrasses, wild, 122

S

Safflower, 105, 106, 370

Sahel, 57

St. Lawrence Islands National Park, 126

Salt levels, 51

Salmonella spp., 242

Sample size

allelic frequency and, 7-8, 138, 148-149, 169

constant strategy, 169

core subsets, 169

ecological factors, 150

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

for evaluation of accessions, 163

inbreeding depression and drift and, 158-159

isozyme analysis and, 138

maintenance and, 181-182

mating system and, 7-8, 159

minimal number, 149-150

mobility and, 7

population factors, 150

practical considerations, 147-148

recommendations, 151-152

seed regeneration and, 10, 18-19, 158, 159, 171, 181-182

and use of systems, 181

variable strategy, 169

Sampling/samples

ecological factors, 150, 152

documentation, 207

for evaluation experiments, 163

expedition and explorations, 35

first multiplication, 150

formulation of strategies, 139-141

limiting factors, 134-135

lower-frequency alleles, 146-147, 148-149

mating system and, 7, 10, 151

measures of genetic diversity and, 134, 135-138

microbes, for patents, 285-286

mobility and, 7

neutral allele model and135-136, 169

number of sites, 150-151

population factors, 150

principles and standards, 38

recommendations, 151-152

strategies, 134-135, 151

stratified, 150, 169

units, 135, 147-150

and use of systems, 181

San Jose scale, 259

Sandwich assay process, 286

Sary-Chelck Reserve, 124

Scale insects, 269

Scandinavia, 37, 241

Seed

artificial, 193

banks, 38;

see Collections of germplasm;

Germplasm banks

catalogue legislation, 283

conservation funding through, 27

dissemination of, 231

dormancy, 154, 163, 172

germination tests, 154

increase, 231

inviable, 39

management data, 215

risk from importation, 270, 273

sales information, 52

shattering, 21, 150, 154, 164

short-lived, 118, 194

small-scale production, 113-114

storage alternatives, 190-197

storage facilities, 87, 134

viability, 89, 154, 156, 166, 412

world market, 110

Seed industry

in developing countries, 26, 112-113

development, 34

hybrid breeding methods, 108-109

proprietary initiatives and, 108-110

response to resistance breakdown, 72

restructuring, 108-110, 324, 334-336

varietal losses, 65-66

Seed regeneration

breeding systems, 155-156, 161

characterization and, 162

contamination from outcrossing, 157, 158, 182

counter selection, 158

defined, 412

differential survival during, 157-158

genetic drift, 154, 158-160, 170

and genetic integrity, 10, 132, 154-155, 156-160, 170, 182

inbreeding depression and drift, 158-159

of inbreeding species, 160

intervals, 170-171

isolation methods, 10, 158

of landraces or wild species, 160-161

for multiplication for distribution and use, 155, 170

natural selection, 10, 159-160

population size, 10, 158-159

problems, 154, 156, 171, 182, 366

recommendations, 18-19, 170

for rejuvenation of stored accessions, 155, 170

selection during, 158

size of germplasm collection and, 18-19

type of collection and, 134

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

viability threshold, 166

wild species, 154

Seed Savers Exchange, 65

Selection pressures, 10, 34

Self-pollinating species, 61-62, 155, 157, 160, 161

Seminario Panamericano de Semillas, 343

Senegalese grasshopper, 57

Septoria leaf blotch (Septoria nodorum),70

Sexually propagated varieties, 281

Shoot fly (Atherigona spp.), 70

Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, 123-124

Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola), 58

Singapore, 86

Slender wild oat (Avena barbata), 8, 141-144, 145

Smuts, 248

Snails, 269

Soft red winter wheat, 70, 174

Somaclonal variations, 192

Sorghum, 33

area planted and farm value, 64

collections, 5, 9, 367

conservation status, 8

diversity, 101

IARC varieties released in developing countries, 93

pathogens and pests, 175

private sector breeding programs, 105, 106, 110

productivity gains, 63

proprietary lines, 108

public sector research, 104

short-stature, 123

tropical-to-temperate adaptation, 185

vulnerability, 65, 76

wild species, 126

Sorghum arundinaceum,126

South American leaf blight (Dothidella ulei), 58, 264, 268

Southern African Development and Coordination Conference, 357

Southern corn leaf blight (Helminthosporium maydis), 16, 36, 48, 67, 76, 99-100

Soviet Union (former)

germplasm collections, 9

see also Commonwealth of Independent States

Soybeans, 33

area planted and farm value, 64

collections, 5, 9, 368

conservation status, 8

diversity, 101

genetic stocks, 229

patent, 283

private sector breeding programs, 104-106, 110

productivity gains, 63

public sector research, 104, 110

quarantine restrictions, 265

research, 95

trade restrictions, 13

vulnerability, 65

Spain, 141, 142, 144, 241

Sri Lanka, 77, 289

Stalk borers (Papaipema nebris), 73

Stem borers, 77

Stem rust (Puccinia graminis), 55-56, 70

Storage of germplasm

base collections, 132

biotechnology and, 197, 198

cryogenic, 132, 172, 190, 192-193, 196-198, 203

encapsulation, 192-193, 246-247

freeze-drying, 246-247

in vitro, 132, 191, 192-193

lives, 132

microorganisms, 246-247

packaging, 134

research needs, 172

slow growth, 192

vitrification, 192-193

Strawberries, 76, 190

Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis), 70

Striped borers (Chilo zacconius), 77

Subsistence agriculture, 61

Sugar beets, 64, 79, 105, 110, 370

Sugarcane, 1, 61, 172, 190, 371, 373

Sulfur dioxide, 79

Sunflowers, 79, 80, 105, 106, 119, 321-322, 372

Sweden, 173, 213

Sweet potato, 8, 9, 39, 64, 79-80, 93, 95, 96, 104, 172, 195, 369, 373

Switzerland, 85

T

Taiwan, 293

Taxonomy, 208

Tea, 289

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Teosinte (Zea diploperennis), 18, 123-124

Texas, 73

Thailand, 76, 78, 123, 290, 293, 307

Theophrastus, 33-34

Thermophilus aquaticus, 200

Threatened species, tissue samples from 198

Timber industry and crops, 120, 122, 123, 129

Tissue culture

oil palms, 295

patents, 286, 292

storage, 38, 39, 194, 275, 412

Tobacco, 13, 104, 229, 371

Toluene, 252

Tomatoes, 95

genetic diversity, 80

genetic stock collections, 5, 9, 93, 229-232, 370

introduction to Americas, 173

Lycopersicon spp., 226, 230

public sector research, 104

Solanum spp., 226, 230

wild germplasm, 119, 230

Totipotent regeneration, 190

Trade name, 284

Trade secrets, 107, 108, 288

Trademarks, 284

Training of germplasm workers, 172, 275-276

Traits

of agronomic importance, 162, 174

of economic importance, 112

with high-yield potential, 61

patents on, 286

qualitative or discretely inherited, 137-138, 162, 174

quantitative, 136-137, 162, 200

for temperate breeding, 73

tolerance and resistance, 73

Transgenic organisms, 197

Tree crops, 66, 190

Trees, in situ conservation, 118-119, 121, 372

Tristeza disease, 262

Trypanotolerance Network, 98

Tubers, 33, 412

Tungro virus, 76, 77, 308

Turcicum blight (Helminthosporium turcicum), 75

Turf grasses, 105, 106

Turkey wheat, 174

U

Unilever, 295

Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, 101, 335

United Kingdom, 37, 63, 86, 173, 213, 241, 285, 295

United Nations

Conference on Environment and Development, 13, 14, 27, 339, 343, 375

Conference on Human Environment, 253, 361

Development Program, 27, 208, 342

Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 240

Environment Program, 27, 41, 91, 342

World Intellectual Property Organization, 101

United States

agricultural production, 3

crop genetic diversity, 16, 78, 114-115

genetic stock collections, 229-232

germplasm collections, 9, 290

global impact of activities in, 99-114

landrace conservation, 128

microbial culture collections, 241

patents, 285-286, 287-288, 293-294

Plant Patent Act of 1930, 280, 335

Plant Variety Protection Act, 91, 100, 104, 107, 109, 280, 323-324

potatoes, 293-294

rice breeding programs, 115, 292-293

wheat breeding programs, 72, 115

see also U.S. entries

Universidad Politechnica, 363

University of

Birmingham, 213

California, Davis, 229-232

Malaya, 363

Maryland, 253

Reading, 363

Southampton, 362

Use of germplasm

biotechnology and, 203-204

breeders' perceptions and practices, 62-63, 88, 114-115, 174-179, 180-183, 206

core subsets and, 20, 88-89, 169

documentation and, 181, 212-213

evaluation of accessions and, 162

evolutionary processes and, 33, 184-186

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

genetic stock collections, 31, 220-221, 236

historical background, 173-174

landraces, 62, 69, 114-115

management of collections and, 180

microbial culture collections, 43, 248-252

motoring advanced materials, 175

performance advances, 175, 178-179

recommendations, 21, 115-116, 186-187, 203-204

redundancy and, 182

sampling constraint on, 181

unit of utilization, 181

wild species, 119

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service, 39, 62, 78, 100, 186, 230-231, 359

biotechnology funding, 111

Bureau of Plant Industry, 183

Cooperative State Research Service, 100

Crop Advisory Committees, 78-80, 165

Forage and Range Research Laboratory, 122

monitoring programs, 64

Seed and Plant Introduction Section, 34

seed sales data, 52

U.S. National Plant Germplasm System

accessions, 359

changes in, 99-100

distribution of germplasm, 184

evolution of, 34-35, 359

genetic stock collection support, 229

Genetic Resources Information Network, 212, 216, 232, 236

mission, 100, 111

outside expertise, 165

problems, 89

recommendations for, 216

registration of cultivars, 183-184

structure, 35

users' perceptions of, 179-180

U.S. Patent Office, 34

U.S. South Regional Performance Nursery, 70

V

Varietal mixtures, 17

Varieties

commercial, 30, 65-66

copies of, 101

defined, 30, 412

folk, 30, 409

IARC, released by national authorities, 93

kinds, 30

market changes, 64-65

obsolete, 4, 30, 32, 34, 410

primitive, 30, 60, 63, 411

replacement, 51

resistant, 54

see also Cultivars;

Genetic stocks;

Landraces;

Plant breeders' lines

Vavilov, N. I., 35, 349, 350

Vegetables

biotechnology research, 107

collections, 93-95, 369, 370

private sector programs, 105, 106, 107

public sector research, 104

rotations, 66

Vegetatively propagated crops, 88, 190, 194, 271-172, 276, 280, 281-182

Vernonia galamensis,126

Vietnam, 76, 77

Vigna spp., 368

Viruses

detection, 276

entry pathways, 269, 273

in filamentous fungi, 245-246

nematode-transmitted, 273

pathogens, 12, 16, 57, 73-74

preservation problems, 245-246, 247

seedborne, 273

species in collections, 243

see also individual species

Vulnerability of crop varieties, see Genetic vulnerability

W

W. R. Poage Pecan Field Station, 11, 179

Walnuts, 78, 124

Weeds, 128, 252, 262

West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), 40

Wheat (Triticum spp.), 11, 61

accessions globally, 166

area planted and farm value, 64

collections, 5, 9, 166, 368

conservation status, 8

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

continuous cropping, 78

disease-resistant hybrids, 21, 34

diversity of, 16, 101, 174

economic value, 319

evolutionary changes, 33, 34

exchange of germplasm, 262

exotic germplasm, 69, 70

genetic enhancement programs, 20-21

high-yielding varieties, 70-72, 92, 115

hybridizations, 174

IARC varieties released in developing countries, 93

industrial restrictions, 67

introduction to Americas, 173-174

landraces, 174

Nacozari variety, 72

nurseries, 96

performance, by cultivar, 176-177

pests and pathogens, 50, 58, 65, 70, 72, 221, 262, 265

private sector breeding programs, 105, 106

productivity gains, 63

public sector research, 104, 110

quarantine restrictions, 262, 265

resistance to pathogens, 55-56, 70, 72, 96

semidwarf, 59, 70, 93

Sonalika variety, 65, 70

tetraploid, 33

Triticale, 93, 105

T. aestivum,21

T. dicocoids,18, 125

vulnerability and diversity, 52, 64, 65, 69-72, 114-115

wild relatives, 18, 125

winter, 70, 174, 176-177

yields, 174

Wheat leaf blight (Septoria sp.), 59

White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), 58, 259

Wild and weedy relatives, 62, 86, 150, 153, 226, 294, 412-413

Wild goat grass (Aegilops ventricosa), 21

Wild oats, 262;

see also Slender wild oats

Wild species, 4

allelic and genotype diversity, 141-144

in breeding programs, 60, 111

conservation areas, 120-121

defined, 413

evaluation of, 163, 164

gene pool classifications, 31

as genetic resources, 21, 35, 119-121, 225-226

habitat losses, 36

high priorities for conservation, 125

importance, 32, 34, 86, 120

in situ conservation, 18-19, 22, 118, 121-127, 129

natural selection, 32

pathogen/pest introduction with, 262-263, 276

population dynamics studies, 125

in protected areas, 126

recommended research, 22, 129

seed regeneration, 154, 160-161, 163

self-pollinating, 141-144

uses, 119

value of cultivars, 119

Wine grapes, pests, 36-37

Witch weed, 259

Woody stocks, 36

World Bank, 27, 342

World Barley Genetic Stock Center, 233

World Conservation Union, 91

World Data Center for Microorganisms, 240, 244

World Federation of Culture Collections, 240, 244, 253

World Health Organization, 242

World Wide Fund for Nature, 91

Y

Yams, 8, 96, 172, 195

Yeast Genetic Center, 242

Yeasts (Saccharomyces sp.), 220

bakers', 298

freeze-drying, 246

information sources, 240

liquid nitrogen preservation, 246

S. cerevisiae,242

transfer of enzymes to, 249

Yellow borers (Scirpophaga incertulas), 77

Yemen, 263

Z

Zambesi teak (Baikiaea plurijuga), 123

Zambia, 123

Zentralinstitut fur Genetik und Kulturpflantzenforschung, 213

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2116.
×

Recent Publications of the Board on Agriculture

Policy and Resources

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993), 408 pp., ISBN 0-309-04875-3.

Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock (1993), 294 pp., ISBN 0-309-04394-8.

Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993), 720 pp., ISBN 0-309-04749-8.

Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992), 296 pp., ISBN 0-309-04682-3.

Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992), 320 pp., ISBN 0-309-04528-2.

Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991), 244 pp., ISBN 0-309-04034-5.

Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991), 198 pp., ISBN 0-309-04390-5.

Sustainable Agricultural Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991), 448 pp., ISBN 0-309-04578-9.

Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (1991), 164 pp.,ISBN 0-309-04540-1.

Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9.

Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03985-1.

Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-03936-3.

Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk).

Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp., ISBN 0-309-03745-X.

Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-03746-8.

Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-309-03627-5.

Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136 pp., ISBN 0-309-03676-3.

Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134 pp., ISBN 0-309-03649-9; Volume 2 (1986), 314 pp., ISBN 0-309-03675-5.

New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High Reward Opportunities (1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2.

Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5.

Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles

Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-03989-4; diskette included.

Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168 pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Revised Edition (1988), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03779-4.

Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X. Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986), 95 pp., ISBN 0-309-03695-X.

Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8.

Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5.

Nutrient Requirements oh Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-03596-1.

Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition (1984), 90 pp., ISBN 0-309-03447-7.

Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Eighth Revised Edition (1984), 71 pp., ISBN 0-309-03486-8.

Futher Information, additional titles (prior to 1984), and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418, 202/334-3313 (information only); 800/624-6242 (orders only); 202/334-2451 (fax).

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Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies Get This Book
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This anchor volume to the series Managing Global Genetic Resources examines the structure that underlies efforts to preserve genetic material, including the worldwide network of genetic collections; the role of biotechnology; and a host of issues that surround management and use.

Among the topics explored are in situ versus ex situ conservation, management of very large collections of genetic material, problems of quarantine, the controversy over ownership or copyright of genetic material, and more.

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