Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993)

Acree, J. A. 1989. Accessibility of world germplasm resources: Animal health constraints Pp. 445–458 in Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation, Global Imperatives, L. Knutson and A. K. Stoner, eds. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Adams, M. W. 1977. An estimation of homogeneity in crop plants, with special reference to genetic vulnerability in the dry bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Euphytica 26:665–679.

Adams, R. P. 1993. The conservation and utilization of genes from endangered and extinct plants: DNA Bank-Net. Pp. 43–64 in Gene Conservation and Exploitation, J. P. Gustafson, ed. Stadler Genetic Symposium 20. New York: Plenum.

Adams, R. P., Nhan Do, and Chu Ge-Lin. 1992. The preservation of DNA in plant specimens from tropical species by desiccation. Pp. 135–152 in Conservation of Plant Genes: DNA Banking and In Vitro Biotechnology, R. P. Adams and J. E. Adams, eds. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.

Alcron, J. B. 1981. Huastec noncrop resource management. Human Ecol. 9:395– 417.

Aleva, J. F., G. W. M. Barendse, J. Tolstra and G. J. C. M. van Vliet. 1986. Computerization in the Botanical Gardens of The Netherlands and Belgium (Dutch), 2d ed. Wageningen, Netherlands: Agricultural University Wageningen.

Allard, R. W. 1988. Genetic changes associated with the evolution of adaptedness in cultivated plants and their wild progenitors. J. Hered. 79:225–238.

Allkin, R., and F. A. Bisby, eds. 1984. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 26: Databases in Systematics. New York: Academic Press.

Allsopp, D., D. L. Hawksworth, and R. Platt. 1989. The CAB International Mycological Culture Collection Database, Microbial Culture Information Service (MiCIS) and Microbial Information Network Europe (MINE). Int. Biodeterior. 25:169–174.

Altieri, M., and L. C. Merrick. 1987. In situ conservation of crop genetic resources through maintenance of traditional farming systems. Econ. Bot. 41(1):86–96.

Altieri, M., M. K. Anderson, and L. C. Merrick. 1987. Peasant agriculture and the conservation of crops and wild plant resources. Conserv. Biol. 1:49–58

Anagnostakis, S. C. 1982. Biological control of chestnut blight. Science 215:466–471.

Anderson, W. R., and D. J. Fairbanks. 1990. Molecular markers: An important tool for plant genetic resources conservation. Diversity 6:51–53.

Anderson, J. R., R. W. Herdt, and G. M. Scobie. 1988. Science and Food: The CGIAR and Its Partners. Washington, D. C.: World Bank.

Anishetty, N. M., J. Toll, W. G. Ayad, and J. R. Witcombe. 1982. Directory of Germplasm Collections. 3. Cereals. 4. Barley. AGP/IBPGR/81/98. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Anonymous. 1982. Country Abbreviations for Use with IBPGR Descriptors. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 49:45–49.

Anonymous. 1989. Directory of Online Databases. New York: Cuadra/Elsevier.

Anonymous. 1991. The Global Environment Facility. Finance Dev. 28(March):24.

Apinis, A. E. 1972. Facts and problems. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 48:93–109.

Apple Crop Advisory Committee. 1987. Apple (Malus) germplasm needs: Collection, evaluation, enhancement, preservation. Paper prepared for the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Aronson, A. I., W. Backman, and P. Dunn. 1986. Bacillus thuringiensis and related insect pathogens. Microbiol. Rev. 50:1–24.

Ashri, A. 1971. Evaluation of the world collection of safflower, Carthamustinetorius L. 1. Reactions to several diseases and associations with morphological characters in Israel. Crop Sci. 11:253–257.

Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. 1988. Progress Report Summaries 1987. Tainan, Taiwan: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.

Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. 1992. 1991 Progress Report. Shanhua, Taiwan: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.

Attere, F., H. Zedan, N. Q. Ng, and P. Perrino, eds. 1991. Crop Genetic Resources of Africa, Volume 1. Rome; International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, United Nations Environment Program, and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture.

Awoderu, V. A., M. S. Alam, G. Thottappilly, and K. Alluri. 1987. Rice yellow mottle virus in upland rice. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 35(1):32–33.

Ayala, F. J., and J. A. Kiger, Jr. 1980. Modern Genetics. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings.

Bachmann, B. J. 1988. The Escherichia coli. Genetic Stock Center, US. Fed. Cult. Collec. Newsl. 18:7.

Ball, C. R. 1930. History of American wheat improvement. Agric. Hist. 4:48–71.

Banno, T., and T. Sakane. 1979. Viability of various bacteria after L-drying. Inst. Ferm. Osaka Res. Commun. 9:35–45.

Barr, P. J., M. D. Power, L.-N. Chung Tee, H. L . Gibson, and P. A. Luciw. 1987. Expression of active human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bio/Technology 5:486–489.

Barton, J. 1982. The international breeder's rights system and crop plant innovation. Science 216:1071–1075.

Barton, J. H., and E. Christensen. 1988. Diversity compensation systems: Ways to compensate developing nations for providing genetic material. Pp. 338–355 in Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources, Jack Kloppenburg, Jr., ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Barton, J. H., C. O. Qualset, D. N. Duvick, and R. F. Barnes, eds. 1989. Intellectual Property Rights Associated with Plants. ASA Special Publication 52. Madison, Wis.: American Society for Agronomy.

Baum, W. C. 1986. Partners Against Hunger. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Beier, F., R. Crespi, and J. Straus. 1985. BioTechnology and Patent Protection: An International Review. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Benda, I. 1982. Wine and brandy. Pp. 293–402 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Bennett, J. W., And L. L. Lasure, eds. 1985. Gene Manipulations in Fungi. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.

Bent, S. A. 1987. Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology Worldwide. New York: Stockton.

Berdy, J. 1974. Recent developments of antibiotic research and classification of antibiotics according to chemical structure. Advances Appl. Microbiol. 18:309–406.

Berg, G. 1977. Postentry and intermediate quarantine. Pp.315–326 in Plant Health and Quarantine in International Transfer of Genetic Resources. W. B. Hewitt and L. Chiarappa, eds. Cleveland: CRC Press.

Berland, J.-P., and R. Lewontin. 1986. Breeder's rights and patenting life forms. Nature 322:785–788.

Bettencourt, E., and J. Konopka. 1988. Directory of Germplasm Collections. 5.II. Industrial Crops. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Birch, G. G., K. J. Parker, and J. T. Worgan, eds. 1976. Food from Waste. London: Applied Science Publishers.

Blanch, H. W., S. Drew, and D. I. C. Wang, eds. 1985. Comprehensive Biotechnology, Vol.3 . Oxford: Pergamon.

Blixt, S. 1984. Applications of Computer to Genebanks and Breeding Programmes. Pp. 293–310 in Crop Breeding; A Contemporary Basis, P. B. Vosse and S. G. Blixt, eds. New York: Pergamon.

Bofu, S., Q. D. Yu, and P. Vander-Zaag. 1987. True potato seed in China: Past, present, and future. Am. Potato J. 64:321–327.

Böing, J. T. P. 1982. Enzyme production. Pp. 634–708 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Borlaug, N. E. 1958. The use of multiline or composite varieties to control air-borne epidemic disease of self-pollinated crop plants. Pp. 12–16 in Proceedings of the First International Wheat Genetic Symposium. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: University of Manitoba.

Bos, L. 1977. Seedborne viruses. Pp. 39–69 in Plant Health and Quarantine in International Transfer of Genetic Resources, W. B. Hewitt and L. Chiarappa, eds. Cleveland: CRC Press.

Bousefield, I. J. 1988. Patent protection for biotechnological inventions. Pp. 115–161 in Living Resources for Biotechnology: Filamentous Fungi, D. L. Hawksworth and B. E. Kirsop, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Brady, B. L. 1981. Fungi as parasites of insects and mites. Biocon. News Inform. 4:281–296.

Brandt, D. A. 1982. Distilled beverage alcohol. Pp. 468–491 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4^th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Bray, R. A. 1983. Strategies for gene maintenance. In Genetic Resources of Forage Plants, J. G. McIvor and R. A. Bray, eds. Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.

Breese, E. L. 1989. Regeneration and multiplication of germplasm resources in seed gene banks: The scientific background. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Bretting, P. K., M. M. Goodman, and C. W. Stuber. 1987. Karyological and isozyme

variation in West Indian and allied American mainland races of maize. Am. J. Bot. 74:1601–1613.

Bretting, P. K., M. M. Goodman, and C. W. Stuber. 1990. Isozymatic variation in Guatemalan races of maize. Am. J. Bot.77:211–225.

Bridge, P. D., and J. W. May. 1988. Changes from homothallism to heterothallism in Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans: Biochemical and taxonomic consequences. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 91:439–442.

Bridge, P. D., D. L. Hawksworth, Z. Kozakiewicz, A. H. S. Onions, and R. R. M. Paterson. 1986. Morphological and biochemical variation in single isolates of Penicillium. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 87:389–396.

Brim, C. A., and W. M. Schutz. 1968. Inter-genotypic competition in soybeans. 2. Predicted and observed performance of multiline mixtures. Crop Sci. 8:735–739.

Brockway, L. H. 1988. Plant science and colonial expansion: The botanical chess game. Pp. 49–66 in Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources, J. R. Kloppenburg, Jr., ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Brooks, H. J., and C. F. Murphy. 1989. Ownership of plant genetic material. Pp. 493–497 in Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation, Global Imperatives , L. Knutson and A. K. Stoner, eds. Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Brown, W. L. 1988. Plant genetic resources: A view from the seed industry. Pp. 218–230 in Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources, J. R. Kloppenburg, Jr., ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Brown, A. D. H. 1989a. The case for core collections. Pp. 136–156 in The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, A. D. H. Brown, O. H. Frankel, D. R. Marshall, and J. T. Williams, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, A. D. H. 1989b. Core collections: A practical approach to genetic resources management. Genome 31(2):818–824.

Brown, A. H. D., and G. F. Moran. 1981. Isozymes and the genetic resources of forest tress. Pp. 1–10 in Isozymes of North American Forest Trees and Forest Insects, M. T. Conkle, coordinating ed. Berkeley, Calif.: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Brown, A. H. D., O. H. Frankel, D. R. Marshall, and J. T. Williams, eds. 1989. The Use of Plant Genetic Resources. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Browning, J. A. 1972. Corn, wheat, rice, man: Endangered species. J. Environ. Quality 1:209–210.

Browning, J. A. 1988. Current thinking on the use of diversity to buffer small grains against highly epidemic and variable foliar pathogens: Problems and future prospects. Pp. 76–90 in Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rusts of Wheat, N. W. Simmonds, and S. Rajaram, eds. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

Browning, J. A., and K. J. Frey. 1969. Multiline cultivars as a means of disease control. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 7:355–382.

Brush, S. 1977. Farming the edge of the Andes. Nat. Hist. 86:32–41.

Buddenhagen, I. W. 1977. Resistance and vulnerability of tropical crops in relation to their evolution and breeding. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 287:309–326.

Buddenhagen, I. W. 1985. Maize disease in relation to maize improvement in the tropics. Pp. 243–275 in Monografie Agrarie Subtropicali e Tropicali, A. Brandolini and F. Salamini, eds. Florence, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Bureau of National Affairs. 1992. Compromise reached on financing; Developing nations dismayed with accord. BNA Int. Environ. Reporter (June 17):395–397.

Butler, L. J., and B. W. Marion. 1985. The Impacts of Patent Protection on the U.S.

Seed Industry and Public Plant Breeding. North Central Regional Research Publication 304. Madison, Wis.: Research Division, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin.

Byrne, N. 1985. Plants, animals, and industrial patents. Int. Rev. Ind. Property Copyright Law 16:1–18.

Byrne, N. 1986. Patents for plants, seeds and tissue cultures. Int. Rev. Ind. Property Copyright Law 17:324–330.

Cadman, D. 1985. The protection of microorganisms under European patent law. Int. Rev. Ind. Property Copyright Law 16:311–317.

Canhos, V. P. 1989. World Federation of Culture Collections. Minutes of the general meeting, 2 to 4 November 1988, College Park, Md. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:501.

Canhos, V. P., F. Yokoya, and D. A. L. Canhos, eds. 1986. Catalogo Nacional de Linhagens , 2d ed. Campinas, Brazil: Fundacao Tropical de Pesquisas e Tecnologia "Andre Tose."

Cantrell, R. P. 1989. Recent developments in the CIMMYT maize program. Pp. 2–4 in Toward Insect Resistant Maize for the Third World: Proceedings of an International Symposium on Methodologies for Developing Host Plant Resistance to Maize Insects. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

Castillo-Gonzalez, F., and M. M. Goodman. 1989. Agronomic evaluation of Latin American maize accessions. Crop Sci. 29:853–861.

Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). 1987. CIAT Report 1987. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical.

CIAT. 1989. CIAT Report 1989. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical.

Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT). 1985a. CIMMYT World Wheat Facts and Trends. Report Three: A Discussion of Selected Wheat Marketing and Pricing Issues in Developing Countries. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

CIMMYT. 1985b. Yield stability of HYVs. Pp.51– 66 in CIMMYT Research Highlights 1984. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

CIMMYT. 1986. CIMMYT Research Highlights 1985. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

CIMMYT. 1987a. The Septoria Diseases of Wheat: Concepts and Methods of Disease Management. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

CIMMYT. 1987b. 1986 CIMMYT World Maize Facts and Trends: The Economics of Commercial Maize Seed Production in Developing Countries. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

CIMMYT. 1988. Maize Germplasm Bank Inquiry System. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

CIMMYT. 1989. CIMMYT 1988 Annual Report: Delivering Diversity. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

Chandan, R. C. 1982. Other fermented dairy products: Milk, cream, yogurt. Pp. 113–184 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Wesport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Chang, T. T. 1976. Manual on Genetic Conservation of Rice GermPlasm for Evaluation and Utilization. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

Chang, T. T. 1984a. Conservation of rice genetic resources: Luxury or necessity? Science 224:251–256.

Chang, T. T. 1984b. The role and experience of an international crop-specific genetic resources center . Pp. 35–45 in Conservation of Crop Germplasm—An International Perspective, W.L. Brown, ed. Madison, Wis.: Crop Science Society of America.

Chang, T. T. 1985a. Evaluation and documentation of crop germplasm. Iowa State J. Res. 59:379–397.

Chang, T. T. 1985b. Germplasm enhancement and utilization. Iowa State J. Res. 59:399–424.

Chang, T. T. 1985c. Evaluation of exotic germplasm for crop improvement. Pp. 95–103 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on South East Asian Plant genetic Resources, K. L. Mehra and s. Sastrapradja, eds. Bogor, Indonesia: Lembaga Biologi Nasional.

Chang, T. T. 1985d. Crop history and genetic conservation: Rice—A case study. Iowa State J. Res. 59(4):425–456.

Chang, T. T. 1985e. Principles of genetic conservation. Iowa State J. Res. 59(4):325–348.

Chang, T. T. 1987. The impact of rice on human civilization and population expansion. Interdiscipl. Sci. Rev. 21(1):63–69.

Chang, T. T. 1988. Sharing the benefits of bioproduction with the developing world. Paper presented at the XXIII International Union of Biological Scientists' General Assembly, Canberra, Australia. Unpublished.

Chang, T. T. 1989. The case for large collections. Pp.123–135 in The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, A. H. D. Brown, O. H. Frankel, D. R. Mashall, and J. T. Williams, eds. New York. Cambridge University Press.

Chang, T. T. 1992. Availability of plant germplasm for crop use in improvement. Pp. 17–35 in Plant Breeding in the 1990s, H. T. Stalker and J. P. Murphy, eds. Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International.

Chang, S. T., and W. A. Hayes, eds. 1978. The Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms. London: Academic Press.

Chang, T. T., and C. C. Li. 1991. Genetics and breeding. Pp. 23–101 in Rice. I. Production, B. S. Luh, ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Chang, T. T., S. H. Ou, M. D. Pathak, K. C. Ling, and H. E. Kauffman. 1975. The search for disease and insect resistance in rice germplasm. Pp. 183–200 in Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, O. H. Frankel and J. G. Hawkes, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chang, T. T., C. Zuno, A. Marciano-Romena, and G. C. Loresto. 1985. Semidwarfs in rice germplasm collection and their potentials in rice improvement. Phytobreeding 1:1–9.

Chater, K. F. 1980. Genetic instability, with special reference to industrial microorganisms. Pp. 7–10 in The Stability of Industrial Microorganisms, B. E. Kirsop, ed. Kew, U.K.: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.

Chelliah, S., and E. A. Heinrichs. 1980. Factors affecting insecticide-induced resurgence of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens in rice. Environ. Entomol. 9(6):773–777.

Chiarappa, L., and J. F. Karpati. 1984. Plant quarantine and genetic resources. Chapter 11 in Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation, J. H. W. Holden and J. T. Williams, eds. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Clegg, M. T., and R. W. Allard. 1972. Patterns of genetic differentiation in the slender wild oat species Avena barbata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69:1820–1824.

Cohen, J. I., and R. Bertram. 1989. Plant genetic resource initiatives in international development. Pp. 459–476 in Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation, Global

Imperatives, L. Knutson and A. K. Stoner, eds. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Commission on Plant Genetic Resources. 1987. Legal Status of Base and Active Collections of Plant Genetic Resources. Report CPGR/87/5. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Committee on Varietal Standardization. 1920. Report of the Committee on Varietal Standardization. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 12:234–235.

Constantine, D. R. 1986. Micropropagation in the commercial environment. Pp. 175–186 in Plant Tissue Culture and its Agricultural Applications, L. A. Withers and P. G. Alderson, eds. London: Butterworths.

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. 1985. Report of the Second External Program and Management Review of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. Washington, D.C.: Technical Advisory Committee, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, World Bank.

Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST). 1984a. Plant Germplasm Preservation and Utilization in U.S. Agriculture. Report. No. 106. Ames, Iowa: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.

CAST. 1984b. Animal Germplasm Preservation and Utilization in Agriculture. Report No. 101. Ames, Iowa: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.

CAST. 1985. Plant Germplasm Preservation and Utilization in U.S. Agriculture. Report No. 106. Ames, Iowa: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.

CAST. 1987. Pests of Plants and Animals: Their Introduction and Spread. Report No. 112. Ames, Iowa: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.

Cox, T. S., J. P. Murphy, and D. M. Rodgers. 1986. Changes in genetic diversity in the red winter wheat regions of the United States. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5583–5586.

Cox, T. S., J. P. Murphy, and M. M. Goodman. 1988a. The contribution of exotic germplasm to American agriculture. Pp. 114–144 in Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources, J. R. Kloppenburg, Jr., ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Cox, T. S., J. P. Shroyer, L. Ben-Hui, R. G. Sears, and T. J. Martin. 1988b. Genetic improvement in agronomic traits of hard red winter wheat cultivars from 1919 to 1987. Crop Sci. 28:756–760.

Crespi, A. 1985. Microbiological inventions and the patent law—The international dimension. Biotech. Genet. Eng. Rev. 3:1–37.

Cronk, Q., V. H. Heywood, and H. Synge. 1988. Biodiversity: The key role of plants. Kew, U.K.: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and World Wildlife Fund.

Crop Science Society of America, Varietal Registration Committee. 1968. Registration of field-crop cultivars, parental lines, and elite germplasm. Crop Sci. 8:261–262.

Dahal, G., H. Hibino, H. Cabunagan, E. R. Tiongco, Z. M. Flores, and V. M. Aguiero. 1990. Changes in cultivar reactions to tungro due to changes in virulence of the leafhopper vector. Phytopathology 80(7):659–665.

Dalrymple, D. G. 1980. Development and Spread of SemiDwarf Varieties of Wheat and Rice in the United States: An International Perspective. USDA Agricultural Economic Report 455. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Dalrymple, D. G. 1985. The development and adoption of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in developing countries. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 67(5):1067–1073.

Dalrymple, D. G. 1986a. Development and Spread of High-Yielding Wheat Varieties in Developing Countries, 7th ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development.

Dalrymple, D. G. 1986b. Development and Spread of High-Yielding Rice Varieties in Developing Countries, 7th ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development.

Dalrymple, D. 1988. Changes in wheat varieties and yields in the United States, 1919–1984. Agric. Hist. 62:20–36.

Darrah, D. L. and M. S. Zuber. 1986. 1985 United States farm maize germplasm base and commercial breeding strategies. Crop. Sci. 26:1109–1113.

Darwin, C. 1859. The Origin of Species. New York: Random House.

DaSilva, E. J., A. C. J. Burgers, and R. J. Olembo. 1977. UNEP and the international community of culture collections. Pp. 107–120 in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Culture Collections, March 14–19, 1977, F. Fernandes and R. C. Pereira, eds. Bombay, India: University of Bombay.

Day, P. R. 1993. Exploitation of genetic resources. In Gene Conservation and Exploitation, J. P. Gustafson, ed. Stadler Genetics Symposium 20. New York: Plenum.

de Janvry, A., and J.-J. Dethier. 1985. Technological Innovation in Agriculture. CGIAR Study Paper No. 1. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Demain, A. L. 1983. New applications of microbial products. Science 219:709–714.

Dereuddre, J., C. Scottez, Y. Arnaud, and M. Duron. 1990. Résistance d'apex caulinaires, de vitroplants de Poirier (Pyrus communis L. cv Beurré Hardy), enrobés dans l'alginate, à une déshydration puis à une congélation dans l'azote liquide: Effet d'un endurcissement préalable au froid. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 310(Série III):371–323.

Dilday, R.H. 1990. Contribution of ancestral lines in the development of new cultivars of rice. Crop Sci. 30(4):905–911.

Dobzhansky, T. 1970. Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press.

Doebley, J. F., M. M. Goodman, and C. W. Stuber. 1985. Isozyme variation in races of maize from Mexico. Am. J. Bot. 72:629–639.

Douglas, J. 1980. Successful Seed Programs: A Planning and Management Guide. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.

Doyle, J. 1985. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply. New York: Viking Penguin.

Drake, V. C. 1989. The IUCN: Its role in biological diversity. Part I. The organization for global conservation action. Diversity 5(1):14–15.

Duvick, D. N. 1984a. Genetic diversity in major farm crops on the farm and in reserve. Econ. Bot. 38:161–178.

Duvick, D. N. 1984b. Progress in conventional plant breeding. Pp. 17–31 in Gene Manipulation in Plant Improvement, 16th Stadler Genetics Symposium, J. P. Gustafson, ed. New York: Plenum.

Duvick, D. N. 1987. Sources of genetic advance for the future. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Seed Technology Conference, J. S, Burris, ed. Ames, Iowa: Seed Science Center.

Duvick, D. N. 1992. Genetic contributions to advances in yield of U.S. maize. Maydica 37:69–79.

Dyck, V. A., and B. Thomas. 1979. The brown planthopper problem Hilaparvata lugens, rice plant, Asia. Pp.3–17 in Brown Planthopper, Threat to Rice Production in Asia. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

Ebner, H. 1982. Vinegar. Pp. 802–834 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Elgin, J. H., Jr., and P. A. Miller. 1989. Enhancement of plant germplasm. Pp 331–322

in Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation, Global Imperatives; L. Knutson and A. K. Stoner, eds. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Ellis, R. H. 1985. Information required within genetic resources centres to maintain and distribute seed accessions. Pp.11– 20 in Documentation of Genetic Resources: Information Handling Systems for Genebank Management, J. Konopka and J. Hanson, eds. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Entwistle, P. F. 1983. Control of insects by virus diseases. Biocon. News Inform. 4:203–235.

Esquinas-Alcazar, J. T. 1989. The FAO global system on plant genetic resources. Diversity 5(2,3):7–9.

European Commission. 1989. Proposal for a council directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. P.C10/3 in Official Journal of the European Communities, January 13. Brussels: European Commission.

Evenson, R. E., and Y. Kislev. 1975. Agricultural Research and Productivity. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Falk, D. 1993. Potential genetic resources in rare native species. In Gene Conservation and Exploitation, J. P. Gustafson, ed. Stadler Genetics Symposium 20. New York: Plenum.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 1981. Resolution on Plant Genetic Resources: C6/81. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1983a. Twenty-Second Session, Sixteenth Meeting. C83/II/PV/16. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1983b. Plant Genetic Resources. Report of the Director General. C83/25. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1987a. ACCIS Guide to United Nations Information Sources on Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations .

FAO. 1987b. Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an International Fund for Plant Genetic Resources. CPGR 87/10. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1987c. Status of In-situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources. CPGR 87/7. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1987d. Study on Legal Arrangements with a View to the Possible Establishment of an International Network of Base Collections in Gene Banks under the Auspices or Jurisdiction of FAO. CPGR 87/6. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1987e. A Study on the Legal Status of Base and Active Collections of Plant Genetic Resources (Including Seed Legislation and Breeder's Rights). CPGR 87/5. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1987f. Report of the Second Session of the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources. CPGR/87/REP. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1989a. Plant Genetic Resources. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO. 1989b. Agreed interpretation of the international undertaking. Resolutions 4/89 and 5/89 of the Twenty-Fifth Session of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Conference, Rome, Italy, November 11–29, 1989.

Fehr, W. R. 1984. Genetic Contributions to Yield Grains of Five Major Crop Plants. Special Publication No.7. Madison, Wis.: Crop Science Society of America.

Fehr, W. R. 1989. The impact of biotechnology on public and private plant breeding. Diversity 5(4):35–37.

Fillati, J. J., J. Kiser, R. Rose, and L. Comai. 1987. Efficient transfer of a glyphosate tolerance gene into tomato using a binary Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector. Bio/Technology 5:726–730.

Ford-Lloyd, B., and M. Jackson. 1986. Plant Genetic Resources: An Introduction to Their Conservation and Use. London: Edward Arnold.

Fowler, C., and P. Mooney. 1990. Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press.

Francis, C. M. 1986. Conservation of plant genetic resources—A continuing saga. A. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 52(1):3–110.

Frankel, O. H. 1970. Genetic dangers in the green revolution. World Agric. 19(3):9–13.

Frankel, O. H. 1975a. Genetic resources centres—A cooperative global network . Pp. 473–481 in Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, O. H. Frankel and J. G. Hawkes, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Frankel, O. H., and J. G. Hawkes, eds. 1975b. Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Frankel, O. H., and J. G. Hawkes. 1975c. Genetic resources—The past ten years and the next. Pp. 1–14 in Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, O. H. Frankel and J. G. Hawkes, eds. London: Cambridge University Press.

Frankel, O. H. 1985a. Into the second decade: Genetic resources and the plant breeder. Pp. 26–31 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on South East Asian Plant Genetic Resources, K. L. Mehra and S. Sastrapradja, eds. Bogor, Indonesia: Lembaga Biologi Nasional.

Frankel, O. H. 1985b. Genetic resources: The founding years. 2. The movement's constituent assembly. Diversity 8:30–32.

Frankel, O. H. 1985c. Genetic resources: The founding years. 1. Early beginnings, 1961–1966. Diversity 7:26–29.

Frankel, O. H. 1986. Genetic resources: The founding years. 3. The long road to the international board. Diversity 9:30–33.

Frankel, O. H. 1987. Genetic resources: The founding years. 4. After twenty years. Diversity 11:25–27.

Frankel, O. H. 1988. Genetic resources: Evolutionary and social responsibility. Pp. 19–46 in Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources, J. R. Kloppenburg, Jr., ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Frankel, O. H. 1989a. The Keystone international dialogue on plant genetic resources: A scientist's evaluation. Diversity 5(2,3):59–60.

Frankel, O. H. 1989b. Principles and strategies of evaluation. Pp. 245–262 in The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, A. D. H. Brown, O. H. Frankel, D. R. Marshall, and J. T. Williams, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Frankel, O. H., and E. Bennett, eds. 1970. Genetic Resources in Plants—Their Exploration and Conservation. International Biological Program Handbook No. 11. Oxford: Blackwell.

Frankel, O. H., and A. H. D. Brown. 1984. Plant genetic resources today: A critical appraisal. Pp. 249–257 in Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation, J. H. W. Holden and J. T. Williams, eds. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Frankel, O. H., and J. G. Hawkes, eds. 1975. Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Frankel, O. H., and M. E. Soulé. 1981. Conservation and Evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Frese, L., and T. J. L. van Hintum. 1989. The international data base for Beta. Pp. 17–35.

in Report of an International Beta Genetic Resources Workshop. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Fungal Genetics Stock Center. 1988. Catalogue of Strains, 2d ed. Kansas City, Mo.: University of Kansas Medical Center.

Gale, J. S., and M. J. Lawrence. 1984. The decay of variability. Pp. 77–101 in Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation, J. H. W. Holden and J. T. Williams, eds. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Gallun, R. L., and G. S. Khush. 1980. Genetic factors affecting expression and stability of resistance. Pp. 64–85 in Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects, F. G. Maxwell and P. R. Jennings, eds. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Gams, W., G. L. Hennebert, J. A. Stalpers, D. Janssens, M. A. A. Schipper, J. Smith D. Yarrow, and D. L. Hawksworth. 1988. Structuring strain data for storage and retrieval of information on fungi and yeasts in MINE, the Microbial Information Network Europe. J. Gen. Microbial. 134:1667–1689.

Garcia, P., F. J. Vences, M. Peréz de la Vega, and R. W. Allard. 1989. Allelic and genotypic composition of ancestral Spanish and colonial Californian gene pools of Avena barbata: Evolutionary implications. Genetics 122(3):687–694.

General Accounting Office. 1981. Better Collection and Maintenance Procedures Needed to Help Protect Agriculture's Germplasm Resources. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Genetic Resourses Conservation Program. 1988. Evaluation of the University of California Tomato Genetics Stock Center: Recommendations for Its Long-Term Management, Funding, and Facilities. Report No. 2. Oakland: University of California Genetic Resources Conservation Program.

Gherna, R. L. 1981. Preservation. Pp. 208–217 in Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology, P. Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murrary, R. N. Costilow, E. W. Nester, W. A. Wood, N. R. Krieg, and G. B. Philips, eds. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology.

Giacometti, D. C., and C. O. Goedert. 1989. Brazil's National Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Center preserves and develops valuable germplasm. Diversity 5(4):8–11.

Goldstein, D. J. 1988. Molecular biology and the protection of germplasm: A matter of national security. Pp. 315–337 in Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources, J. R. Kloppenburg, Jr., ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Gollin, D., and R. E. Evenson. 1990. Genetic Resources and Rice Varietal Improvement in India. Economic Growth Center, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Unpublished manuscript.

Goodfellow, M., S. T. Williams, and M. Mordarski, eds. 1988. Actinomycetes in Biotechnology. London: Academic Press.

Goodman, M. M. 1984. An evaluation and critique of current germplasm programs. Pp. 195–249 in the Report of the 1983 Plant Breeding Research Forum. Des Moines, Iowa Pioneer Hi-Bred International.

Goodman, M. M. 1985. Exotic maize germplasm: Status, prospects, and remedies. Iowa State J. Res. 59:497–528.

Goodman, M. M., and F. Castillo-Gonzalez. 1991. Germplasm: Politics and realities. Forum Appl. Res. Public Policy 6(3):74–85.

Goodman, M. M., and J. M. Hernandez. 1991. Latin American maize collections: A case for urgent action. Diversity 7(1):87–88.

Goodman, M. M., and C. W. Stuber. 1983. Races of maize. VI. Isozyme variation among races of maize in Bolivia. Maydica 28:169–187.

Gould, F. 1983. Genetic of plant-herbivore systems: Interaction between applied and basic study. Pp. 599–653 in Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems. New York: Academic Press.

Gould, F. 1986. Simulation models for predicting durability of insect-resistant germplasm: Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)-resistant winter wheat. Environ. Entomol. 15:11–23.

Granett, J., J. A. DeBenedictus, J. A. Wolpert, E. Weber, and A. C. Goheen. 1991. Phylloxera on rise: Deadly insect pest poses increased risk to north coast vineyards. Calif. Agric. 45(2):30–32.

Grape Commodity Advisory Committee. 1987. Recommendations for U.S. Grape Germplasm. Paper prepared for the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Hardman, D. J. 1987. Microbial control of environmental pollution: The use of genetic techniques to engineer organisms with novel catalytic capabilities. Pp. 295–317 in Environmental Biotechnology, C. F. Forster and D. A. J. Wase, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood.

Hargrove, T. R. 1978. Diffusion and Adoption of Genetic Materials Among Rice Breeding Programs in Asia. IRRI Research Paper Series No. 18. Los Baños Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

Hargrove, T. R., W. R. Coffman, and V. L. Cabanilla. 1980. Ancestry of improved cultivars of Asian rice. Crop Sci. 20:721–727.

Hargrove, T. R., V. L. Cabanilla, and W. R. Coffman. 1985. Changes in Rice Breeding in 10 Asian Countries, 1965–84; Diffusion of Genetic Materials, Breeding Objectives, and Cytoplasm . IRRI Research Paper Series No. 111. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

Harlan, J. 1975. Our vanishing genetic resources. Science 188:618–621.

Harlan, J. R. 1992. Crops and Man, Second Edition. Madison, Wis.: American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America.

Harlan, H. V., and M. L. Martini. 1929. A composite hybrid mixture. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 21:487–490.

Harlan, H. V., and M. L. Martini. 1936. Problems and results in barley breeding. In Yearbook of Agriculture 1936. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Harley, J. L., and S. E. Smith. 1983. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. London: Academic Press.

Harris, E. H. 1984. The Chlamydomonas Genetics Center at Duke University. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 2:29–41.

Harris, E. H., J. E. Boynton, and N. W. Gillham. 1987. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genet. Maps 4:257–277.

Hawkes, J. G. 1985. Plant Genetic Resources: The Impact of the International Agricultural Research Centers. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Study Paper No. 3. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Hawksworth, D. L. 1985. Fungus culture collections as a biotechnological resource. Biotech. Genet. Eng. Rev. 3:417–453.

Hawksworth, D. L. 1991. The fungal dimension of biodiversity: Magnitude, significance and conservation. Mycol. Rev. 95:641–655.

Hawksworth, D. L., and W. Greuter. 1989. Report of the first meeting of a working group on Lists of Names in Current Use. Taxon 38:142–148.

Hawksworth, D. L., and B. E. Kirsop, eds. 1988. Living Resources for Biotechnology: Filamentous Fungi. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hawksworth, D. L., B. C. Sutton, and G. C. Ainsworth. 1983. Ainsworth & Bisby's

Dictionary of the Fungi, 7th ed. Kew, U.K.: Commonwealth Mycologica Institute.

Haymon, L. W. 1982. Fermented sausage. Pp. 237–245 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Heinrichs, E. A., F. G. Medrano, and H. R. Rapusas. 1985. Genetic Evaluation for Insect Resistance in Rice. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

Heiser, C. B. 1975. The Sunflower. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Heiser, C. B. 1981. Seeds to Civilization, The Story of Food. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Helbert, J. R. 1982. Beer. Pp. 403–467 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Henshaw, G. G. 1975. Technical aspects for tissue culture storage for genetic conservation. Pp. 349–358 in Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, O. H. Frankel and J. G. Hawkes, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hernandez, E., and G. Alanís. 1970. Estudio morfológico de cinco nuevas razas de maíz de la Sierra Madre Occidental de Mexico: Implicaciones filogenéticas y fitogeográficas . Agrocienca 5:3.

Heywood, V. H. 1989. The IUCN: Its role in biological diversity. Part II. Plant conservation. Diversity 5(2,3):11–14.

Heywood, V. H. 1993. Broadening the basis of plant germplasm conservation. In Gene Conservation and Exploitation, J. P. Gustafson, ed. Stadler Genetics Symposium 20. New York: Plenum.

Hill, W. 1986. Breeding for bioindustrial ecosystems. Pp. 73–87 Bioindustrial Ecosystems, D. J. A. Cole, and G. C. Brander, eds. New York: Elsevier.

Holdeman, Q., ed. 1986. Plant Pests of Phytosanitary Significance to Importing Countries and States, 5th ed. Sacramento, Calif.: Department of Food and Agriculture.

Holden, J. H. W. 1984. The second ten years. Pp. 277–282 in Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation, J. H. W. Holden and J. T. Williams, eds. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Holden, J. H. W., and J. T. Williams, eds. 1984. Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Holley, R. N., and M. M. Goodman. 1988. Yield potential of hybrid maize derivatives. Crop Sci. 28:213–218.

Holm, L. G., D. L. Plucknett, J. V. Pancho, and J. P. Herberger. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds, Distribution and Biology. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

Holm, L., J. V. Pancho, J.P. Herberger, and D. L. Plunknett. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Horton, D. E., and H. Fano. 1985. Potato Atlas. Lima, Peru: Centro Internacional de la Papa.

Hoyt, E. 1988. Conserving the Wild Relatives of Crops. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Huaman, Z. 1986. Conservation of potato genetic resources at CIP. CIP Circ. 14:1–7.

Inoue, A., and K. Horikoshi. 1989. A pseudomonas thrives in high concentrations of toluene. Nature 338:264–266.

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR). 1982. Barley Descriptors. AGPG:IBPGR/82/49. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources Secretariat.

IBPGR. 1984a. IBPGR Regional Committee for Southeast Asia, Five Year Plan of Action, 1985–1989. Rome. International Board for Plant Genetic resources.

IBPGR. 1984b. Exchange of Information. IBPGR/84/157. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1984c. Documentation in Genebanks: A Status Report. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources Secretariat.

IBPGR. 1985a. Ecogeographical Surveying and In Situ Conservation of Crop Relatives. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1985b. Report of a Working Group on Forages (Second Meeting). Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1986. Report of a Working Group on Barley (Second Meeting). Rome. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1987. Annual Report 1986. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1988a. Report of a Working Group on Allium (Third Meeting). Rome. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1988b. Conservation and Movement of Vegetatively Propagated Germplasm: In Vitro Culture and Disease Aspects. Report of the IBPGR Advisory Committee on In Vitro Storage. Rome. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1988c. Annual Report 1987. Rome. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1989a. Annual Report 1988. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1989b. Report of an International Beta Genetic Resources Workshop. Rome. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1990. Annual Report 1989. Rome. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

IBPGR. 1991. Annual Report 1990. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources-International Rice Research Institute Rice Advisory Committee. 1980. Descriptors for Rice, Oryza sativa L. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 1985. Chickpea Descriptors. AGPG:IBPGR 85/35. Rome. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources Secretariat.

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). 1975. Standard Evaluation System for Rice. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

IRRI. 1985. IRRI Highlights 1984. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

IRRI. 1991. Rice Germplasm: Collecting Preservation, Use. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

International Rice Research Institute and International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. 1980. Descriptors for Rice. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). 1978. Categories, Objectives, and Criteria for Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

IUCN. 1987. Centres of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation. Kew, U.K.: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, United Nations Environment Program, and World Wildlife Fund. 1980. World Conservation

Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Jain, S. K. 1975a. Genetic reserves. Pp. 379–398 in Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, O. H. Frankel and J. G. Hawkes, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Jain, S.K. 1975b. Patterns of survival and evolution in plant populations. Pp. 49–89 in Population Genetics and Ecology, S. Karlin and E. Nevo, eds. New York: Academic Press.

James, E. 1972. Organization of the United States National Storage Laboratory. In Viability of Seeds, E. H. Roberts, ed. London: Chapman & Hall.

Janzen, D. H. 1973. Tropical agroecosystems. Science 182:121-2.

Johnson, J. 1987. Universities propose new release policies. Seedsmen's Dig. 38(4):16–18

Jondle, R. J. 1989. Overview and status of plant proprietary rights. Pp. 5–15 in Intellectual Property Rights Associated with Plants, B.E. Caldwell and J.A. Schillinger, eds. ASA Special Publication 52. Madison, Wis.: American Society for Agronomy.

Kabuye, C. H. S., G. Mungai, and J. G. Mutangah. 1986. Flora of Kora National Reserve. Pp. 57–104 in Kora: An Ecological Inventory of the Kora National Reserve, Kenya, M. Coe and N.M. Collins, eds. London: Royal Geographical Society.

Kahler, A. L., R. W. Allard, M. Krazakowa, C. F. Wehrhahm,and E. Nevo. 1980. Associations between enzyme phenotypes and environment in the slender wild oat (Avena barbata) in Israel. Theor. Appl. Genet. 56:31–47.

Kahn, R. P. 1977. Plant Quarantine: Principles, Methodology, and Suggested Approaches. Chapter 25 in Transfer of Genetic Resources, W.B. Hewitt and L. Chiarappa, eds. Cleveland: CRC Press.

Kahn, R. P. 1979. A concept of pest risk analysis. EPPO Bull. 9:119–130.

Kahn, R. P. 1982. The host as a vector: Exclusion as a control. Chapter 7 in Pathogens, Vectors, and Plant Diseases, K. F. Harris and K. Maramorosch, eds. New York: York: Academic Press.

Kahn, R. P. 1983. A model plant quarantine station: Principles, concepts, and requirements Pp. 303–333 in Exotic Plant Quarantine Pests and Procedures for Introduction of Plant Materials, K. G. Singh, ed. Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia: Plant Quarantine Center and Training Institute, Association of South East Asian Nations.

Kahn, R. P. 1985. Technologies to Maintain Biological Diversity: Assessment of Plant Quarantine Practices. Report submitted to the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, October 16, 1985.

Kahn, R. P. 1988. The importance of seed health in international exchange seed exchange. Pp. 7–20 in Rice Seed Health. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

Kahn, R. P. 1989a. Plant Protection and Quarantine: Biological Concepts. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Kahn, R. P. 1989b. Plant quarantine as a disease control strategy in tropical countries. Rev. Trop. Plant Pathol. 6:151–180.

Kalton, R. R., P. A. Richardson, and N. M. Frey. 1989. Inputs in private sector plant breeding and biotechnology research programs in the United States. Diversity 5(4):22–25.

Kaniewski, W. K., and P. E. Thomas. 1988. A two-step ELISA for rapid, reliable detection of potato viruses. Amer. Pot. J. 65:561–571.

Karpati, J. F. 1981. Post-entry quarantine and plant introduction. Pp. 39–41 in Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 27. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Karpati, J. F. 1983. Plant quarantine on a global basis. Seed Sci. Technol. 11:1145–1157

Keystone Center, 1988. Final Report of the Keystone International Dialogue Series on Plant Genetic Resources. Session I: Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources. Washington, D. C.: Genetic Resources Communications Systems.

Keystone Center. 1990. Final Consensus Report of the Keystone International Dialogue Series on Plant Genetic Resources. Madras Plenary Session, January 29 to February 2, 1990. Washington, D. C.: Genetic Resources Communications Systems.

Keystone Center, 1991. Final Consensus Report: Global Initiative for the Security and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources. Keystone International Dialogue Series on Plant Genetic Resources. Oslo Plenary Session, May 31–June 4, 1991. Washington, D. C.: Genetic Resources Communications Systems.

Kimura, M. 1968. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217:624–626.

Kimura, M., and J. F. Crow. 1964. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics 49:725–738.

Kimura, K., H. Fujimaki, M. Sakejima, K. Matsuba, H. Yoshida, and K. Mori. 1986. Analyses of agronomic traits of introduced rice genetic resources. Res. Rep. Agric. Dev. Hokuriku Area 13:1–93.

Kirsop, B. E., ed. 1980. The Stability of Industrial Organisms. Kew, U.K.: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.

Kirsop, B. E. 1988a. Microbial Strain Data Network: A service to biotechnology. Int. Ind. Biotech. 8:24–27.

Kirsop, B. E. 1988b. Resources centres. Pp. 1–35 in Living Resources for Biotechnology: Yeasts, B. E. Kirsop and C. P. Kurtzman, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kirsop, B. E. 1988c. Culture and preservation. Pp. 74–98 in Living Resources for Biotechnology: Yeasts, B. E. Kirsop and C. P. Kurtzman, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kirsop, B. E., and E. J. DaSilva. 1988. Organisation of resource centers. Pp. 173–187 in Living Resources for Biotechnology: Yeasts, B. E. Kirsop and C. P. Kurtzman, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kirsop, B. E., and C. P. Kurtzman, eds. 1988. Living Resources for Biotechnology: Yeasts. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kirsop, B. E., and J. J. S. Snell, eds. 1984. Maintenance of Microorganisms: A Manual of Laboratory Methods. New York: Academic Press.

Kiyosawa, S. 1982. Genetics and epidemiological modeling of breakdown of plant disease resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 20:93–117.

Kloppenburg, J., Jr., ed. 1988. Seeds and Sovereignty: The Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Kloppenburg, J., Jr., and D. L. Kleinman. 1987a. The plant germplasm controversy: Analyzing empirically the distribution of the world's plant genetic resources. BioScience 37/3(March):190–198.

Kloppenburg, J., Jr., and D. L. Kleinman. 1987b. Seeds of struggle: The geopolitics of genetic resources. Tech. Rev. 90 (February–March):46–53.

Kloppenburg, J., Jr., and D. L. Kleinman. 1988. Seeds of controversy: National property versus common heritage. Pp. 172–203 in Seeds and Sovereignty: The

Use and Control of Plant Genetic Resources , J. R. Kloppenburg, Jr., ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Knight, T. A. 1799. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society, London:192.

Knorr, L. C. 1977. Citrus. Pp. 111–115 in Plant Health and Quarantine in International Transfer of Genetic Resources, W. B. Hewitt and L. Chiarappa, eds. Cleveland: CRC Press

Knuepffer, H. 1983. Computer in Genbanken-Eine Uebersicht. Kulturpflanze 31:77–143.

Komogata, K. 1987. Relocation of the World Data Center. MIRCEN J. 3:337–342.

Konopka, J., and J. Hanson, eds. 1985. Documentation of Genetic Resources: Information Handling Systems for Genebank Management. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Korovina, O.N. 1980. Organization of reserves and protected areas in the USSR—The basis of conserving populations of wild relatives of cultivated plants. Tr. Prikl. Bot., Genet. Selek. 68(3):3–4.

Krasner, S. D. 1985. Structural Conflict: The Third World Against Global Liberalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Krichevsky, M. I., B.-O. Fabricus, and H. Sugawara. 1988. Information resources. Pp. 31–53 in Living Resources for Biotechnology: Filamentous Fungi, B. E. Kirsop and D. L. Hawksworth, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kristiansen, B., and J. D. Bu'Lock. 1980. Developments in industrial fungal biotechnology Pp. 203–223 in Fungal Biotechnology, J. E. Smith, D. R. Berry, and B. Kristiansen, eds. London: Academic Press.

Kyomo, M. L. 1991. Conservation and utilization of genetic resources in the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) region: A collaborative approach. Pp. 227–286 in Crop Genetic Resources of Africa, Volume 1, F. Attere, H. Zedan, N. Q. Ng, and P. Perrino, eds. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, United Nations Environment Program, and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture.

Ladizinsky, G. 1989. Ecological and genetic consideration in collecting and using wild relatives. Pp. 297–305 in The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, A. H. D. Brown, O. H. Frankeil, D. R. Marshall, and J. T. Williams, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lambat, A. K., R. Nath, P. M. Mukewar, A Majumdar, I. Rani, P. Kaur, J. L. Varshney, P. C. Agarwal, R. K. Khetarpal, and U. Dev. 1983. International spread of Karnal bunt of wheat. Phytopath. Medit. 22:213–214.

Lawrence, Z. 1982. The identity and typication of Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycotaxon 15:293–305.

Lawrence, T., J. Toll, and D. H. van Sloten. 1986. Directory of Germplasm Collections. 2. Root and Tuber Crops. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Lesser, W. 1987. Plant breeders' rights and monopoly myths. Nature 330:215.

Li, Z., and Y. Zhu. 1989. Rice male sterile cytoplasm and fertility restoration. Pp. 85–102 in Hybrid Rice. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

Lindlow, S. E. 1983. Methods of preventing frost injury caused by epiphytic icenucleation bacteria . Plant Dis. 67:327–333.

Linnington, S., and R. D. Smith. 1987. Deferred regeneration: A manpower-efficient technique for germplasm conservation. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 70:2–12.

Lipton, M., and R. Longhurst. 1989. New Seeds and Poor People. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lyman, J. M. 1984. Progress and planning for germplasm conservation of major food crops. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 60:3–21.

MacGregor, R. C. 1973. The Emigrant Pests. A report prepared for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Malik, K. A., and D. Claus. 1987. Bacterial culture collections: Their importance to biotechnology and microbiology. Biotech. Genet. Eng. Rev. 5:137–197.

Mangelsdorf, P. C. 1974. Corn. Its Origin, Evolution and Improvement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Mantell, S. 1989. Recent advances in plant biotechnology for third world countries. Pp. 27–40 in Agricultural Biotechnology: Prospects for the third World , J. Farringdon, ed. London: Overseas Development Institute.

Manwan, I., S. Sama, and S. Rizui. 1985. Use of varietal rotation in the management of tungro diseases in Indonesia. Indonesian Agric. Res. Develop. J. 7:43–48.

Mapletoft, R. J. 1987. The technology of embryo transfer. Pp. 2–40 in Proceedings of the International Symposium Embryo Movement, D. Hare and G. Seidel, eds. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Lowe-Martin.

Marshall, D. R. 1989. Limitations to the use of germplasm collections. Pp. 105–120 in The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, A. H. D. Brown, O. Frankel, D. R. Marshall, and J. T. Williams, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Marshall, D. R., and A. H. D. Brown. 1975. Optimum sampling strategies in genetic conservation. Pp. 53–80 in Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, O. H. Frankel and J. G. Hawkes, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Marshall, D. R., and A. J. Pryor. 1978. Multiline varieties and disease control . I. The "dirty crop" approach with each component carrying a unique resistance gene. Theor. Appl. Genet. 51(4):177–184.

Marth, E. H. 1982. Cheese. Pp. 65–112 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed.,G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Martignoni,M. E., and P. J. Iwai. 1981. A catalogue of viral diseases of insects, mites and ticks. Pp. 897–911 in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980, H. D. Burges, ed. London: Academic Press.

Martyn, E. B. 1968. Plant virus names. Phytopathol. Paper 9:1–204.

Martyn, E. B. 1971. Plant virus names. Phytopathol. Paper 9(Suppl.1):1–41.

Mathys, G. 1977. Phytosanitary regulations and the transfer of genetic resources. Pp. 327–331 in Plant Health and Quarantine in International Transfer of Genetic Resources, W. B. Hewitt and L. Chiarappa, eds. Cleveland: CRC Press.

Maunder, A. B. 1992. Identification of useful germplasm for practical plant breeding programs . Pp. 147–169 in Plant Breeding in the 1990s, H. T. Stalker and J. P. Murphy, eds. Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International.

McGowan, V. F., and V. B. D. Skerman. 1986. World Catalogue of Rhizobium Collections, 3d ed. St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia: World Data Center for Microorganisms.

McMullen, N. 1987. Seeds and World Agricultural Progress. Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association.

Meers, J. L., and P. E. Milsom. 1987. Organic acids and amino acids. Pp. 359–383 in Basic Biotechnology, J. bullock and B. Kristiansen, eds. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.

Moo-Young, M., S. Hasnain, and J. Lamptey, eds. 1986. Biotechnology and Renewable Energy. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.

Mooney, P. R. 1983. The Law of the Seed. Development Dialogue, Volumes 1 and 2. Uppsala, Sweden: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation.

Mooney, P. R. 1985. The law of the lamb. Dev. Dial. 1:103–108.

Morel,G. 1975. Meristem culture techniques for the long-term storage of cultivated plants. Pp. 327–332 in Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, O. H. Frankel and J. G. Hawkes, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Morris, G. J., D. Smith, and G. E. Coulson. 1998. A comparative study of the changes in the morphology of hyphae during freezing and viability upon thawing for twenty species of fungi. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134:2897–2916.

Nabhan, G. P. 1985. Native American crop diversity, genetic resource conservation, and the policy of neglect. Agric. Human Val. II(3):14–17.

Nabhan, G. P. 1989. Enduring Seeds. Native American Agriculture and Wild Plant Conservation. San Francisco: North Point Press.

Nakayama, K. 1982. Amino acids. Pp. 748–801 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

National Research Council (NRC). 1972. Genetic Vulnerability of Major Crops. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

NRC. 1989a. Alternative Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1989b. Lost Crops of the Incas. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1991a. Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1991b. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. 1993. Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.

National Institutes of Health (NIH). 1984. NIH Policy Relating to Reporting and Distribution of Unique Biological Materials Produced with NIH Funding. 13 NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts. Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health.

Nault, L. R., and W. R. Findley. 1981. Zea diploperennis: A primitive relative offers new traits to improve corn. Desert Plants 2(4):203–205.

ne Nsaku, N. 1991. La conservation des resources phytogénétiques des pays des grands lacs (CEPGL: Burundi, Rwanda et Zaïre). Pp. 269–276 in Crop Genetic Resources of Africa, Volume 1, F. Attere, H. Zedan, N. Q. Ng, and P. Perrino, eds. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, United Nations Environment Program, and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture.

Neergaard, P. 1977. Methods for detection and control of seedborne fungi and bacteria. Pp. 33–38 in Plant Health and Quarantine in International Transfer of Genetic Resources, W. B. Hewitt and L. Chiarappa, eds. Cleveland: CRC Press.

Neergaard, P. 1984. Seed health in relation to the exchange of germplasm. Pp. 2–21 in Seed Management Techniques for Genebanks, J. B. Dickie, S. Linington, and J. T. Williams, eds. Cleveland: CRC Press.

Ng, N. Q., P. Perrino, F. Attere, and H. Zedan, eds. 1991. Crop Genetic Resources of Africa, Volume 2. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, United Nations Environment Program, and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture.

Noy-Meir, Y. Anikster, M. Waldman, and A. Ashri. 1989. Population dynamics research for in situ conservation: Wild wheat in Israel. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 75/76:9–11.

Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). 1984. Commercial Biotechnology: An International Analysis. OTA-BA-218. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

OTA. 1986. A Review of U. S. Competitiveness in Agricultural Trade—A Technical Memorandum. Report 60 OTA-TM-TET-29. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.

OTA. 1987a. Technologies to Maintain Biological Diversity. Report OTA-F-330. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

OTA. 1997b. New Developments in Biotechnology: Ownership of Human Tissues and Cells. Special Report OTA-BA-337. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

OTA. 1989. New Developments in Biotechnology: Patenting Life. Special Report OTA-BA-370. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Oldfield, M. L. 1984. The Value of Conserving Genetic Resources. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of the Interior.

Oldfield, M. L., and J. B. Alcorn. 1987. Conservation of traditional agroecosystems. BioScience 37:199–208.

Olsen, J., and K. Allermann. 1987. Microbial biomass as a protein source. Pp. 285–308 in Basic Biotechnology, J. Bu'Lock and B. Kristiansen, eds. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.

Paterson, A. H., E. S. Lander, J. D. Hewitt, S. Peterson, S. E. Lincoln, and S. D. Tanksley. 1988. Resolution of quantitative traits into Medelian factory by using a complete linkage map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature 335:721–726.

Peacock, W. J. 1984. The impact of molecular biology on genetic resources. Pp. 268–276 in Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation, J. H. W. Holden and J. T. Williams, eds. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Peberdy, J. F. 1987. Developments in protoplast fusion in fungi. Microbiol. Sci.4:108–114.

Peeters, J. P., and N. W. Galwey. 1988. Germplasm collections and breeding needs in Europe. Econ. Bot. 42:503–521.

Peeters, J. P., and J. T. Williams. 1984. Towards better use of genebanks with special reference to information. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 60:22–32.

Perret, P. 1989. The role of networks of dispersed collections. Pp. 157–170 in The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, A. H. D. Brown, O. H. Frankel, D. R. Marshall, and T. J. Williams, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Perrin, R. K., K. A. Kunnings, and L. A. Ihnen. 1983. Some Effects of the U. S. Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970. Economics Research Report No. 46. Raleigh, N. C.: North Carolina State University.

Perry, M., A. K. Stoner, and J. D. Mowder. 1988. Plant germplasm information management system: Germplasm Resources Information Network. Hortscience 23(1):57–60.

Plant Health Division, Agriculture Canada. 1978–1986. Intercepted Plant Pests. Ottawa, Ontario: Plant Health Division, Agriculture Canada.

Plant Protection and Quarantine. 1960–1988. Foreign Import Regulations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Plant Protection and Quarantine. 1980–1986. List of Intercepted Pests. Washington, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Plucknett, D. L. 1985. "The law of the seed" and the CGIAR. Dev. Dial. 1:97–102.

Plucknett, D. L., and N. J. H. Smith. 1987. Sustaining agricultural yields. BioScience 36(1):40–45.

Plucknett, D. L., and N. J. H. Smith. 1988. Plant Quarantine and the International Transfer of Germplasm. Study Paper No. 25. Washington, D. C.: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, World Bank.

Plucknett, D. L., N. J. H. Smith, J. T. Williams, and N. M. Anishetty. 1987. Gene Banks and the World's Food. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.

Ponte, J. G., and G. Reed. 1982. Bakery foods. Pp. 246–292 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Porter, W. M., and D. H. Smith, Jr. 1982. Computer assisted management of the USDA Small Grain Collection. Plant Dis. 66(5):435–438.

Prescott-Allen, R., and C. Prescott-Allen. 1983. Genes from the Wild: Using Wild Genetic Resources for Food and Raw Materials. London: Earthscan.

Prescott-Allen, R., and C. Prescott-Allen. 1984. Canada's National Parks as In Situ Genebanks. A Report to Parks Canada. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Padata.

Prescott-Allen, C., and R. Prescott-Allen. 1986. The First Resource: Wild Species in the North American Economy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Prescott-Allen, R., and C. Prescott-Allen. 1990. How many plants feed the world? Conserv. Biol. 4(4):365–374.

Primrose, S. B. 1986. The application of genetically engineered microorganisms in the production of drugs. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 61:91–116.

Pundir, R. P. S., K. N. Reddy, and M. H. Mengesha. 1988. ICRISAT Chickpea Germplasm Catalog: Evaluation and Analysis. Patancheru, India: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.

Purchase, H. G. 1986. Future applications of biotechnology in poultry. Avian Dis. 30(1):47–59.

Qi, C., and F. Yunliu. 1988. Molecular cloning and expression of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae insecticidal crystal protein gene in Escherichia coli.Pp. 183–191 in Recent Advances in Biotechnology and Applied Biology, S.-T. Chang, K.-Y. Chen, and N. Y. S. Woo, eds. Hongkong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.

Reckhaus, P. M., and I. Adamou. 1986. Rice diseases and their economic importance in the Niger. Plant Protection Bull. 34(2):77–82.

Reed, G. 1982. Microbial biomass, single cell protein, and other microbial products. Pp. 541–592 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Rice Research Board. 1986. Seventeenth Annual Report to the California Rice Growers. Yuba City, Calif.: Rice Research Board.

Rice Research Board. 1987. Eighteenth Annual Report to the California Rice Growers. Yuba City, Calif.: Rice Research Board.

Rick, C. M. 1987. Genetic resources in Lycopersicon. Pp. 17–26 in Tomato Biotechnology: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the University of California, Davis, August 20–22, 1986, D. J. Nevins and R. A. Jones, eds. New York: A. R. Liss.

Rick, C. M., J. F. Forbes, and M. Halle. 1977. Genetic variation in Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium: Evidence of evolutionary change in mating systems. Plant Syst. Evolut. 127:139–170

Roberts, L. 1987. Who owns the human genome? Science 237:358–361.

Robertson, D. W., and D. von Wettstein. 1971. Report of the Committee on Genetic Marker Stocks, Nomenclature, and Gene Symbols. P. 618 in Barley Genetics. II. Proceedings of the Second International Barley Genetics Symposium, R. A. Nilan, ed. Pullman: Washington State University Press.

Robinson, P. K., J. O. Reeve, and K. H. Goulding. 1988. The biotechnological potential of immobilized microalgal cells. Pp. 193–204 in Recent Advances in Biotechnology and Applied Biology, S.-T. Chang, K.-Y. Chen, and N. Y. S. Woo, eds. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.

Rogers, S. O., and A. J. Bendich. 1985. Extraction of DNA from milligram amounts of fresh, herbarium and mummified plant tissues. Plant Mol. Biol. 5:69–76.

Rogosa, M., M. I. Krichhevsky, and R. R. Colwell. 1986. Coding Microbiological Data for Computers. New York: Springer.

Rolz, C. 1984. Bioconversion of lignocellulose. Pp. 43–48 in Biotechnology in the Americas: Prospects for Developing Countries, W. D. Sawyer, ed. Washington, D. C.: Interciencia Association.

Rote Taube. 1991. English translation. Intl. Rev. Ind. Property Copyright Law 22(1):136–142

Rural Development Administration. 1985. Rice Varietal Improvement in Korea,Suweon, Republic of Korea: Rural Development Administration.

Russell, N. C. 1989. Guadalajara hosts international symposium on Zea diploperennis and the conservation of plant genetic resources. Diversity 5(1):8–9.

Rutger, J. N. 1986. Needed applications of biotechnology in rice genetics and breeding. Pp. 31–36 in World Biotech Report 1986, Vol. 2, Part 7. London: Online.

Ruttan, V. W. 1982. Agricultural Research Policy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Sahasrabudhe, S. R., and V. V. Modi. 1987. Microbial degradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. Microbiol. Sci. 4:300–303.

Sakai, A., S. Kobayashi, and I. Oiyama. 1990. Cryopreservation of nucellar cells of navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb. var. Brasiliensis tanaka) by vitrification. Plant Cell Rep. 9:30–33.

Salhuana, W., Q. Jones, and R. Sevilla. 1991. The Latin American Maize Project model for rescue of irreplaceable germplasm. Diversity 7(1):40–42.

Sastrapradja, D. S., S. Sastrapradja, M. A. Rifai, and B. H. Siwi. 1985. A government role for the activities on plant genetic resources: Indonesia. Pp. 77–85 in Proceeding of the International Symposium on South East Asian Plant Genetic Resources, K. L. Mehra and S. Sastrapradja, eds. Bogor, Indonesia: Lembaga Biologi Nasional.

Sauer, C.O. 1938. Theme of plant and animal destruction in economic history. J. Farm Econ. 20:765–775.

Schlosser, S. 1985. The use of nature reserves for in situ conservation. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 61:23–25.

Schoulties, C. L., C. P. Seymour, and J. W. Miller. 1983. Where are the exotic disease threats? Chapter 6 in Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture, C. L. Wilson and C. L. Graham, eds. New York: Academic Press.

Schutz, W. M., and C. A. Brim. 1971. Inter-genotypic competition in soybeans. III. An evaluation of stability in multiline mixtures. Crop Sci. 11:684–689.

Scott, P. R., P. W. Benedikz, and C. J. Cox. 1982. A genetic study of the relationship between height, time of ear emergence, and resistance to Septoria nodorum in wheat. Plant Pathol. 31:45–60.

Scott, P. R., P. W. Benedikz, H. G. Jones, and M. A. Ford. 1985. Some effects of canopy structure and microclimate on infection of tall and short wheats by Septoria nodorum. Plant Pathol. 34: 578–593.

Seaward, M. R. D. 1982. Principles and priorities of lichen conservation. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 52:401–406.

Seidewitz, L. 1974–1976. Thesaurus for the International Standardization of Gene Bank Documentation. Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Braunchweig, Germany: Institut für Pflanzenbau und Saatgutforschung der Forschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft.

Seshu, D. V., K. Alluri, F. Cuevas-Perez, S. W. Ahn, M. Akbar, K. G. Pillai, and M. J. Rosero. 1989. Report of Activities and Accomplishments of the International Rice Testing Program, 1985–89. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.

Sgaravatti, E. 1986. World List of Seed Sources. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Shaffer, M. 1987. Minimum viable populations: Coping with uncertainty. Pp. 69–86 in Viable Populations for Conservation, M. E. Soulé, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Shands, H. L., S. A. Eberhart. 1989. Program for plant germplasm preservation in the United States: The U. S. National Plant Germplasm System. Pp. 97–115 in Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation, Global Imperatives, L. Knutson and A. K. Stoner, eds. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Silvey, V. 1986. The contribution of new varieties to cereal yields in England between 1947 and 1983. J. Nat. Inst. Agric. Bot. 17:155–168.

Simmonds, N. W. 1962. Variability in crop plants: Its use and conservation. Biol. Rev. 37:422–465.

Simmonds, N. W. 1979. Principles of Crop Improvement. New York: Longman.

Simmonds, N. W. 1991. Genetics of horizontal resistance to diseases of crops. Biol. Rev. 66:189–241.

Simmonds. N. W., and S. Rajaram, eds. 1988. Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rusts of Wheat. Mexico City: Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

Singh, E. L. 1988. Embryo transfer. Possibilities for disease transmission. Paper prepared for the Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives, National Research Council, Washington, D. C.

Singh, V. K., P. C. Verna, and B. M. Khannah. 1979. Fungicidal spray schedule for the control of Alternaria blight of wheat. Indian J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 9(2):200–204.

Smith, J. S. C. 1988a. Diversity of United States hybrid maize germplasm; isozymic and chromatographic evidence. Crop Sci. 28:63–69.

Smith, D. 1988b. Culture and preservation. Pp. 75–79 in Living Resources for Biotechnology: Filamentous Fungi, D. L. Hawksworth and B. E. Kirsop, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, D., and A. H. S. Onions. 1983. The Preservation and Maintenance of Living Fungi. Kew, U. K.: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.

Sossou, J., S. Karunaratne, and A. Kovoor. 1987. Collecting palm: In vitro explanting in the field. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 69:7–18.

Soulé, M. E., ed. 1987. Viable Population for Conservation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sprague, G. F., and M. T. Jenkins. 1943. A comparison of synthetic varieties, multiple crosses, and double crosses in corn. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 35:137–147.

Staines, J. E., V. F. McGowan, and V. B. D. Skerman. 1986. World Directory of Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms, 3d ed. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: World Data Center.

Stavely, J. R. 1983. The 1982 Bean Rust Nurseries in the United States Geneva, N.Y.: Bean Improvement Cooperative.

Stavely, J. R. 1988. Bean rust in the United States in 1987. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 31:130–131.

Steinkraus, K. H., ed. 1983. Fermented Foods. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Strickberger,M. W. 1976. Genetics. New York: Macmillan.

Templeton, G. E., D. O. TeBeest, and R. J. Smith. 1979. Biological control with mycherbicides. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 17:301–310.

Thitai, G. N. W. 1991. Countries' activities summaries. Pp. 247–262 in Crop Genetic Resources of Africa, Volume 1, F. Attere, H. Zedan, N. Q. Ng. and P. Perrino, eds.

Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, United Nations Environment Program, and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture.

Timothy, D.H.,P.H. Harvey, and C. Dowswell. 1988. Development and Spread of Improved Maize Varieties and Hybrids in Developing Countries. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development.

Turner, P. D. 1977. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis M.). Pp. 214–252 in Plant Health and Quarantine in International Transfer of Genetic Resources, W. B. Hewitt and L. Chiappra, eds. Cleveland: CRC Press.

United Nations. 1973. Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, June 5–16, 1972. New York: United Nations .

United Nations. 1992. Article 15 in the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 5, 1992.

United Nations Development Program and International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. 1986. 1986. Directory of European Institutions Holding Crop Genetic Resources Collections, E. Bettencourt and P. M. Perret, eds. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Upshall, A.,A.A. Kumar,M.C. Bailey, M.D. Parker,M.A. Favreau, K.P. Lewison, M. L. Joseph,J.M. Maraganore, and G. L. McKnight. 1987. Secretion of active human tissue plasminogen activator from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Bio/Technology 5:1301–1304.

U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1981. The National Plant Germplasm System: Current Status (1980), Strengths and Weaknesses, Long-Range Plan (1983–1997). Washington, D. C.: Science and Education, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

van Arsdell, J. N. S. Kwok, V. L. Schweickart, M. B. Ladner, D. H. Gelfand, and M. A. Innis. 1987. Cloning, characterization, and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of endogluconase I from Trichoderma reesei. Bio Technology 5:60–64.

van Hintum, T. J. L. 1988. GENIS: A fourth generation information system for the database management of genebanks . Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 75/76:13–15.

van Sloten, D. H. 1990a. IBPGR and the challenges of the 1990s: A personal point of view. Diversity 6(2):36–39.

van Sloten, D. H. 1990b. Facing: IBPGR in the 1990s. Paper present at the International Centers Week, October 29 to November 2, 1990, World Bank, Washington, D. C.

Vanderborcht, T. 1988. A centralized database for the common bean and its use in diversity analysis. Pp. 51–65 in Genetic Resources of Phaseolus Beans, P. Gepts, ed. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Vaughn, R. H. 1982. Lactic acid fermentation of cabbage, cucumbers, olives, and other products. Pp. 185–236 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Vavilov, N. I. 1951. The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. Chronica Bot. 13(1/6):1–364.

Venette, J. R., and D. A. Jones. 1982. Tilt (propiconazol) controls rust on dry edible beans in North Dakota. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 25:19–20.

Vitkovskij, V.L., and S.V. Kuznetsov. 1990. The N.I.Vavilov All Union Research Institute of Plant Industry. Diversity 6(1):15–18.

Wang, H. L., C. W. Hesseltine. 1982. Oriental fermented foods. Pp. 492–538 in Prescott & Dunn's Industrial Microbiology, 4th ed., G. Reed, ed. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing.

Wellhausen, E. J., L. M. Roberts, and E. X. Hernandez (in collaboration with P. C.

Mangelsdorf). 1952. Races of Maize in Mexico. Cambridge, Mass.: Bussey Institute, Harvard University.

Welsh, J., and M. McClelland. 1990. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucl. Acids Res. 18:7213–7218.

Whealy, K. 1988. Garden Seed Inventory: Second Edition. Decorah, Iowa: Seed Saver Publications.

White, G. A., S. A. Eberhart, P. A. Miller, and J. D. Mowder. 1988. Plant materials registered by Crop Science incorporated into National Plant Germplasm System. Crop Sci. 28:716–717.

Whyte, R. O., and G. Julen, eds. 1963. Proceedings of a technical meeting on plant exploration and introduction. Genetica Agraria 17:1–573.

Widrlechner, M.P. 1987. Variation in the breeding system of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium: Implications for germplasm maintenance. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 70:38–43.

Wilkes, H.G. 1967. Teosinte: The Closest Relative of Maize. Cambridge, Mass.: Bussey Institute, Harvard University.

Wilkes, H. G. 1977. The World's crop plant germplasm—An endangered resource. Bull. At. Sci. 33:8– 16.

Wilkes, G. 1989a. Germplasm preservation: Objectives and needs. Pp. 13–41 in Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation, Global Imperatives, L. Knutson and A. K. Stoner, eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Wilkes, H. G. 1989b. Teosinte in Mexico as a model for in situ conservation: The challenge. University of Massachusetts, Boston. Unpublished paper.

Wilkes, H. G., and S. Wilkes. 1972. The green revolution. Environment 14:32–39.

Williams, J. T. 1984. A decade of crop genetic resources research. Pp. 1–17 in Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation, J. H. W. Holden and J. T. Williams, eds. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Williams, J. T. 1988. Recent changes in emphasis in international genetic resource work. Pp. 7–12 in Crop Genetic Resources of East Asia, S. Suzuki, ed. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Williams, J. T. 1989a. Plant germplasm preservation: A global perspective. Pp. 81–96 in Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preservation, Global Imperatives, L. Knutson and A. K. Stoner, eds. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Williams, J. T. 1989b. Practical considerations relevant to effective evaluation. Pp. 235–244 in The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, A. H. D. Brown, O. H. Frankel, D.R. Marshall, and J. T. Williams, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Williams, J. K., A. R. Kubelik, K. J. Livak, J. A. Rafalski, and S. V. Tingey. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucl. Acids Res. 18:6531–6535.

Wilson, E. O., and F. M. Peter, eds. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.

Winter, D. L. 1985. The promise of cyclosporine. Pp. 160–173 in 1986 Yearbook of Science and the Future. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Withers, L. A. 1985. Cryopreservation of cultured cells and meristems. Pp. 253–315 in Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Volume 2: Growth, Nutrition, Differentiation and Preservation, I. K. Vasil, ed. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.

Withers, L. A. 1986. In vitro approaches to the conservation of plant genetic resources. Pp. 261–276 in Plant Tissue Culture and Its Agricultural Applications, L. A. Withers and P. G. Alderson, eds. London: Butterworths.

Withers, L. A. 1987. In vitro methods for collecting germplasm in the field. Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 69:2–6.

Withers, L. A. 1991a. In vitro conservation. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 43:31–42.

Withers, L.A. 1991b. Preservation of plant tissue cultures. Pp. 243–267 in Maintenance of Microorganisms and Cultured Cells, B. E. Kirsop and J. J. S. Snell, eds. London: Academic Press.

Withers, L. A., and S. K. Wheelans. 1986. IBPGR in vitro conservation databases—A report. Pp. 13–14 in IBPGR Advisory Committee on In Vitro Storage: Report of the Third Meeting. Rome: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources.

Witt, S. C. 1985, BriefBook: Biotechnology and Genetic Diversity. San Francisco: California Agricultural Lands Project.

Wolf, E. C. 1987. On the Brink of Extinction: Conserving the Diversity of Life. Washington, D. C.: Worldwatch Institute.

Wolfe, M. S. 1985. The current status and prospects of multiline cultivars and variety mixtures for disease resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 23:251–273.

Wolfe, M. S. 1988. The use of variety mixtures to control diseases and stabilize yield. Pp. 91–100 in Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rusts of Wheat, N. W. Simmonds and S. Rajaram, eds. Mexico City: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo.

Wood, R. K. S., and M. J. Way eds. 1988. Biological control of pests, pathogens, and weeds: Developments and prospects. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B318:109–376.

World Intellectual Property Organization, Committee of Experts on Biotechnological Inventions on Industrial Property. 1987. Industrial Property Protection of Biotechnological Inventions. BIOT/CE/III/2. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization.

Wu, L.-C. 1987. Strategies for conservation of genetic resources. Pp. 183–211 in Cultivating Edible Fungi, P. J. Wuest, D. J. Royse, and R. B. Beelman, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Yarwood, C. E. 1983. History of plant pathogen introductions. Chapter 3 in Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture, C. L. Wilson and C. L. Graham, eds. New York: Academic Press.

Yuan, R. T., and Y. Lin. 1989. Biotechnology in the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong. International Trade Administration 37. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Commerce.

Zedan, H., and R. Olembo. 1988. UNEP activities aimed at the promotion of applied environmental microbiology in developing countries. Pp. 75–88 in Recent Advances in Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology, S.-T. Chang, J.-Y. Chan, and N. Y. S. Woo, eds. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.

Zimdahl, R. L. 1983. Where are the principal exotic weed pests? Chapter 7 in Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture, C. L. Wilson and C. L. Graham, eds. New York: Academic Press.

Zuber, M. S. 1975. Corn germplasm base in the U. S.: Is it narrowing, widening, or static? Pp. 277–286 in Proceedings of the 30th Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference. Washington, D. C.: American Seed Trade Association.

Zuber, M. S., and L. L. Darrah. 1981. 1979 U. S. corn germplasm base. Pp. 234–249 in Proceedings of the 35th Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference. Washington, D. C.: American Seed Trade Association.