Races of Maize in Brazil and Other Eastern South American Countries (1958)

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RACES OF MAIZE IN BRAZIL AND OTHER EASTERN SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES F. G Brieger J. T. A. Gurgel E. Paterniani A. Blumenschein M. R. Alleoni NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Publication 593 

Funds were provided for this publication by a contract between the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council and The Institute of Inter-American Affairs of the International Cooperation Administration. The grant was made for the work of the Committee on Preservation of Indigenous Strains of Maize, under the Agricultural Board, a part of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. 

RACES OF MAIZE IN BRAZIL AND OTHER EASTERN SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES F. G. Brieger, J. T. A. Gurgel, E. Paterniani, A. Blumenschein, and M. R. Alleoni Publication 593 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Washington, D. C. 1958 

COMMITTEE ON PRESERVATION OF INDIGENOUS S T R A IN S OF MAIZE OF THE AGRICULTURAL BOARD DIVISION OF BIOLOGYAND AGRICULTURE - NATIONALRESEARCHCOUNCIL NATIONALACADEMYOF SCIENCES Ralph E. Cleland, Chairman J. Allen Clark, Executive Secretary Edgar Anderson Claud L. Horn Paul C. Mangelsdorf William L. Brown Merle T. Jenkins G. H. Stringfield C. O. Erlanson George F. Sprague Other publications in this series: RACES OF MAIZE IN CUBA William H. Hatheway NAS - NRC Publication 4.53 I957 Price $1.50 RACES OF MAIZE IN COLOMBIA L. M. Roberts, U. J. Grant, Ricardo Ramirez E., W. H. Hatheway, and D. L. Smith i n collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf NAS-NRC Publication 510 1957 Price $1.50 RACES OF MAIZE IN CENTRAL AMERICA E. J. Wellhausen, Alejandro Fuedes O., and Antonio Hernandez Corzo collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf in NAS-NRC Publication 51 I 1957 Price $1.50 Previously published by the Bussey Institute, Harvard University, in 1952: RACES OF MAIZE IN MEXICO E. J. Wellhausen, L. M. Roberts, and E. Hernandez X. i n collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 59-60044 Price $2.00 

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................... vii INTRODUCTION ....................................... 1 THEBASICNATUREOF MAIZEAND ITSORIGIN .............. 2 The time of origin of maize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The place of origin of maize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The mode of origin of maize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The origin of the types of maize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 The origin of maize races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 MATERIALAND METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Material and its study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The main characters used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Methods of statistical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 OF RACES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESCRIPTION ,..... 73 The Andean High Valley of Humahuaca in North- western Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 1. The group of the pointed dent corn Capia . . . . . . 76 Capia Blanco or White Capia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Capia Amarillo or Yellow Capia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2. Achilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3 . Chulpi or Sweet Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4. Amarillo de Ocho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5. Culli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6. Marron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7. Morocho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 8. Altiplano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 9. Oke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 10. Bola Blanca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 11. Pisincho or Andean Pointed Popcorn. . . . . . . . . . 110 The Eastern Slopes of the Andes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 12. Brachytic Popcorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

PAGE The Lowlands Under the Capricorn. between 15" and 35" latitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Calchaqui Races ......................... 125 13. Calchaqui White Flint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 14. Calchaqui Small White Flint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 15. Calchaqui Small Yellow Flint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 The races of the southwestern Guarani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 16. Avatí Moroti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 17. Avatí Moroti Ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 18. Avatí Moroti Guapi., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 19. Avatí Moroti Mitá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 20. Avatí Djakaira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 21. Avatí Pichingá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 22. Avatí Pichingá Ihú . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Chavantes Opaié ................................. 160 23. Chavantes White Soft Corn., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Races With Thick Cob. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 24. White Soft Corn Lenha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Caingang Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 25. Caingang White Dent and Its Subraces . . . . . . . . . 167 26. Synthetic Ivaí Amarello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Southern Cateto Flints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 27. Cuarentón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 28. Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 29. Charua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 30. Cateto Paulista Fino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 31. Cateto Paulista Grosso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 32. Cateto Conico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Cateto-Flint Synthetics ........................... 182 33. Canario de Ocho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 34. Cateto Amarillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Cateto-Dent Synthetics ........................... 190 35. Paulista Dent .............................. 190 36. Rio Grande Dent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 iv 

PAGE White Flint Synthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 37. Cristal Paraguay-Paulista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 38. Cristal Perola (Bolivia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 THEAMAZONBASINAND ITSMARGINS. ................... 195 Interlocked Soft Corn 199 39. Acre Interlocked Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 40. Bolivian Interlocked Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 41. Bororó Interlocked Corn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 42. Tapirapé Interlocked Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 43. Chavantes Interlocked Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Races from the Amazon-Rio Negro Region 214 44. Iauareté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Races from the eastern Amazon Basin 215 45-50 . Races of the Carajá-do Sul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 51. Races of the Emerilhón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22 The Coastal Area 2.22 52. The Northern Cateto Flints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22 CONCLUDING DISCUSSION 224 The geographic subdivision of maize distribution . . . . . 224 The existence of “tripsacoid’ maize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 The problem of “tunicatoid characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Increase in row numbers at the beginning of domestica- tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Some special characteristics of South American maize . 238 CONCLUSION ....................................... 239 BIBLIOGRAPHY 240 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Tables 1-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The studies of indigenous races of maize were started in Pira- cicaba, Brazil, in 1937, as one of the first research projects of the then new Department of Genetics of the University of Piracicaba. For several years, however, these studies could not be intensified for lack of funds, indispensable for organizing any large-scale collecting activities. The plan established by the Committee on Preservation of Indigenous Strains of Maize of the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council in Washing- ton, which included the establishment of three main Centers for collecting and study, one in Mexico, another in Colombia, and the third in Piracicaba, allowed the long-hoped-for expansion of the work. During the years 1953-55 resources were available for col- lecting, and during 1956-58 for studying, this material. Additional contributions were obtained from the Brazilian National Research Council in Rio de Janeiro. The gift of a station wagon and grants from the Rockefeller Foundation also helped considerably. Under the program of the National Academy of Sciences - Na- tional Research Council the total area of Latin America was di- vided into three regions, of which the third including Argentina, Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Surinam, and the Guianas was made the responsibility of the Center at Piracicaba. The collecting activities present considerable difficulty in this area. An inspection of the maize offered on the local markets of small towns does not give any information about the maize grown on farms around these towns in Argentina or Brazil, since in both countries maize rarely is sold on the spot, the commerce being in the hands of commercial intermediary agents. Thus in these re- gions excursions must be organized to individual farms, or the col- lection must be organized through government agencies and county agents. It is our pleasure to thank here especially Dr. Vallega, of the Instituto de Fitotecnia at Castelar, and Dr. Kugler, of the Experiment Station at Pergamiño in Argentina, the late Dr. A. Boerger and Dr. G. Fisher of the Instituto “La Fitotechnico vii 

... Vlll ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Estanzuela,” Uruguay, Drs. Breitenbach, José R. Ramires, and Rogelio Vargas Morel in Asunción, Paraguay, Dr. M. Cardenas of the Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Cochabamba, Bolivia, Drs. Edmundo Heidrich and Leo Fett in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Dr. Afonso Veiga of the Federal Extension Service in the State of St. Catarina, Drs. Glauco Pinto Viégas of the Instituto Agronomica, José Andrade Sobrinho of the Extension Service, Raul Drumond Goncalves of the Instituto Biológico, all in the State of São Paulo, and many other colleagues and friends, for the valuable help given to our staff members who mainly did the collecting, Drs. J. T. A. Gurgel, W. E. Kerr, E. Paterniani, and A. Blumen- schein. In the central and northern parts of Brazil there are only two ways to collect maize samples from the Indian population: either to organize expeditions or to receive samples from organizations which are in direct contact with the tribes, and we thank Dr. E. Galvão, of the Brazilian Service of Indian Protection, Sr. Vilas Boas of the Foundation Brazil-Central, and members of the Fran- ciscan, Jesuit, and Salesian Missions, all of whom helped us greatly. In the Amazon area, Dr. W. E. Kerr had considerable help from Dr. Felisberto de Camargo, and in the Guianas from Dr. M. Lohier of the Musee de Cayenne and Dr. D. Geyskes of the De- partment of General Affairs in Surinam. In spite of these efforts, our collections cannot yet be considered as complete, but all collecting activity had to stop in 1955 for lack of funds. Though we believe that little has been overlooked in the southern area, we obtained only a limited number of samples from the central and eastern part of the Amazon Basin, and these were received before the program became fully established. Thus they were not as fully analyzed as now seems desirable. There may still be very interesting examples of rather primitive maize in existence in the Amazon and Orinoco Basins, where the Indians are rather scattered and where maize is no longer the main sub- sistence crop. Before the program of the Centers was established, some col- lections were made in Colombia, mainly with the help of Dr. Eduardo Chavarriaga and our former students, Drs. Alberto Gon- 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix calez and Ernesto Villegas, and of the archaeologist Dr. Reichel- Dolmatoff. The knowledge of these Colombian races, and espe- cially those of the Magdalena plains in the north and of the St. Martha Mountains, contributed greatly to our understanding of questions of the general distribution of corn races in South America. However, the study of this material was given up as soon as the Colombian Maize Center of the Rockefeller Foundation started its work. We thank Drs. Wellhausen, Grant, and Grobman, of the Mexican, Colombian, and Peruvian Maize Centers, for their permission to inspect and study some of their collections. Samples given to us upon request by Dr. Grant from the Colombian Center established the link between Chilean and Ar- gentinian maize races of the Calchaqui type. We found also that the races of northwestern Argentina, high up in the Andes, belong to the Bolivian group of races and agree at least in part with material received with the help of Dr. M. Cardenas, both some fifteen years ago and again during the recent collecting trip of Dr. Gurgel (1957) under a grant from the Brazilian National Research Council. We also want to thank here all those who helped us during the many years when the work was in progress and when we were compiling the final manuscript: Mr. João Zaldoval, José Penteado Maia, Alcides Perón and Miss Erica Spruck (recording and typ- ing), Mr. Sebastião Coelho Fischer (photography), Mr. Adalberto Gorga and Oswaldo Peres (calculations), Mr. Walter Benedicto Bortolazzo (drawings), Mr. Antonio Gosser (in charge of field work), Jose Broglio (seed storing). Two of our students, Mr. Ro- land Vencovsky and Elliot Watanabe Kitajima, helped considera- bly in carrying out the final statistical analysis and in preparing the tables for this paper. The authors are grateful to the Committee on Preservation of Indigenous Strains of Maize and to members of the staff of the Agricultural Board of the National Academy of Sciences - Na- tional Research Council for editing and preparing the manuscript for publication.