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Japanese Investment and Technology Transfer: An Exploration of its Impact Report of a Workshop February 22, 1991 National Academy of Sciences, WashingtOn, D.C. ~~~ AUG 1 5 2000 !!J
NOTICE: The project that ia the aubject of thia report waa approved by the Governing Board of the National Reaearch Council, wtloae membera are drawn from the council⢠of the National Academy of Sciencea, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Inatitute of Medicine. The member⢠of the committee reaponlible for the report were choaen for their apecial competence⢠and with regard for appropriate balance. This report baa been reviewed by a group other than the authora according to procedure⢠approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the further- ance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy baa a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Preas is president of the National Academy of Sciencea. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, aa a parallel organization of ouutanding engineers. It is autonomous in ill administration and in the selection of ita members, sharing with the Nationll Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and reaearcb, and recognizes the superior achievement of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the service⢠of eminent members of appropriate profeaaiona in the examination of policy matters pertainina to the health of the public. The Institute acta under the reaponlibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congreaaional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon iu own initiative, to identify iaauea of medical care, reaearch, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the lnatitute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to aaaociate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council baa become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing aervices to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, reapectively, of the National Research Council. Available from: Office of Japan Affairs National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.(:. 20418 Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON JAPAN Harold Brown, Chairman Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute Erich Bloch, Vice-Chairman Council on Competitiveness C. Fred Bergsten Institute for International Economics Lewis M. Branscomb Harvard University Lawrence W. Clarkson Boeing Commercial Airplane Group I. M. Destler University of Maryland Mildred S. Dresselhaus Musachuseus Institute of Technology Daniel J. Fink D. J. Fink Associates, Inc. Ellen L. Frost⢠United Technologies Corp. Lester C. Krogh 3M Co. B. Floyd Kvamme Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers Ex Officio Members: Yoshio Nishi Hewlett-Packard Co. Daniel I. Okimoto Stanford University John D. Rockefeller IV United States Senate Richard J. Samuels MIT Japan Program Robert A. Scalapino University of California, Berkeley Hubert J.P. Schoemaker Centocor, Inc. Ora B. Smith Illinois Superconductor Corp. Albert D. Wheelon Hughes Aircraft Co. (retired) Gerald P. Dinneen, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering James B. Wyngaarden, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences and Institute of Medicine ⢠Currently at the Institute for International Economics iii
JAPANESE INVESTMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: AN EXPLORATION OF ITS IMPACT Worklhop organized by the National Research Council's Committee on Japan February 22, 1991 - Lecture Room National Academy of Sciences - WashingtOn, D.C. 8:30 Regisuation and Coffee 9:00 Chairman's Opening Remarks: I.M. Deader, University of Maryland 9:15 Panel on Investment and Technology Traasrer: Overviews Edward Oraham, Institute for International Economics Robert Lawrence, The Brookings Institution Mark Mason, Yale University Open Discussion 10:45 Panel on Industry-speelfte Experiences Kenneth Flamm, The Brookings Institution Michael Borrus, University of California, Berkeley Michael Cusumano, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Open Discussion 12:00 Remarks by Senator Jeff Bingaman 12:1S Lunch 1:30 Panel on Polley Alternatives for the United States Ellen Frost, United Technologies Corp. ⢠Theodore Moran, Georgetown University Ronald Morse, Economic Suategy Institute 2:4S Chairman's Closing Remarks 3:00 Adjourn ⢠Currently at the Institute for International Economics iv
OFFICE OF JAPAN AFFAIRS Since 1985 the National Academy of Sciences and the National Acad- emy of Engineering have engaged in a series of high-level discussions on advanced technology and the international environment with a counterpart group of Japanese scientists, engineers, and industrialists. One outcome of these discussions was a deepened understanding of the importance of promoting a more balanced two-way flow of people and information between the research and development systems in the two countries. Another result was a broader recognition of the need to address the science and technology policy issues increasingly central to a changing U.S.-Japan relationship. In 1987 the National Research Council, the operating arm of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering, authorized first-year funding for a new Office of Japan Affairs (OJ A). This newest program element of the Office of International Affairs was formally established in the spring of 1988. The primary objectives of OJ A are to provide a resource to the Academy complex and the broader U.S. science and engineering communities for information on Japanese science and technology, to promote better work- ing relationships between the technical communities in the two countries by developing a process of deepened dialogue on issues of mutual concern, and to address policy issues surrounding a changing U.S.-Japan science and technology relationship. Staff Martha Caldwell Harris, Director Thomas Arrison, Research Associate Maki Fife, Program Assistant
Preface This report covers major insights from a one-day workshop on "Japanese Investment and Technology Transfer: An Exploration of its Impact" orga- nized by the Committee on Japan of the National Research Council and held on February 22. 1991. Part of a series focusing on key issues in U.S.-Japan scientific and technological relations. the workshop was supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. The purpose of the workshop was to explore issues and identify alternative approaches to competing and cooperating with Japan as a technological superpower. I. M. Destler. a member of the Committee on Japan and Director of the Public Policy and Private Enterprise Program at the University ofMarylandâ¢s School of Public Affairs. chaired the workshop. He was joined by experts familiar with direct investment in the United States by Japanese companies and the technology transfer situation in specific industries. The National Research Council's Office of Japan Affairs worked with the committee to focus the discussions at the workshop and to prepare this report. which captures major themes from the presentations and discussions. Those who made presentations at the workshop as well as the members of the Committee on Japan reviewed the report and provided many useful suggestions. but the report is not a consensus document or conference proceedings. vii
