Relationships Among
the Brain, the Digestive
System, and Eating Behavior
Workshop Summary
Leslie Pray, Rapporteur
Food Forum
Food and Nutrition Board
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The workshop that is the subject of this workshop summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This activity was supported by the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Contract Nos. HHSN26300002 (National Institutes of Health), HHSP233201200333P (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion), and 59-1235-2-114, CNPP_IOM_FY2013_01, FS_NAS_IOM_FY2013_01, and AG-3A94-P-13-0074 (U.S. Department of Agriculture) with the National Academy of Sciences. Additional support came from Abbott Laboratories, The Coca-Cola Company, ConAgra Foods, General Mills Inc., Kellogg Company, Kraft Foods, Mars Inc., McDonald’s, Monsanto Company, Nestlé Nutrition, PepsiCo, and Tate & Lyle. The views presented in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the activity.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-36683-0
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-36683-6
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Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2015. Relationships among the brain, the digestive system, and eating behavior: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.
Willing is not enough; we must do.”
—Goethe
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advising the Nation. Improving Health.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON THE
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND EATING BEHAVIOR:
KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS1
ERIC DECKER (Chair), University of Massachusetts Amherst
FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE, University of Massachusetts Amherst
DANIELLE GREENBERG, PepsiCo, Purchase, New York
JOSEPH HERSKOVIC, Omaha, Nebraska
SOPHIE KERGOAT, Wrigley Company, Chicago, Illinois
CATHERINE KWIK-URIBE, Mars Inc., Germantown, Maryland
SYLVIA B. ROWE, SR Strategy, LLC, Washington, DC
PAMELA STARKE-REED, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
MAHA TAHIRI, General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
IOM Staff
HEATHER DEL VALLE COOK, Co-director
LESLIE J. SIM, Co-director
GERALDINE KENNEDO, Administrative Assistant
______________
1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
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FOOD FORUM1
FRANK BUSTA (Chair), University of Minnesota, St. Paul
NELSON ALMEIDA, Kellogg Company, Battle Creek, Michigan
MARK ANDON, ConAgra Foods, Omaha, Nebraska
DAVID J. BAER, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
PAUL M. COATES, Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
DAVID B. COCKRAM, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
ERIC A. DECKER, University of Massachusetts Amherst
CAROLINE SMITH DEWAAL, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC
SAMUEL GODEFROY, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
DAVID GOLDMAN, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
DANIEL A. GOLDSTEIN, Monsanto, St. Louis, Missouri
CINDY GOODY, McDonald’s Corporation, Oak Brook, Illinois
DANIELLE GREENBERG, PepsiCo, Purchase, New York
SONYA A. GRIER, American University, Washington, DC
BRENDA HALBROOK, Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, Virginia
KATE J. HOUSTON, Cargill Incorporated, Washington, DC
VAN S. HUBBARD, Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
LEE-ANN JAYKUS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
GORDON L. JENSEN, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
HELEN JENSEN, Iowa State University, Ames
RENÉE JOHNSON, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
WENDY L. JOHNSON-ASKEW, Nestlé Nutrition, Florham Park, New Jersey
MICHAEL M. LANDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
S. SUZANNE NIELSEN, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
ERIK D. OLSON, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC
RICHARD OLSON, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
LUCY REID, The Coca-Cola Company
CLAUDIA RIEDT, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Plano, Texas
______________
1 Institute of Medicine forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
STEVEN W. RIZK, Mars Inc., Hackettstown, New Jersey
SARAH ROLLER, Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, Washington, DC
SHARON A. ROSS, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
SYLVIA B. ROWE, SR Strategy, LLC, Washington, DC
KARI HECKER RYAN, Kraft Foods, Glenview, Illinois
PAMELA STARKE-REED, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland
ANGELA TAGTOW, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture
MAHA TAHIRI, General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
PATRICIA WILLIAMSON, Tate & Lyle, Hoffman Estates, Illinois
Forum Staff
HEATHER DEL VALLE COOK, Co-director
LESLIE J. SIM, Co-director
GERALDINE KENNEDO, Administrative Assistant
ANN YAKTINE, Director, Food and Nutrition Board
Reviewers
This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published workshop summary as sound as possible and to ensure that the workshop summary meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this workshop summary:
Miguel Alonso-Alonso, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Joseph E. Herskovic, Sensory Insights Professional
Pamela Starke-Reed, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Patricia Williamson, Tate & Lyle
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of this workshop summary before its release. The review of this workshop summary was overseen by Caswell A. Evans, Jr. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this workshop summary was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this workshop summary rests entirely with the rapporteur and the institution.
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Contents
2 INTERACTION BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Overview of Interactions Between the Brain and the Digestive System
How Taste Receptors in the Gut Influence Eating Behavior
Gastrointestinal Peptides, Vagal Afferent Synapses, and Neural Mechanisms of Satiation
Contextual Influences on Eating Behavior
3 ASSESSING THE SCIENCE BEHIND METHODOLOGIES BEING USED TO CHARACTERIZE FOOD AS ADDICTIVE
A Brief History of Food Intake Research
What Imaging Technologies Reveal About Food Behaviors: Perspective 1
What Imaging Technologies Reveal About Food Behaviors: Perspective 2
Assessing the Validity of Questionnaires for Food Behaviors and Addiction