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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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DIPLOMACY FOR THE

21ST CENTURY

EMBEDDING A CULTURE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THROUGHOUT THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Committee on Science and Technology Capabilities at the Department of State

Development, Security, and Cooperation

Policy and Global Affairs

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
                          OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Grant No. 10001479 from the Golden Family Foundation, Grant No. 10001474 from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Grant No.10001582 from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and Contract/Grant No. 2013-8745 from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation supplemented by funds from the National Academies. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number (hardcover): 978-0-309-37456-9
International Standard Book Number (hardcover): 0-309-37456-1
International Standard Book Number 13: 978-0-309-37313-5
International Standard Book Number 10: 0-309-37313-1

Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Room 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2015 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st century: Embedding a culture of science and technology throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
×

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITIES AT
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

THOMAS R. PICKERING (Co-Chair), Vice Chairman, Hills and Company, and Former Undersecretary of State

ADEL A. F. MAHMOUD (Co-Chair), Professor at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and in the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University

CATHERINE BERTINI, Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University

KENNETH C. BRILL, Member of the Board of Directors at the Stimson Center and Ambassador (retired)

THADDEUS BURNS, Senior Counsel for Intellectual Property and Trade, General Electric Company

MICHAEL T. CLEGG, Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Irvine

GLEN T. DAIGGER, President, One Water Solutions, LLC

KENT HUGHES, Program Manager, The Woodrow Wilson Center

CINDY R. JEBB, Professor and Head, Department of Social Sciences, United States Military Academy

MICHAEL T. JONES, Chief Technology Advocate, Google, Inc.

ROBERT M. PERITO, Executive Director, The Perito Group

BRENDA PIERCE, Energy Resources Program Coordinator, U.S. Geological Survey

EMMY B. SIMMONS, Consultant, Former USAID Assistant Administrator for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade (Committee member until November 2014)

STEN H. VERMUND, Amos Christie Chair and Director, Vanderbilt University Institute for Global Health

DAVID G. VICTOR, Professor and Director, Laboratory on International Law and Regulation, University of California at San Diego

Development, Security, and Cooperation Program Staff

GLENN E. SCHWEITZER, Study Director

PATRICIA KOSHEL, Senior Program Officer

JACQUELINE MARTIN, Program Coordinator

CAROLYN MATTICK, Mirzayan Fellow

CHRISTOPHER O'DONNELL, Mirzayan Fellow

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Preface and Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies’ Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Rita Colwell, University of Maryland; Nina Fedoroff, Pennsylvania State University; Cutberto Garza, Boston College; Mark Giordano, Georgetown University; Judith Kimble, University of Wisconsin at Madison; Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Harvard University; Thomas Quinn, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Anthony Rock, Association of Science-Technology Centers; Vaughan Turekian, American Association for the Advancement of Science; and Ghebre Tzeghai, Proctor and Gamble Company.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Enriqueta Bond, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and Robert Frosch, Harvard University. Appointed by the National Academies, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Growing Importance of Social Media

Regional Hubs

The Way Ahead

5 ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL AND PERSONNEL CAPABILITIES

The Current Workforce

Steps Following the Landmark Report of 1999

Organizational Adjustments within the Department

Strengthening Personnel Capabilities in Science & Technology

Further Insights on Personnel Issues

Expanded Role for the Foreign Service Institute

6 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

General Findings and Overarching Conclusions

Responses to Special Interests of the Department

The Goal, Objectives, and Action-Oriented Recommendations

APPENDIXES

Appendix A: Request for Study from the Department of State

Appendix B: Biographies Of Committee Members

Appendix C: Interim Recommendations of the Committee (April 2014)

Appendix D: The Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, 2011

Appendix E: Issues That Deserve Additional Analyses by Others

Appendix F: Committee Meeting Agendas

Appendix G: Organizations with Extensive International S&T Programs and Activities That Provided Data and Information on Relevant Programs to the Committee

Appendix H: Selected References

Appendix I: Global Investments in Science and Engineering—a Dynamic Landscape

Appendix J: Interagency Challenges Set Forth in the 1999 Report

Appendix K: International Engagement Activities of the National Science Foundation

Appendix L: Environment, Science, Technology, and Health Officers Posted Overseas

Appendix M: Results of Department State’s Questionnaire to ESTH Officers

Appendix N: Science and Technology Agreements Currently In Force

Appendix O: Regional ESTH Hub Locations and Staffing

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms

AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science
DOD Department of Defense
DOS Department of State
EST Environment, Science, and Technology
ESTH Environment, Science, Technology, and Health
FSN Foreign Service National
FSO Foreign Service Officer
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICSU International Council for Science
INR Bureau of Intelligence and Research
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO Nongovernmental Organization
NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
NIH National Institutes of Health
NSF National Science Foundation
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OES Bureau of Oceans and International, Environmental, and Scientific Affairs
OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy
PCAST President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology
PEPFAR President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
PIRE Partnerships for International Research and Education
QDDR Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review
R&D Research and Development
S&T Science and Technology
STAB Science and Technology Advisory Board
STAS Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
USAID U.S. Agency for International Development
USIP U.S. Institute of Peace
USTR U.S. Trade Representative
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21730.
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Diplomacy for the 21st Century recommends steps that the Department of State should embrace to take full advantage of the leading science and technology (S&T) capabilities of the United States. These capabilities provide the department with many opportunities to promote a variety of the interests of the United States and its allies in a rapidly changing world wherein S&T are important drivers of economic development at home and abroad and help ensure international security. This report assesses and makes recommendations concerning the changing environment for the conduct of diplomacy in the years ahead, with a focus on the role of S&T in the development and implementation of U.S. policies and programs. According to this report, prompt steps by the department's leadership are essential to ensure adequate comprehension of the importance of S&T-related developments throughout the world and to incorporate this understanding within the nation's foreign policy for the 21st century. This report also urges the adoption by the department of a broader whole-of-society approach in carrying out its responsibilities at home and abroad - extending beyond traditional interagency coordination and the narrow band of current external partners to include foundations, universities, research centers, and other groups who are extending their international reach.

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