TABLE S.1 NHTSA’s Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies
Percent Incremental Fuel Consumption Reductions: NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | |||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | |||
Spark Ignition Engine Technologies | Abbreviation | Avg | Avg | Avg | Relative To |
Source: NHTSA RIA | |||||
Low Friction Lubricants - Level 1 | LUB1 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | Baseline |
Engine Friction Reduction - Level 1 | EFR1 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 | Baseline |
Low Friction Lubricants and Engine Friction Reduction - Level 2 | LUB2_EFR2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | Previous Tech |
VVT- Intake Cam Phasing | ICP | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.5 | Baseline for DOHC |
VVT- Dual Cam Phasing | DCP | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.4 | Previous Tech |
Discrete Variable Valve Lift | DVVL | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.4 | Previous Tech |
Continuously Variable Valve Lift | CVVL | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | Previous Tech |
Cylinder Deactivation (V6-DOHC, V8-OHV) | DEACD | NA | 0.7 | 5.5 | Previous Tech |
Variable Valve Actuation (CCP + DVVL) | VVA | NA | NA | 3.2 | Baseline for OHV |
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection | SGDI | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | Previous Tech |
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 1 - 18 bar BMEP 33%DS | TRBDS1 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 7.3 | Previous Tech |
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 2 - 24 bar BMEP 50%DS | TRBDS2 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.4 | Previous Tech |
Cooled EGR Level 1 - 24 bar BMEP, 50% DS | CEGR1 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | Previous Tech |
Cooled EGR Level 2 - 27 bar BMEP, 56% DS | CEGR2 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.2 | Previous Tech |
Diesel Engine Technologies | |||||
Source: EPA/NHTSA TSD | |||||
Advanced Diesel (Ref: Decision Trees) | ADSL | 29.4 | 30.5 | 29.0 | Baseline |
Transmission Technologies | |||||
Source: NHTSA RIA | |||||
Improved Auto. Trans. Controls/Externals (ASL-1 & Early TC Lockup) | IATC | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.9 | Previous Tech |
6-speed Transmission with Improved Internals (Rel to 4 sp AT) | NUATO | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | Previous Tech |
6-speed DCT (Rel to 4 sp AT) (Dry, Wet is 1% Lower) | DCT | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.8 | Previous Tech |
8-speed Transmission (Auto or DCT) | 8SPD | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.3 | Previous Tech |
High Efficiency Gearbox (Auto or DCT) | HETRANS | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.7 | Previous Tech |
Shift Optimizer (ASL-2) | SHFTOPT | 4.1 | 4.3 | 3.9 | Previous Tech |
Secondary Axle Disconnect | SAX | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.6 | Baseline |
Electrified Accessories Technologies | |||||
Source: NHTSA RIA | |||||
Electric Power Steering | EPS | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 | Baseline |
Improved Accessories - Level 1 (70% Eff Alt, Elec. Water Pump and Fan) | IACC1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.6 | Baseline |
Improved Accessories - Level 2 (Mild regen alt strategy, Intelligent cooling) | IACC2 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.2 | Previous Tech |
Percent Incremental Fuel Consumption Reductions: NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | |||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | |||
Hybrid Technologies | Abbreviation | Avg | Avg | Avg | Relative To |
Source: EPA/NHTSA TSD, except as noted | |||||
Stop-Start (12V Micro-Hybrid) (RIA) | MHEV | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.1 | Previous Tech |
Integrated Starter Generator (RIA) | ISG | 6.5 | 6.5 | 3.0 | Previous Tech |
Strong Hybrid - P2 - Level 2 (Parallel 2 Clutch System) | SHEV2-P2 | 33.6 | 34.5 | 30.1 | All SI Technogies |
Strong Hybrid - PS - Level 2 (Power Split System) | SHEV2-PS | 33.0 | 32.0 | 33.0 | Baseline for DOHC |
Plug-in Hybrid - 40 mile range (w/charger & labor) | PHEV40 | 65.1 | 69.5 | 68.5 | Baseline |
Electric Vehicle - 75 miles (w/charger & labor) | EV75 | 87.2 | 87.0 | NA | Baseline |
Electric Vehicle - 100 mile (w/charger & labor) | EV100 | 87.2 | 87.0 | Baseline | |
Electric Vehicle - 150 mile (w/charger & labor) | EV150 | 87.2 | 87.0 | Baseline | |
Vehicle Technologies | |||||
Source: NHTSA RIA | |||||
Mass Reduction Relative to Previous Mass Reductiona | |||||
Mass Reduction - Level 1 (0 - 1.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | Baseline |
Mass Reduction - Level 2 (1.5% - 7.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | Previous MR |
Mass Reduction - Level 3 (7.5% - 10%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | Previous MR |
Mass Reduction - Level 4 (10% - 15%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | Previous MR |
Mass Reduction - Level 5 (15% - 20%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | Previous MR |
Mass Reduction Relative to Baselinea | |||||
0 - 5% Mass Reduction | MR5 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.75 | Baseline |
0 - 10% Mass Reduciton | MR10 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | Baseline |
0 - 15% Mass Reduction | MR15 | 7.65 | 7.65 | 7.65 | Baseline |
0 - 20% Mass Reduction | MR20 | 10.20 | 10.20 | 10.20 | Baseline |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 1 (10% reduction in rolling resistance) | ROLL1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | Baseline |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 2 (20% reduction in rolling resistance) | ROLL2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | Previous Tech |
Low Drag Brakes | LDB | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | Baseline |
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 1 | AERO1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | Baseline |
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 2 | AERO2 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | Previous Tech |
a 3.5% FC reduction for every 10% mass reduction - Under 10%; 5.1% FC reduction for every 10% mass reduction - Over 10%; without engine downsizing.
NOTE: Midsize car: 3500 lbs, large car: 4500 lbs, large light truck: 5500 lbs.
TABLE S.2a NHTSA’s Estimated 2017 Costs of Technologies (2010 dollars)
2017 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | ||||||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | ||||||
Spark Ignition Engine Technologies | Abbreviation | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | Relative To |
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Low Friction Lubricants - Level 1 | LUB1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | Baseline |
Engine Friction Reduction - Level 1 | EFR1 | 48 | 59 | 71 | 89 | 95 | 118 | Baseline |
Low Friction Lubricants and Engine Friction Reduction - Level 2 | LUB2_EFR2 | 51 | 63 | 75 | 92 | 99 | 122 | Previous Tech |
VVT- Intake Cam Phasing | ICP | 37 | 46 | 74 | 93 | 37 | 46 | Baseline |
VVT- Dual Cam Phasing | DCP | 31 | 49 | 72 | 112 | NA | Previous Tech | |
Discrete Variable Valve Lift | DVVL | 116 | 163 | 168 | 236 | 240 | 338 | Previous Tech |
Continuously Variable Valve Lift | CVVL | 58 | 81 | 151 | 212 | 108 | 151 | Previous Tech |
Cylinder Deactivation (V6-DOHC, V8-OHV) | DEACD | NA | 139 | 196 | 157 | 220 | Previous Tech | |
Variable Valve Actuation (CCP + DVVL) | VVA | NA | NA | 296 | 416 | Baseline for OHV | ||
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection | SGDI | 192 | 277 | 290 | 417 | 348 | 501 | Previous Tech |
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 1 - 18 bar BMEP 33%DS | TRBDS1 | 288 | 482 | -129 | 248 | 942 | 1,339 | Previous Tech |
V6 to I4 and V8 to V6 | -455* | -120* | 841* | 1,212* | ||||
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 2 - 24 bar BMEP 50%DS | TRBDS2 | 182 | 262 | 182 | 262 | 308 | 442 | Previous Tech |
I4 to I3 | -92* | 26* | ||||||
Cooled EGR Level 1 - 24 bar BMEP, 50% DS | CEGR1 | 212 | 305 | 212 | 305 | 212 | 305 | Previous Tech |
Cooled EGR Level 2 - 27 bar BMEP, 56% DS | CEGR2 | 364 | 525 | 364 | 525 | 614 | 885 | Previous Tech |
V6 to I4 | -524* | -300* | ||||||
Diesel Engine Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Advanced Diesel | ADSL | 2,059 | 2,965 | 2,522 | 3,631 | 2,886 | 4,145 | Baseline |
Transmission Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Improved Auto. Trans. Controls/Externals (ASL-1 & Early TC Lockup) | IATC | 50 | 63 | 50 | 63 | 50 | 63 | Previous Tech |
6-speed Transmission with Improved Internals (Rel to 4 sp AT) | NUATO | -13 | -9 | -13 | -9 | -13 | -9 | Previous Tech |
6-speed DCT (Rel to 4 sp AT) (Dry, Wet is 1% Lower) | DCT | -146 | -114 | -146 | -114 | -146 | -114 | Previous Tech |
8-speed Transmission (Auto or DCT) | 8SPD | 56 | 80 | 56 | 80 | 56 | 80 | Previous Tech |
High Efficiency Gearbox (Auto or DCT) | HETRANS | 202 | 251 | 202 | 251 | 202 | 251 | Previous Tech |
Shift Optimizer (ASL-2) | SHFTOPT | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | Previous Tech |
Secondary Axle Disconnect | SAX | 78 | 98 | 78 | 98 | 78 | 98 | Baseline |
Electrified Accessories Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Electric Power Steering | EPA | 87 | 109 | 87 | 109 | 87 | 109 | Baseline |
Improved Accessories - Level 1 (70% Eff Alt, Elec. Water Pump and Fan) | IACC1 | 71 | 89 | 71 | 89 | 71 | 89 | Baseline |
Improved Accessories - Level 2 (Mild regen alt strategy, Intelligent cooling) | IACC2 | 43 | 54 | 43 | 54 | 43 | 54 | Previous Tech |
2017 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | ||||||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | ||||||
Hybrid Technologies | Abbreviation | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | Relative To |
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Stop-Start (12V Micro-Hybrid) | SS | 287 | 401 | 325 | 454 | 356 | 498 | Previous Tech |
Integrated Starter Generator | MHEV | 1,087 | 1,634 | 1,087 | 1,634 | 1,087 | 1,634 | Baseline |
Strong Hybrid - P2 - Level 2 (Parallel 2 Clutch System) | SHEV2-P2 | 2,463 | 3,976 | 2,908 | 4,696 | 2,947 | 4,753 | All SI Technogies |
Strong Hybrid - PS - Level 2 (Power Split System) (Ref: Ricardo, 2011) | SHEV2-PS | 3,139 | 4,990 | 3,396 | 5,398 | 5,023 | 8,146 | Baseline for DOHC |
Plug-in Hybrid - 40 mile range (w/charger & labor) | PHEV40 | 13,193 | 19,089 | 17,854 | 26,052 | NA | Baseline | |
Electric Vehicle - 75 miles (w/charger & labor) | EV75 | 14,812 | 21,136 | 19,275 | 27,849 | NA | Baseline | |
Electric Vehicle - 100 mile (w/charger & labor) | EV100 | 16,831 | 24,024 | 21,123 | 30,492 | NA | Baseline | |
Electric Vehicle - 150 mile (w/charger & labor) | EV150 | 22,257 | 31,784 | 26,193 | 37,744 | NA | Baseline | |
Vehicle Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Mass Reduction Relative to Previous Mass Reduction | ||||||||
Mass Reduction - Level 1 (0 - 1.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | Baseline |
Mass Reduction - Level 2 (1.5% - 7.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR2 | 82 | 102 | 105 | 131 | 129 | 160 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction - Level 3 (7.5% - 10%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR3 | 67 | 82 | 86 | 106 | 105 | 130 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction - Level 4 (10% - 15%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR4 | 189 | 263 | 243 | 338 | 297 | 413 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction - Level 5 (15% - 20%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR5 | 264 | 367 | 340 | 472 | 415 | 577 | Previous Tech |
Alternative Format for Comparison to NRC Estimates | ||||||||
0 - 2.5% Mass Reduction | MR2.5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | |
2.5 - 5% Mass Reduction | 34 | 42 | 44 | 54 | 53 | 66 | Previous MR | |
0 - 5% Mass Reduction | MR5 | 38 | 47 | 49 | 60 | 59 | 74 | Baseline |
5 - 10% Mass Reduction | 113 | 140 | 146 | 181 | 178 | 221 | Previous MR | |
0 - 10% Mass Reduction | MR10 | 151 | 187 | 194 | 241 | 237 | 294 | Baseline |
10 - 15% Mass Reduction | 189 | 262 | 243 | 337 | 297 | 412 | Previous MR | |
0 - 15% Mass Reduction | MR15 | 340 | 450 | 437 | 578 | 534 | 707 | Baseline |
15 - 20% Mass Reduction | 264 | 367 | 340 | 472 | 415 | 577 | Previous MR | |
0 - 20% Mass Reduction | MR20 | 604 | 817 | 777 | 1050 | 949 | 1,284 | Baseline |
Mass Reduction Relative to Baseline - Cost per lb. | ||||||||
0 - 1% Mass Reduction | MR1 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | Baseline |
0 - 5% Mass Reduction | MR5 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.27 | Baseline |
0 - 10% Mass Reduction | MR10 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.54 | Baseline |
0 - 15% Mass Reduction | MR15 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 0.65 | 0.86 | Baseline |
0 - 20% Mass Reduction | MR20 | 0.86 | 1.17 | 0.86 | 1.17 | 0.86 | 1.17 | Baseline |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 1 (10% reduction in rolling resistance) | ROLL1 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 7 | Baseline |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 2 (20% reduction in rolling resistance) | ROLL2 | 58 | 66 | 58 | 66 | 58 | 66 | Previous Tech |
Low Drag Brakes | LDB | 59 | 74 | 59 | 74 | 59 | 74 | Baseline |
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 1 | AERO1 | 39 | 49 | 39 | 49 | 39 | 49 | Baseline |
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 2 | AERO2 | 117 | 164 | 117 | 164 | 117 | 164 | Previous Tech |
NOTE: Midsize car: 3500 lbs, large car: 4500 lbs, large light truck: 5500 lbs.
TABLE S.2b NHTSA’s Estimated 2020 Costs of Technologies (2010 dollars)
2020 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | ||||||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | ||||||
Spark Ignition Engine Technologies | Abbreviation | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | Relative To |
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Low Friction Lubricants – Level 1 | LUB1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | Baseline |
Engine Friction Reduction – Level 1 | EFR1 | 48 | 57 | 71 | 85 | 95 | 113 | Baseline |
Low Friction Lubricants and Engine Friction Reduction – Level 2 | LUB2_EFR2 | 51 | 65 | 75 | 96 | 99 | 127 | Previous Tech |
VVT– Intake Cam Phasing | ICP | 35 | 42 | 70 | 84 | 70 | 84 | Baseline |
VVT– Dual Cam Phasing | DCP | 29 | 42 | 67 | 97 | 67 | 97 | Previous Tech |
Discrete Variable Valve Lift | DVVL | 109 | 144 | 158 | 209 | 226 | 298 | Previous Tech |
Continuously Variable Valve Lift | CVVL | 55 | 72 | 142 | 187 | 101 | 134 | Previous Tech |
Cylinder Deactivation (V6–DOHC, V8–OHV) | DEACD | NA | 131 | 173 | 147 | 195 | Previous Tech | |
Variable Valve Actuation (CCP + DVVL) | VVA | NA | NA | 280 | 368 | Baseline for OHV | ||
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection | SGDI | 181 | 244 | 273 | 367 | 328 | 442 | Previous Tech |
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 1 – 18 bar BMEP 33%DS | TRBDS1 | 271 | 415 | –122 | 159 | 877 | 1,172 | Previous Tech |
V6 to I4 and V8 to V6 | –432* | –173* | 779* | 1,065* | ||||
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 2 – 24 bar BMEP 50%DS | TRBDS2 | 172 | 292 | 172 | 251 | 289 | 491 | Previous Tech |
I4 to I3 | –89* | 19* | ||||||
Cooled EGR Level 1 – 24 bar BMEP, 50% DS | CEGR1 | 199 | 292 | 199 | 292 | 199 | 292 | Previous Tech |
Cooled EGR Level 2 – 27 bar BMEP, 56% DS | CEGR2 | 343 | 502 | 343 | 503 | 579 | 847 | Previous Tech |
V6 to I4 | –522* | –305* | ||||||
Diesel Engine Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Advanced Diesel Technologies | ADSL | 1,938 | 2,612 | 2,374 | 3,200 | 2,716 | 3,661 | Baseline |
Transmission Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Improved Auto. Trans. Controls/Externals (ASL–1 & Early TC Lockup) | IATC | 46 | 57 | 46 | 57 | 46 | 57 | Previous Tech |
6–speed Transmission with Improved Internals (Rel to 4 sp AT) | NUATO | –12 | –9 | –12 | –9 | –12 | –9 | Previous Tech |
6–speed DCT (Rel to 4 sp AT) (Dry, Wet is 1% Lower) | DCT | –137 | –89 | –137 | –89 | –137 | –89 | Previous Tech |
8–speed Transmission (Auto or DCT) | 8SPD | 53 | 71 | 53 | 71 | 53 | 71 | Previous Tech |
High Efficiency Gearbox (Auto or DCT) | HETRANS | 184 | 233 | 184 | 233 | 184 | 233 | Previous Tech |
Shift Optimizer (ASL–2) | SHFTOPT | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | Previous Tech |
Secondary Axle Disconnect | SAX | 73 | 89 | 73 | 89 | 73 | 89 | Baseline |
2020 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | ||||||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | ||||||
Electrified Accessories Technologies | Abbreviation | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | Relative To |
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Electric Power Steering | EPA | 82 | 100 | 82 | 100 | 82 | 100 | Baseline |
Improved Accessories – Level 1 (70% Eff Alt, Elec. Water Pump and Fan) | IACC1 | 69 | 81 | 69 | 81 | 69 | 81 | Baseline |
Improved Accessories – Level 2 (Mild regen alt strategy, Intelligent cooling) | IACC2 | 40 | 50 | 40 | 50 | 40 | 50 | Previous Tech |
Hybrid Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Stop–Start (12V Micro–Hybrid) | SS | 261 | 346 | 296 | 392 | 325 | 430 | Previous Tech |
Integrated Starter Generator | MHEV | 1,008 | 1,491 | 1,008 | 1,491 | 1,008 | 1,491 | Baseline |
Strong Hybrid – P2 – Level 2 (Parallel 2 Clutch System) | SHEV2–P2 | 2,295 | 3,394 | 2,410 | 4,008 | 2,744 | 4,068 | All SI Technogies |
Strong Hybrid – PS – Level 2 (Power Split System) | SHEV2–PS | 2,954 | 4,084 | 3,196 | 4,418 | 4,824 | 6,668 | Baseline for DOHC |
Plug–in Hybrid – 40 mile range (w/charger & labor) | PHEV40 | 9,763 | 14,608 | 13,172 | 19,881 | NA | NA | Baseline |
Electric Vehicle – 75 miles (w/charger & labor) | EV75 | 10,189 | 16,175 | 13,310 | 21,446 | NA | NA | Baseline |
Electric Vehicle – 100 mile (w/charger & labor) | EV100 | 11,482 | 18,283 | 14,492 | 23,374 | NA | NA | Baseline |
Electric Vehicle – 150 mile (w/charger & labor) | EV150 | 14,954 | 23,946 | 17,737 | 28,666 | NA | NA | Baseline |
Vehicle Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Mass Reduction Relative to Previous Mass Reduction | ||||||||
Mass Reduction – Level 1 (0 – 1.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | Baseline |
Mass Reduction – Level 2 (1.5% – 7.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR2 | 76 | 90 | 97 | 116 | 119 | 141 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction – Level 3 (7.5% – 10%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR3 | 60 | 72 | 78 | 92 | 95 | 113 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction – Level 4 (10% – 15%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR4 | 173 | 241 | 223 | 310 | 272 | 378 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction – Level 5 (15% – 20%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR5 | 242 | 336 | 311 | 432 | 380 | 528 | Previous Tech |
Alternative Format for Comparison to NRC Estimates | ||||||||
0 – 1% Mass Reduction | MR1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | Baseline |
1 – 5% Mass Reduction | 31 | 37 | 40 | 47 | 49 | 58 | Previous MR | |
0 – 5% Mass Reduction | MR5 | 34 | 41 | 44 | 53 | 54 | 64 | Baseline |
5 – 10% Mass Reduction | 103 | 123 | 133 | 158 | 162 | 193 | Previous MR | |
0 – 10% Mass Reduction | MR10 | 137 | 164 | 177 | 210 | 216 | 257 | Baseline |
10 – 15% Mass Reduction | 172 | 239 | 221 | 307 | 270 | 375 | Previous MR | |
2020 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | ||||||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | ||||||
Abbreviation | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | Relative To | |
0 – 15% Mass Reduction | MR15 | 309 | 402 | 398 | 517 | 486 | 632 | Baseline |
15 – 20% Mass Reduction | 241 | 334 | 309 | 430 | 378 | 525 | Previous MR | |
0 – 20% Mass Reduction | MR20 | 550 | 737 | 707 | 947 | 864 | 1,158 | Baseline |
Mass Reduction Relative to Baseline – Cost per lb. | ||||||||
0 – 1% Mass Reduction | MR1 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
0 – 5% Mass Reduction | MR5 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.23 | Baseline |
0 – 10% Mass Reduction | MR10 | 0.39 | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.47 | Baseline |
0 – 15% Mass Reduction | MR15 | 0.59 | 0.77 | 0.59 | 0.77 | 0.59 | 0.77 | Baseline |
0 – 20% Mass Reduction | MR20 | 0.79 | 1.05 | 0.79 | 1.05 | 0.79 | 1.05 | Baseline |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires – Level 1 (10% reduction in rolling resistance) | ROLL1 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | Baseline |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires – Level 2 (20% reduction in rolling resistance) | ROLL2 | 46 | 54 | 46 | 54 | 46 | 54 | Previous Tech |
Low Drag Brakes | LDB | 59 | 71 | 59 | 71 | 59 | 71 | Baseline |
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction – Level 1 | AERO1 | 37 | 45 | 37 | 45 | 37 | 45 | Baseline |
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction – Level 2 | AERO2 | 110 | 157 | 110 | 157 | 110 | 157 | Previous Tech |
NOTE: Midsize car: 3500 lbs, large car: 4500 lbs, large light truck: 5500 lbs.
TABLE S.2c NHTSA’s Estimated 2025 Costs of Technologies (2010 dollars)
2025 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | ||||||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | ||||||
Spark Ignition Engine Technologies | Abbreviation | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | Relative To |
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Low Friction Lubricants - Level 1 | LUB1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | Baseline |
Engine Friction Reduction - Level 1 | EFR1 | 48 | 57 | 71 | 85 | 95 | 113 | Baseline |
Low Friction Lubricants and Engine Friction Reduction - Level 2 | LUB2_EFR2 | 51 | 60 | 75 | 89 | 99 | 117 | Previous Tech |
VVT- Intake Cam Phasing | ICP | 31 | 39 | 63 | 78 | 63 | 78 | Baseline |
VVT- Dual Cam Phasing | DCP | 27 | 39 | 61 | 90 | 61 | 90 | Previous Tech |
Discrete Variable Valve Lift | DVVL | 99 | 133 | 143 | 193 | 204 | 276 | Previous Tech |
Continuously Variable Valve Lift | CVVL | 49 | 67 | 128 | 174 | 92 | 124 | Previous Tech |
Cylinder Deactivation (V6-DOHC, V8-OHV) | DEACD | NA | 118 | 160 | 133 | 180 | Previous Tech | |
Variable Valve Actuation (CCP + DVVL) | VVA | NA | NA | 248 | 336 | Baseline for OHV | ||
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection | SGDI | 164 | 226 | 246 | 340 | 296 | 409 | Previous Tech |
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 1 - 18 bar BMEP 33%DS | TRBDS1 | 245 | 388 | –110 | 168 | 788 | 1,080 | Previous Tech |
V6 to I4 and V8 to V6 | –396* | –142* | 700* | 983* | ||||
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 2 - 24 bar BMEP 50%DS | TRBDS2 | 155 | 214 | 155 | 214 | 261 | 361 | Previous Tech |
I4 to I3 | –82* | 5* | ||||||
Cooled EGR Level 1 - 24 bar BMEP, 50% DS | CEGR1 | 180 | 249 | 180 | 249 | 180 | 249 | Previous Tech |
Cooled EGR Level 2 - 27 bar BMEP, 56% DS | CEGR2 | 310 | 429 | 310 | 428 | 523 | 722 | Previous Tech |
V6 to I4 | –453* | -289* | ||||||
Diesel Engine Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Advanced Diesel | ADSL | 1,752 | 2,420 | 2,146 | 2,954 | 2,455 | 3,392 | Baseline |
Transmission Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Improved Auto. Trans. Controls/Externals (ASL-1 & Early TC Lockup) | IATC | 42 | 52 | 42 | 52 | 42 | 52 | Previous Tech |
6-speed Transmission with Improved Internals (Rel to 4 sp AT) | NUATO | –11 | –8 | –11 | –8 | –11 | -8 | Previous Tech |
6-speed DCT (Rel to 4 sp AT) (Dry, Wet is 1% Lower) | DCT | –124 | –77 | –124 | –77 | –124 | -77 | Previous Tech |
8-speed Transmission (Auto or DCT) | 8SPD | 47 | 66 | 47 | 66 | 47 | 66 | Previous Tech |
High Efficiency Gearbox (Auto or DCT) | HETRANS | 163 | 202 | 163 | 202 | 163 | 202 | Previous Tech |
Shift Optimizer (ASL-2) | SHFTOPT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Previous Tech |
Secondary Axle Disconnect | SAX | 66 | 82 | 66 | 82 | 66 | 82 | Baseline |
2025 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | ||||||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | ||||||
Electrified Accessories Technologies | Abbreviation | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | Relative To |
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Electric Power Steering | EPA | 74 | 92 | 74 | 92 | 74 | 92 | Baseline |
Improved Accessories - Level 1 (70% Eff Alt, Elec. Water Pump and Fan) | IACC1 | 64 | 75 | 64 | 75 | 64 | 75 | Baseline |
Improved Accessories - Level 2 (Mild regen alt strategy, Intelligent cooling) | IACC2 | 37 | 45 | 37 | 45 | 37 | 45 | Previous Tech |
Hybrid Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Stop-Start (12V Micro-Hybrid) | SS | 225 | 308 | 255 | 349 | 279 | 383 | Previous Tech |
Integrated Starter Generator | MHEV | 888 | 1,249 | 888 | 1,249 | 888 | 1,249 | Baseline |
Strong Hybrid - P2 - Level 2 (Parallel 2 Clutch System) | SHEV2-P2 | 2041 | 2,957 | 2,410 | 3,492 | 2,438 | 3,531 | All SI Technogies |
Strong Hybrid - PS - Level 2 (Power Split System) | SHEV2-PS | 2671 | 3,791 | 2,889 | 4,101 | 4,360 | 6,190 | Baseline for DOHC |
Plug-in Hybrid - 40 mile range (w/charger & labor) | PHEV40 | 8325 | 11,826 | 11,189 | 16,066 | NA | Baseline | |
Electric Vehicle - 75 miles (w/charger & labor) | EV75 | 8451 | 12,226 | 11,025 | 16,159 | NA | Baseline | |
Electric Vehicle - 100 mile (w/charger & labor) | EV100 | 9486 | 13,774 | 11,971 | 17,575 | NA | Baseline | |
Electric Vehicle - 150 mile (w/charger & labor) | EV150 | 12264 | 17,931 | 14,567 | 21,460 | NA | Baseline | |
Vehicle Technologies | ||||||||
Defined by EPA and NHTSA | ||||||||
Mass Reduction Relative to Previous Mass Reduction | ||||||||
Mass Reduction - Level 1 (0 - 1.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | Baseline |
Mass Reduction - Level 2 (1.5% - 7.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR2 | 67 | 80 | 86 | 103 | 106 | 126 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction - Level 3 (7.5% - 10%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR3 | 53 | 64 | 69 | 82 | 84 | 100 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction - Level 4 (10% - 15%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR4 | 152 | 196 | 196 | 253 | 239 | 309 | Previous Tech |
Mass Reduction - Level 5 (15% - 20%) (Subcompact to Large LT) | MR5 | 214 | 275 | 275 | 354 | 336 | 433 | Previous Tech |
Alternative Format for Comparison to NRC Estimates | ||||||||
0 - 1% Mass Reduction | MR1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | |
1 - 5% Mass Reduction | 28 | 33 | 35 | 42 | 43 | 51 | Previous MR | |
0 - 5% Mass Reduction | MR5 | 31 | 36 | 39 | 47 | 48 | 57 | Baseline |
5 - 10% Mass Reduction | 92 | 109 | 118 | 140 | 144 | 172 | Previous MR | |
0 - 10% Mass Reduction | MR10 | 122 | 146 | 157 | 187 | 192 | 229 | Baseline |
10 - 15% Mass Reduction | 153 | 197 | 197 | 254 | 240 | 310 | Previous MR | |
2025 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees) | ||||||||
Midsize Car I4 DOHC | Large Car V6 DOHC | Large Light Truck V8 OHV | ||||||
Abbreviation | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | DMC | TC | Relative To | |
0 - 15% Mass Reduction | MR15 | 275 | 343 | 354 | 441 | 433 | 539 | Baseline |
15 - 20% Mass Reduction | 214 | 276 | 275 | 355 | 336 | 434 | Previous MR | |
0 - 20% Mass Reduction | MR20 | 489 | 619 | 629 | 796 | 769 | 973 | Baseline |
Mass Reduction Relative to Baseline - Cost per lb. | ||||||||
0 - 1% Mass Reduction | MR1 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | Baseline |
0 - 5% Mass Reduction | MR5 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.21 | Baseline |
0 - 10% Mass Reduction | MR10 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.42 | Baseline |
0 - 15% Mass Reduction | MR15 | 0.52 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.65 | Baseline |
0 - 20% Mass Reduction | MR20 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 0.70 | 0.88 | Baseline |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 1 (10% reduction in rolling resistance) | ROLL1 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | Baseline |
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 2 (20% reduction in rolling resistance) | ROLL2 | 31 | 38 | 31 | 38 | 31 | 38 | Previous Tech |
Low Drag Brakes | LDB | 59 | 71 | 59 | 71 | 59 | 71 | Baseline |
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 1 | AERO1 | 33 | 41 | 33 | 41 | 33 | 41 | Baseline |
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 2 | AERO2 | 100 | 135 | 100 | 135 | 100 | 135 | Previous Tech |
NOTE: Midsize car: 3500 lbs, large car: 4500 lbs, large light truck: 5500 lbs.