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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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GLOBAL HEALTH IMPACTS
OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES

WORKSHOP SUMMARY

Alison Mack, Rapporteur

Forum on Microbial Threats

Board on Global Health

Health and Medicine Division

Images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, DC

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

Financial support for this activity was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; American Society for Microbiology; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Johnson & Johnson; MedImmune, Merck Company Foundation; Sanofi Pasteur; Skoll Global Threats Fund; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; U.S. Department of Defense: Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, and Medical Research and Materiel Command; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Food and Drug Administration; U.S. Department of Homeland Security; U.S. Agency for International Development; U.S. Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation; and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations presented in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organizations or agency that provided support for this activity.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-37759-1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-37759-5
Digital Object Identifier: 10.17226/21792

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Copyright 2016 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Cover Credit: The cover image shows land surface temperature (LST) anomalies for regions that experienced extreme droughts (hot and dry: red) and floods (cool and wet: blue) during the 2010-2012 period overlaid on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) shaded terrain model. Source: Data processing, analysis and interpretation: Jennifer Small, Assaf Anyamba. This image was provided by Dr. Assaf Anyamba of the Universities Space Research Association and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, GIMMS Group.

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
×

Image

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president.

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Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
×

PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES1

PETER DASZAK, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York

JACQUELINE FLETCHER, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma

JAMES M. HUGHES, Global Infectious Diseases Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

RIMA KHABBAZ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

LONNIE J. KING, The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio

MARY E. WILSON, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts

___________________

1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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FORUM ON MICROBIAL THREATS1

DAVID A. RELMAN (Chair), Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California

JAMES M. HUGHES (Vice Chair), Global Infectious Diseases Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

LONNIE J. KING (Vice Chair), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

KEVIN ANDERSON, Biological and Chemical Defense Division, Science and Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC

ENRIQUETA C. BOND, Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Emeritus), QE Philanthropic Advisors, Marshall, Virginia

LUCIANA BORIO, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland

ROGER G. BREEZE, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California

ARTURO CASADEVALL, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

ANDREW CLEMENTS, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC

PETER DASZAK, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York

JEFFREY S. DUCHIN, Public Health–Seattle and King County, Seattle, Washington

MARK B. FEINBERG, Merck Vaccine Division, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania

JACQUELINE FLETCHER, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma

CLAIRE FRASER, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

JESSE L. GOODMAN, Georgetown University, Washington, DC

EDUARDO GOTUZZO, Instituto de Medicina Tropical–Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruaña Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

CAROLE A. HEILMAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

DAVID L. HEYMANN, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

PHILIP HOSBACH, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania

STEPHEN ALBERT JOHNSTON, Arizona BioDesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

GERALD T. KEUSCH, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

RIMA F. KHABBAZ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

___________________

1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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MARK KORTEPETER, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland

STANLEY M. LEMON, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina

MARGARET MCFALL-NGAI, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Wisconsin

EDWARD MCSWEEGAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

PAULA J. OLSIEWSKI, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, New York, New York

STEPHEN OSTROFF,2 Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland

JULIE PAVLIN,3 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland

GEORGE POSTE, Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona

DAVID RIZZO, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis

GARY A. ROSELLE, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, Ohio

KEVIN RUSSELL,4 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland

JANET SHOEMAKER, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC

JAY P. SIEGEL, Johnson & Johnson, Radnor, Pennsylvania

MARY E. WILSON, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts

EDWARD H. YOU, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC

HMD Staff

EILEEN CHOFFNES, Scholar and Forum Director (until November 2015)

GURU MADHAVAN, Acting Forum Director (until May 2016)

V. AYANO OGAWA, Associate Program Officer (from November 2015)

DAVID GARRISON, Senior Program Assistant (from January 2016)

KATHERINE MCCLURE, Associate Program Officer (until July 2015)

REBEKAH HUTTON, Research Associate (until July 2015)

PRIYANKA NALAMADA, Senior Program Assistant (until March 2015)

JOANNA ROBERTS, Senior Program Assistant (until July 2015)

CARMEN MUNDACA-SHAH, Forum Director (from May 2016)

PATRICK KELLEY, Director, Board on Global Health (until August 2016)

___________________

2 Until March 2015.

3 Until April 2015.

4 Until April 2015.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Reviewers

This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published workshop summary as sound as possible and to ensure that the workshop summary meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this workshop summary:

Jacqueline Fletcher, Oklahoma State University

Rima Khabbaz, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Dirk Pfeiffer, The Royal Veterinary College

David Rizzo, University of California, Davis

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the workshop summary before its release. The review of this workshop summary was overseen by Melvin Worth. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this workshop summary was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this workshop summary rests entirely with the rapporteur and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Preface

The Forum on Emerging Infections was created in 1996 in response to a request from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health. The purpose of the forum is to provide structured opportunities for leaders from government, academia, and industry to regularly meet and examine issues of shared concern regarding research, prevention, detection, and management of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases in humans, plants, and animals. In pursuing this task, the forum provides a venue to foster the exchange of information and ideas, identify areas in need of greater attention, clarify policy issues by enhancing knowledge and identifying points of agreement, and inform decision makers about science and policy issues. The forum seeks to illuminate issues rather than resolve them. For this reason, it does not provide advice or recommendations on any specific policy initiative pending before any agency or organization. Its value derives instead from the diversity of its membership and from the contributions that individual members make throughout the activities of the forum. In September 2003, the forum changed its name to the Forum on Microbial Threats.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Acknowledgments

The Forum on Microbial Threats wishes to express its sincere appreciation to the individuals and organizations who contributed their valuable time to provide information and advice to the forum. Their participation in the planning and execution of this workshop made it greater than the sum of its parts. A full list of presenters, and their biographical information, may be found in Appendix E.

The forum gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the members of the planning committee. We would also like to thank the following Academies staff—past and present—and consultants for their invaluable contributions to this activity: Clyde Behney, Chelsea Frakes, Greta Gorman, Faye Hillman, Alison Mack, Khaki McClure, and Bettina Ritter, among others.

Finally, the forum wishes to recognize and profusely thank the sponsors (see page ii) that supported this activity and made it possible.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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WO-11 ELC funding support for West Nile virus surveillance and number of people with West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, 2000–2012

WO-12 Summary correlation map between monthly NINO3.4 SST and rainfall anomalies, 1979–2008

WO-13 Global sea surface temperature anomalies for April 2015 expressed in degrees Celsius with respect to the 1982–2014 base mean period

WO-14 Potential El Niño regional teleconnections with patterns of vector-borne disease, rodent-borne disease, water-borne disease, and environment-linked respiratory illness patterns

WO-15 Anthropogenic processes that facilitate the introduction and establishment of novel pathogens and increase their transmission

WO-16 Influence of temperature fluctuation on larval development and survival of Anopheles stephensi

WO-17 Vector density, herd immunity, and dengue transmission

WO-18 Aedes aegypti feeding on a human

WO-19 Classifying genetic control strategies

WO-20 Vaccines against vector-borne diseases with potential for introduction and spread into the United States

WO-21 Chikungunya vaccine competitive landscape, 2014

A3-1 Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome in Mexico

A3-2 Breeding structure of Aedes aegypti in Mexico and the United States

A3-3 Infection rates of Aedes aegypti populations after per os challenge with DENV-2 JAM 1409 virus

A3-4 Dengue 2 American-Asian genotype viruses disseminate in Aedes aegypti much more efficiently than an American genotype virus

A3-5 DENV-2 American and American-Asian genotype viruses differ in 3’UTR sequences

A3-6 Percentages of tested pools of Ae. aegypti females with dengue virus RNA from different environments in Mérida schools during 2008 and 2009

A3-7 Model of dengue epidemiology in Mexico—intradomiciliary and extradomiciliary transmission cycles

A3-8 Voltage-gated sodium channel kdr alleles in Aedes aegypti

A3-9 Recent rapid rise of a permethrin kdr allele in Aedes aegypti in Mexico

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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A5-1 Temporal patterns of select vector-borne disease emergence

A5-2 Scaled number of zoonotic EID events

A5-3 Basic reproduction number (R0) for Schmallenberg virus in (a) cattle and (b) sheep, indicating a temperature-dependent relationship

A5-4 Changes in WNV surveillance as of 2013 reported by 50 states and 6 county or city CDC-funded jurisdictions

A5-5 Nonhuman (avian, sentinel, and veterinary) reported WNV infections for 2003 and 2014

A5-6 Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) seroprevalence in dogs 2001–2007 and 2010–2012

A5-7 Annual costs per head of different tick-borne diseases in cattle systems

A6-1 Temporal patterns of reported cases for selected introduced vector-borne pathogens and endemic or long-established diseases

A6-2 The global aviation network

A6-3 Interactions between economic status and disease risk

A6-4 Seasonal patterns of tick-borne encephalitis cases and abundance of questing nymphal ticks (Ixodes ricinus)

A7-1 Land surface temperature (LST) anomaly extremes composites for June, July, and August 2010–2012 for various regions associated with vector-borne diseases including West Nile virus disease [WNV] (USA), Rift Valley fever [RVF] (Southern Africa), dengue (East Africa), Murray Valley encephalitis [MVE], Kunjin, malaria (Australia), and environment-linked respiratory illnesses (Russia)

A7-2 Summary map showing the correlation between monthly NINO3.4 sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and rainfall anomalies (1979 to 2008)

A7-3 Cumulative daily rainfall profiles for periods of Rift Valley fever activity for selected outbreak sites in Africa

A7-4 A-Left: Cumulative rainfall anomalies associated with Rift Valley fever outbreaks for East Africa (September 2006–December 2006), Sudan (June 2007–September 2007), Southern Africa (October 2007–April 2008, October 2008–April 2009, October 2009–April 2010, October 2010–April 2011), and Madagascar (October 2007–November 2008); B-Right: Corresponding map depicting location of RVF case reports from 2006 to 2011

A7-5 Distribution of chikungunya outbreaks (2004–2010) in relation to human population density

A7-6 Frequency distributions of chikungunya outbreak events and 4-month cumulative temperature anomalies for East Africa (A), Central Africa (B), South Asia (C), and Southeast Asia (D)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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A7-7 Frequency distributions of chikungunya outbreak events and 4-month cumulative precipitation anomalies in East Africa (A), Central Africa (B), South Asia (C), and Southeast Asia (D)

A7-8 Global distribution of epidemics/epizootics of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks during 2010–2012 associated with weather extremes, showing the outbreak locations of West Nile virus disease (United States, 2012), dengue (East Africa, 2011), Rift Valley fever (Southern Africa, 2011), and Murray Valley encephalitis (Australia, 2011)

A7-9 Distribution of land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during periods of disease outbreaks in selected regions

A7-10 Potential El Niño regional teleconnections with patterns of vector-borne disease, rodent-borne disease, water-borne disease, and environment-linked respiratory illness patterns

A8-1 Reported cases of spotted fever group rickettsioses (including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis, and 364D rickettsiosis), ehrlichioses (including Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Ehrlichia muris-like ehrlichioses), and anaplasmosis in the United States, 2000–2013

A8-2 Reported cases of Lyme disease in the United States, 2000–2013

A8-3 Reported cases of Powassan virus disease in the United States, 2000–2013

A8-4 Reported cases of laboratory-confirmed Brazilian spotted fever in São Paulo State, Brazil, 1985–2012

A8-5 A. Electron photomicrograph of Heartland virus in cell culture. B. Immunohistochemical staining of Heartland virus antigens in the spleen of a patient who died in 2004

A8-6 Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete identified by using Warthin-Starry silver impregnation technique in heart tissue of a patient with sudden cardiac death

A9-1 Two general patterns of mosquito-borne arboviral disease transmission

A9-2 Average West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence, by county, 1999–2014

A9-3 West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence, by year, 1999–2013, United States

A9-4 Incidence of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis (Eh/An), Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), and babesia, 2004–2013, United States

A9-5 Reported cases of Lyme disease, 1996–2013

A9-6 Distributions of key tick-borne diseases, 2013

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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A9-7 Cases of Lyme disease in 1996 and 2013

A10-1 Phylogenetic tree of selected DENV-2 strains, using complete E gene sequences, and representatives of the other three serotypes to root the tree

A10-2 DENV infectivity and output in human dendritic cells

A10-3 Predicted folding patterns of the 3’UTR of DENV-2 viruses representing each of the four genotypes, shown in order of complexity, with many pseudoknots predicted for the first two

A10-4 Preparation of humanized mice, using umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells (CB-hu-mice), and methods of infection with DENV

A10-5 Comparison of viremia levels in humanized mice (CB-hu-mice) infected by inoculation of approximately six logs PFU of eight different viruses, representing the four genotypes of DENV-2

A10-6 Comparison of viremias (measured by RNA equivalents in serum, by quantitative RT-PCR) in CB-hu-mice infected with DENV-2, strain K0049, by each of two routes

A10-7 Vectorial capacity of field-collected (McAllen, Texas) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for viruses belonging to the SE Asian genotype and American genotype of DENV-2

A10-8 Chikungunya virion and glycoprotein structures, including sites of purported biological activities

A10-9 Preparation of humanized mice, using fetal tissues and hematopoietic stem cells (BLT-hu-mice: bone marrow, liver, and thymus), and methods of infection with DENV or CHIKV

A11-1 Number of observed infectious disease threat events (IDTEs) in relation to number of drivers for each IDTE group, Europe, 2008-2013

A11-2 European Environment and Epidemiology (E3) Network

A11-3 E3 geoportal of the European Environment and Epidemiology (E3) Network

A11-4 European Environment and Epidemiology (E3) Network

A11-5 Areas latently hospitable and environmentally permissive for persistent malaria transmission, Greece, 2009–2012

A11-6 Distribution of WNF cases by affected areas, European region and Mediterranean basin

A11-7 Map of predicted probability of WNV infection based on environmental predictors, Europe and neighbouring countries, 2012 and 2013

A11-8 Country-level destination of international air travellers from dengue-affected areas, by month, 2010

Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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A11-9 Airport-level final destination of international travellers from dengue-affected areas by quarter for 2010, overlaid with the presence of Ae. albopictus, 2010

A12-1 The transmission cycle for insect-borne plant viruses

A12-2 Viruses localize to different sites in the plant-feeding insect vector depending on their modes of transmission

TABLES

A3-1 Aedes aegypti—Behavioral and Biological Factors Contributing to the Extraordinary Vectorial Capacity for Arboviruses

A3-2 Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus Females in Dengue Patient Homes

A3-3 The Critical Epidemiological Need to Control Aedes aegypti in the Indoor Environment

A3-4 Proper Usage of Insecticide-Treated Curtains Reduces the Number of DENV-Infected Aedes aegypti Females Detected in Homes

A3-5 Homes with Insecticide-Treated Curtains Experience Fewer Multiple Human DENV Infections (Reduced Intradomiciliary Transmission) Than Homes with Nontreated Curtains

A3-6 Temporal Increase in kdr in Aedes aegypti in Mérida City

A3-7 Consumer Usage of Mosquito Control Products in Homes

A5-1 Vector-Borne NIAID Priority Pathogens

A6-1 Important Pathogen Threats for Introduction into New Regions and Range Extensions within Endemic Regions, and Probable Sources and Pathways for Introduction

A7-1 Total Season Rainfall, Long-Term Means, and Anomalies for Selected Periods from 2006 to 2011 Extracted from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project

A8-1 Tick-Borne Pathogens Affecting Humans in the Western Hemisphere

A8-2 Comparison of Selected Signs and Symptoms Reported for Patients with Laboratory-Confirmed Brazilian Spotted Fever in the States of São Paulo and Santa Catarina, Brazil, During 2003–2006

A8-3 Candidate Tick-Borne Pathogens in the Western Hemisphere

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21792.
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Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases – including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague – together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans.

Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future.

In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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