Appendix J

Dietary Reference Intake Values and Nutrients and Foods Analyzed

TABLE J-1a Dietary Reference Intakes Used for Assessing Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Subgroups

NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake, used when necessary, followed by an asterisk (*); EAR = Estimated Average Requirement, used when available; NA = Not Applicable; ND = not determined due to lack of data; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

The UL for magnesium represents intake from pharmacological agents only and does not include intake from food.

The AIs for calcium for infants are based on the calcium content of human milk. The UL values for phosphorous and sodium in this table were corrected to mg units from the values in the originally posted prepublication, which were in g units.

DATA SOURCES for Tables J-1a to J-1c are listed after Table J-1c.

TABLE J-1b Dietary Reference Intakes Used for Assessing Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Subgroups

NOTES: AI = Adequate Intake, used when necessary, followed by an asterisk (*); EAR = Estimated Average Requirement, used when available; NA = Not Applicable; ND = not determined due to lack of data; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

The UL for vitamin A refers to preformed vitamin A only.

The UL for vitamin E applies to synthetic forms obtained from dietary supplements, and fortified foods, not from vitamin E naturally occurring in foods.

DATA SOURCES for Tables J-1a to J-1c are listed after Table J-1c.

TABLE J-1c Macronutrient Intake Recommendations for WIC-Eligible Subgroups

NOTES: AMDR = Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range; EAR = Estimated Average Requirement.

^a Units are % of kcal except where noted.

^b Adequate intake (AI).

DATA SOURCES for Tables J-1a to J-1c: Nutrients of concern are as presented in the Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (USDA/HHS, 2015). Dietary Reference Intake values are from Institute of Medicine reports (IOM, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002/2005, 2005, 2011).

TABLE J-2 Nutrients Selected for Intake Analysis

Nutrients Available in WWEIA	Include in Analyses	Rationale for Exclusion in Current Report
Food energy (kcal)
Protein (g)
Carbohydrate (g)
Fat, total (g)
Dietary fiber, total (g)
Saturated fatty acids, total (g)
Monounsaturated fatty acids, total (g)		No DRI
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, total (g)		No DRI
Cholesterol (mg)		No DRI or DGAC recommendation
Linoleic 18:2 (g)		Used USDA food pattern “oils” as a proxy
Linolenic 18:3 (g)		Used USDA food pattern “oils” as a proxy
EPA 20:5 (g)		No DRI, seafood intake as proxy
DHA 22:6 (g)		No DRI, seafood intake as proxy
Vitamin A as RAE (μg)
Retinol (μg)
Vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol (mg)
Added vitamin E (mg)
Vitamin D (D2 + D3)(μg)		Only infants 0 to less than 12 months
Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy
Vitamin K as phylloquinone (μg)		Inadequacy is extremely rare
Vitamin C (mg)
Thiamin (mg)
Riboflavin (mg)
Niacin (mg)
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Folate as DFE (μg)
Folic acid (μg)
Vitamin B12 (μg)

Nutrients Available in WWEIA	Include in Analyses	Rationale for Exclusion in Current Report
Calcium (mg)
Iron (mg)
Magnesium (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
Potassium (mg)
Sodium (mg)
Zinc (mg)
Copper (mg)
Selenium (μg)
Choline (mg)

NOTES: DGAC = Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee; DRI = Dietary Reference Intake; WWEIA = What We Eat in America.

TABLE J-3 Food Groups for Analyses Based on Food Pattern Components in FPID and FPED

NOTES: FPED = Food Patterns Equivalents Database; FPID = Food Patterns Ingredients Database.

SOURCE: USDA/ARS, 2014.

REFERENCES

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1998. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2002/2005. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2005. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2011. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

USDA/ARS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service). 2014. Food patterns equivalents database 2011–2012: Methodology and user guide. Beltsville, MD: USDA/ARS. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/fped/FPED_1112.pdf (accessed August 31, 2015).

USDA/HHS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2015. The report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015, to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: USDA/HHS. http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/PDFs/Scientific-Report-of-the-2015-DietaryGuidelines-Advisory-Committee.pdf (accessed May 24, 2015).

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