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Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report (2016)

Chapter: Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

Appendix P

Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations

DEFINITIONS FOR TABLE SUBGROUPS

Subgroup definitions are as follows:

  1. WIC = All individuals reporting participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) regardless of income level.
  2. Eligible Non-WIC = Low-income individuals who did not report participation in WIC.
  3. All Low-Income = All individuals at less than or equal to 185 percent of poverty. At the time of analysis, the WIC indicator was not available for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012. Thus, the “All Low-Income 2011–2012” group serves as a proxy for current intakes of this population.

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE P-1 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

TABLE P-2 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-3 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-4 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-5 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-6 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-7 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

TABLE P-8 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-9 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-10 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

TABLE P-11 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-12 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-13 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

TABLE P-14 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-15 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-16 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

TABLE P-17 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50: Years WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-18 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-19 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

TABLE P-20 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-21 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-22 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

TABLE P-23 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-24 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

TABLE P-25 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-1 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 725 (120) 851 (90.4) 1,000 (76.4) 1,012 (39.4)
Copper (mg/d) 0.9 (0.11) 1.0 (0.09) 1.2 (0.08) 1.2 (0.05)
Iron (mg/d) 11.9 (1.73) 14.0 (1.45) 16.8 (1.38) 17.5 (0.83)
Magnesium (mg/d) 212 (22.8) 244 (19.2) 287 (18.7) 299 (13.28)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 986 (127) 1,137 (99.5) 1,326 (87.9) 1,350 (51.46)
Selenium (μg/d) 88 (11.3) 100 (9.39) 116 (8.93) 120 (4.82)
Zinc (mg/d) 8.3 (1.13) 9.5 (0.87) 10.9 (0.76) 11.0 (0.38)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,864 (221) 2,153 (171) 2,505 (147) 2,544 (94.9)
Sodium (mg/d) 2,514 (365) 2,972 (295) 3,564 (267) 3,676 (169.1)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 360 (77.3) 455 (59.9) 572 (51.0) 585 (31.17)
Retinol (μg/d) 278 (65.1) 355 (50.5) 451 (43.6) 461 (25.5)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 5.3 (1.12) 6.7 (0.92) 8.5 (0.85) 8.8 (0.51)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 45 (15.9) 65 (13.9) 93 (13.4) 99 (8.0)
Thiamin (mg/d) 1.3 (0.17) 1.5 (0.13) 1.7 (0.11) 1.7 (0.06)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.5 (0.20) 1.7 (0.15) 2.0 (0.13) 2.0 (0.07)
Niacin (mg/d) 20.1 (2.40) 22.7 (1.98) 26.2 (1.87) 26.9 (1.01)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 1.5 (0.22) 1.7 (0.18) 2.0 (0.17) 2.1 (0.09)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 516 (96.9) 594 (76.9) 692 (68.8) 706 (27.0)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 3.4 (0.70) 4.1 (0.57) 5.0 (0.53) 5.1 (0.26)
Choline (mg/d) 213 (34.1) 254 (24.8) 301 (19.7) 302 (12.0)

NOTES: N = 34. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). All women were pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum. For % inadequate calculations, the approach of the Institute of Medicine (2000) was applied in which, when combining groups with different EARs, intakes in one of the groups are rescaled so they can be compared to the EAR of the other group. One value indicates that the EAR is the same across groups.

See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI*
(NPNL/P/BF)
% Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,160 (104) 1,313 (154) 800 18.0 (19.88) 2,500 0
1.4 (0.12) 1.6 (0.20) 0.7/0.8/1.0 7.2 (14.23) 10 0
20.2 (2.15) 23.9 (3.63) 8.1/22.0/6.5 38.5 (12.09) 45 13.3 (14.16)
341 (30.2) 401 (52.4) 255/290/255 46.7 (10.29) 350
1,537 (125) 1,747 (195) 580 0 3,500 0
136 (13.8) 157 (23.1) 45/49/59 0 400 0
12.4 (1.05) 14.0 (1.61) 6.8/9.5/10.4 28.8 (19.98) 40 0
2,893 (207) 3,273 (319) 4,700/4,700/5,100* ND
4,258 (404) 4,981 (665) 1,500* 2,300 94.5 (10.3)
701 (72.1) 825 (111) 500/550/900 59.8 (12.01)
556 (61.1) 658 (93.1) 3,000 0
10.6 (1.27) 12.8 (2.06) 12/12/16 88.4 (14.46) 1,000 0
127 (20.6) 162 (33.8) 60/70/100 35.5 (13.44) 2,000 0
1.9 (0.16) 2.2 (0.24) 0.9/1.2/1.2 5.4 (13.43) ND
2.3 (0.18) 2.6 (0.28) 0.9/1.2/1.2 1.7 (6.39) ND
30.3 (2.86) 34.8 (4.75) 11/14/13 0.1 (0.54) 35 11.2 (18.17)
2.4 (0.25) 2.8 (0.40) 1.1/1.6/1.7 18.9 (18.17) 100 0
803 (99.0) 915 (155) 320/520/450 15.1 (21.09) 1,000 0
6.1 (0.78) 7.1 (1.26) 2.0/2.2/2.4 0.6 (3.86) ND
349 (26.1) 393 (38.2) 425/450/550 3,500 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-2 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 576 (44.0) 744 (36.8) 965 (34.3) 1,005 (22.4)
Copper (mg/d) 0.7 (0.04) 0.9 (0.03) 1.1 (0.03) 1.1 (0.02)
Iron (mg/d) 9.0 (0.61) 11.3 (0.49) 14.4 (0.48) 15.5 (0.38)
Magnesium (mg/d) 156 (9.57) 196 (8.02) 248 (7.60) 260 (5.52)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 815 (50.2) 1,004 (38.9) 1,237 (34.5) 1,272 (23.69)
Selenium (μg/d) 71 (4.21) 84 (3.35) 101 (3.00) 103 (1.66)
Zinc (mg/d) 6.8 (0.46) 8.5 (0.38) 10.7 (0.35) 11.1 (0.22)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,426 (95.3) 1,811 (78.7) 2,312 (72.7) 2,402 (50.89)
Sodium (mg/d) 2,200 (128) 2,625 (99.1) 3,140 (86.7) 3,197 (50.53)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 293 (27.7) 396 (24.0) 536 (23.4) 570 (14.97)
Retinol (μg/d) 219 (23.2) 307 (20.1) 427 (19.5) 453 (12.4)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 3.5 (0.25) 4.6 (0.22) 5.9 (0.22) 6.3 (0.15)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 36 (5.06) 56 (5.31) 89 (6.15) 102 (3.80)
Thiamin (mg/d) 1.0 (0.06) 1.2 (0.05) 1.5 (0.05) 1.6 (0.03)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.3 (0.09) 1.6 (0.07) 2.0 (0.06) 2.1 (0.04)
Niacin (mg/d) 14.1 (0.81) 17.1 (0.64) 20.9 (0.62) 21.7 (0.40)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 1.0 (0.08) 1.3 (0.06) 1.8 (0.06) 1.9 (0.05)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 314 (23.5) 396 (19.9) 508 (20.3) 541 (12.53)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 2.7 (0.25) 3.6 (0.23) 5.0 (0.27) 5.7 (0.19)
Choline (mg/d) 191 (11.6) 229 (9.36) 279 (9.06) 290 (5.25)

NOTES: N = 260. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). All women were pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum. For % inadequate calculations, the approach of the Institute of Medicine (2000) was applied in which, when combining groups with different EARs, intakes in one of the groups are rescaled so they can be compared to the EAR of the other group. One value indicates that the EAR is the same across groups.

See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI* (NPNL/P/BF) % Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,222 (50.2) 1,486 (79.6) 800 31.1 (4.57) 2,500 0.1 (0.17)
1.3 (0.05) 1.6 (0.08) 0.7/0.8/1.0 19.4 (5.06) 10 0
18.4 (0.81) 23.2 (1.57) 8.1/22.0/6.5 66.2 (3.55) 45 6.0 (2.44)
312 (11.6) 378 (19.0) 255/290/255 65.3 (3.86) 350
1,501 (50.0) 1,772 (81.0) 580 1.7 (1.51) 3,500 0
119 (4.23) 138 (6.58) 45/49/59 1.0 (1.47) 400 0
13.3 (0.51) 15.9 (0.80) 6.8/9.5/10.4 37.3 (4.30) 40 0
2,895 (107) 3,493 (170) 4,700/4,700/5,100* ND
3,707 (120) 4,267 (184) 1,500* 2,300 87.1 (5.54)
706 (35.9) 890 (59.8) 500/550/900 60.1 (4.43)
571 (29.5) 722 (47.6) 3,000 0
7.6 (0.33) 9.5 (0.56) 12/12/16 98.0 (1.69) 1,000 0
135 (10.2) 186 (16.9) 60/70/100 39.1 (4.57) 2,000 0
1.8 (0.07) 2.2 (0.10) 0.9/1.2/1.2 22.0 (5.41) ND
2.5 (0.09) 2.9 (0.15) 0.9/1.2/1.2 7.9 (4.07) ND
25.5 (0.96) 30.4 (1.49) 11/14/13 9.0 (4.24) 35 4.0 (2.84)
2.3 (0.10) 2.9 (0.16) 1.1/1.6/1.7 41.7 (3.70) 100 0
652 (32.7) 811 (54.4) 320/520/450 50.0 (4.27) 1,000 0
7.1 (0.48) 9.6 (0.87) 2.0/2.2/2.4 4.7 (3.60) ND
339 (13.8) 403 (21.8) 425/450/550 3,500 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-3 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 585 (79.5) 740 (67.0) 937 (58.9) 968 (33.9)
Copper (mg/d) 0.8 (0.09) 1.0 (0.07) 1.2 (0.06) 1.3 (0.05)
Iron (mg/d) 11.0 (0.99) 12.8 (0.78) 15.1 (0.71) 15.5 (0.41)
Magnesium (mg/d) 168 (19.9) 214 (15.4) 270 (13.2) 275 (9.17)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 787 (96.9) 1,000 (76.6) 1,265 (66.9) 1,296 (43.66)
Selenium (μg/d) 75 (7.52) 90 (5.86) 109 (5.08) 111 (3.03)
Zinc (mg/d) 7.7 (0.77) 9.3 (0.62) 11.2 (0.58) 11.7 (0.36)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,465 (193) 1,913 (151) 2,472 (132) 2,540 (92.33)
Sodium (mg/d) 2,071 (243) 2,566 (192) 3,178 (168) 3,249 (101.2)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 281 (51.3) 390 (45.9) 544 (45.7) 586 (28.46)
Retinol (μg/d) 197 (40.7) 289 (38.1) 424 (39.4) 469 (26.1)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 4.2 (0.49) 5.1 (0.40) 6.4 (0.39) 6.8 (0.26)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 47 (10.7) 68 (10.1) 100 (10.8) 111 (6.31)
Thiamin (mg/d) 1.1 (0.11) 1.3 (0.09) 1.6 (0.08) 1.6 (0.05)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.3 (0.16) 1.6 (0.13) 2.0 (0.12) 2.1 (0.07)
Niacin (mg/d) 15.4 (1.67) 18.8 (1.36) 23.5 (1.30) 24.8 (0.90)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 1.2 (0.14) 1.5 (0.12) 1.9 (0.11) 2.0 (0.08)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 348 (41.2) 420 (32.5) 509 (28.7) 520 (14.76)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 3.4 (0.53) 4.3 (0.45) 5.4 (0.43) 5.7 (0.20)
Choline (mg/d) 185 (22.7) 237 (19.1) 305 (18.0) 320 (12.2)

NOTES: N = 90. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). All women were pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum. For % inadequate calculations, the approach of the Institute of Medicine (2000) was applied in which, when combining groups with different EARs, intakes in one of the groups are rescaled so they can be compared to the EAR of the other group. One value indicates that the EAR is the same across groups.

See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI* (NPNL/P/BF) % Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,156 (82.5) 1,381 (139) 800 32.2 (9.50) 2,500 0.1 (0.36)
1.5 (0.10) 1.9 (0.20) 0.7/0.8/1.0 12.6 (8.08) 10
17.8 (1.08) 20.6 (1.82) 8.1/22.0/6.5 53.3 (6.01) 45 5.8 (4.97)
331 (18.6) 390 (28.3) 255/290/255 55.0 (6.07) 350
1,558 (93.8) 1,844 (144) 580 2.5 (3.49) 3,500 0
129 (7.05) 148 (10.7) 45/49/59 0.9 (2.09) 400 0
13.6 (0.89) 16.1 (1.53) 6.8/9.5/10.4 30.5 (9.35) 40 0
3,092 (188) 3,702 (290) 4,700/4,700/5,100* ND
3,855 (235) 4,519 (359) 1,500* 2,300 83.9 (9.28)
736 (71.9) 946 (121) 500/550/900 58.0 (7.34)
600 (64.5) 798 (112) 3,000 0
8.0 (0.66) 9.9 (1.24) 12/12/16 98.3 (3.71) 1,000 0
142 (17.9) 190 (31.7) 60/70/100 32.0 (10.22) 2,000 0
1.9 (0.12) 2.2 (0.18) 0.9/1.2/1.2 15.9 (11.06) ND
2.5 (0.17) 2.9 (0.26) 0.9/1.2/1.2 7.1 (8.18) ND
29.2 (2.10) 35.8 (3.83) 11/14/13 6.0 (6.10) 35 12.7 (8.18)
2.4 (0.18) 2.9 (0.33) 1.1/1.6/1.7 34.3 (8.20) 100 0
608 (40.2) 705 (61.4) 320/520/450 41.7 (7.85) 1,000 0
6.8 (0.64) 8.2 (1.10) 2.0/2.2/2.4 1.1 (3.67) ND
388 (27.4) 474 (45.0) 425/450/550 3,500 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-4 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE) AI UL % > UL (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Calcium (mg/d) 443 (27.06) 520 (24.30) 636 (25.86) 693 (27.01) 803 (49.36) 1013 (98.37) 200 1,000 10.6 (4.9)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.03) 0.5 (0.02) 0.6 (0.02) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.03) 0.9 (0.05) 0.2
Iron (mg/d) 9.2 (0.58) 10.8 (0.52) 13.2 (0.54) 14.3 (0.54) 16.6 (1.00) 20.8 (1.96) 0.27
Magnesium (mg/d) 49 (3.42) 58 (2.91) 72 (3.15) 78 (3.07) 92 (5.99) 116 (11.02) 30
Phosphorus (mg/d) 232 (17.51) 279 (14.40) 345 (15.15) 394 (20.59) 449 (32.35) 605 (79.00) 100
Selenium (μg/d) 12 (0.76) 14 (0.63) 16 (0.59) 17 (0.54) 20 (0.98) 24 (1.73) 15
Zinc (mg/d) 4.1 (0.28) 4.8 (0.22) 5.8 (0.20) 6.0 (0.18) 7.0 (0.32) 8.3 (0.54) 2 4 91.0 (4.5)
Potassium (mg/d) 561 (37.16) 661 (30.79) 797 (29.03) 835 (26.40) 968 (48.16) 1,157 (85.66) 400
Sodium (mg/d) 163 (12.80) 193 (9.24) 228 (8.15) 240 (7.99) 273 (14.30) 331 (29.90) 120
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 451 (29.52) 529 (23.73) 632 (21.46) 654 (18.81) 754 (33.85) 884 (57.48) 400
Retinol (μg/d) 420 (28.6) 496 (22.4) 593 (19.6) 610 (17.1) 705 (29.8) 819 (49.1) 600 49.1 (5.5)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 5.5 (0.37) 6.4 (0.26) 7.7 (0.28) 8.1 (0.25) 9.5 (0.52) 11.4 (0.79) 4
Vitamin C (mg/d) 50 (3.12) 59 (2.80) 72 (2.98) 78 (3.09) 91 (5.69) 115 (11.33) 40
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.4 (0.04) 0.5 (0.03) 0.7 (0.03) 0.7 (0.03) 0.9 (0.06) 1.1 (0.11) 0.2
Riboflavin (mg/d) 0.7 (0.05) 0.9 (0.04) 1.0 (0.04) 1.1 (0.04) 1.2 (0.06) 1.5 (0.13) 0.3
Niacin (mg/d) 5.4 (0.36) 6.4 (0.33) 8.0 (0.35) 8.8 (0.37) 10.2 (0.68) 13.1 (1.36) 2
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.3 (0.02) 0.4 (0.02) 0.5 (0.02) 0.5 (0.02) 0.6 (0.03) 0.7 (0.05) 0.1
Folate (μg DFE/d) 128 (7.99) 149 (6.29) 176 (5.55) 181 (4.82) 208 (8.56) 240 (14.2) 65
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 1.3 (0.10) 1.5 (0.07) 1.8 (0.06) 1.9 (0.06) 2.2 (0.10) 2.6 (0.22) 0.4
Choline (mg/d) 71 (5.46) 86 (4.67) 106 (4.56) 113 (4.12) 133 (7.72) 163 (14.01) 125

NOTES: N = 86. See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-5 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE) AI UL % > UL (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Calcium (mg/d) 433 (23.90) 515 (17.19) 610 (14.55) 625 (11.36) 718 (21.90) 834 (37.75) 200 1,000 2.2 (1.8)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.02) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.01) 0.7 (0.01) 0.8 (0.02) 0.9 (0.04) 0.2
Iron (mg/d) 9.5 (0.58) 11.4 (0.38) 13.9 (0.44) 15.5 (0.45) 18.2 (0.94) 23.8 (1.83) 0.27
Magnesium (mg/d) 44 (2.73) 55 (2.11) 70 (2.33) 77 (2.24) 93 (4.54) 121 (8.15) 30
Phosphorus (mg/d) 241 (15.45) 297 (10.82) 367 (10.55) 388 (9.32) 461 (18.31) 567 (31.05) 100
Selenium (μg/d) 12 (0.56) 14 (0.46) 17 (0.52) 18 (0.40) 21 (0.72) 25 (1.18) 15
Zinc (mg/d) 4.2 (0.26) 5.1 (0.17) 6.0 (0.14) 6.2 (0.12) 7.1 (0.22) 8.3 (0.39) 2 4 92.2 (3.5)
Potassium (mg/d) 540 (30.28) 649 (20.52) 787 (20.17) 821 (17.36) 967 (34.09) 1,160 (53.59) 400
Sodium (mg/d) 155 (8.12) 184 (5.90) 221 (5.73) 236 (5.66) 270 (10.55) 333 (21.58) 120
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 461 (24.43) 532 (16.80) 614 (14.25) 625 (9.68) 705 (21.50) 802 (36.77) 400
Retinol (μg/d) 426 (19.4) 483 (13.0) 558 (12.5) 573 (9.2) 650 (20.2) 748 (32.6) 600 39.2 (2.9)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 5.7 (0.29) 6.7 (0.18) 7.8 (0.19) 8.2 (0.16) 9.4 (0.34) 11.3 (0.56) 4
Vitamin C (mg/d) 52 (3.33) 64 (2.33) 79 (2.20) 83 (1.99) 98 (3.83) 120 (6.94) 40
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.5 (0.03) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.03) 0.8 (0.03) 1.0 (0.05) 1.3 (0.10) 0.2
Riboflavin (mg/d) 0.7 (0.05) 0.9 (0.03) 1.1 (0.03) 1.1 (0.03) 1.3 (0.05) 1.6 (0.09) 0.3
Niacin (mg/d) 5.7 (0.37) 7.0 (0.25) 8.7 (0.28) 9.8 (0.30) 11.5 (0.61) 15.3 (1.19) 2
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.3 (0.02) 0.4 (0.01) 0.5 (0.01) 0.5 (0.01) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.04) 0.1
Folate (μg DFE/d) 129.9 (6.34) 150.2 (4.12) 174.5 (3.92) 179.9 (3.10) 205.6 (6.48) 239.0 (10.4) 65
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 1.3 (0.08) 1.5 (0.05) 1.8 (0.04) 1.9 (0.03) 2.1 (0.06) 2.5 (0.11) 0.4
Choline (mg/d) 65 (3.45) 76 (2.23) 90 (2.53) 97 (2.23) 113 (5.03) 140 (8.91) 125

NOTES: N = 204. See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-6 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE) AI UL % > UL (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Calcium (mg/d) 382 (50.91) 449 (42.82) 546 (41.41) 582 (41.15) 675 (75.97) 829 (145.98) 200 1,000 3.4 (5.8)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.04) 0.5 (0.04) 0.6 (0.04) 0.6 (0.03) 0.7 (0.07) 0.8 (0.12) 0.2
Iron (mg/d) 9.3 (1.28) 10.9 (1.12) 13.2 (1.16) 14.1 (1.02) 16.4 (2.11) 20.2 (4.06) 0.27
Magnesium (mg/d) 38 (5.65) 46 (5.21) 59 (5.71) 68 (7.02) 80 (12.31) 107 (27.17) 30
Phosphorus (mg/d) 217 (29.06) 257 (26.84) 323 (29.47) 365 (34.91) 426 (62.59) 565 (135.93) 100
Selenium (μg/d) 12 (1.32) 14 (0.97) 16 (0.78) 16 (0.63) 18 (1.12) 19 (1.74) 15
Zinc (mg/d) 4.1 (0.44) 4.7 (0.35) 5.4 (0.32) 5.5 (0.26) 6.2 (0.51) 7.1 (0.88) 2 4 92.8 (10.0)
Potassium (mg/d) 510 (64.69) 593 (54.24) 713 (52.32) 754 (46.40) 874 (95.03) 1,062 (180.89) 400
Sodium (mg/d) 156 (12.61) 171 (9.71) 196 (14.62) 215 (13.12) 251 (33.16) 309 (50.66) 120
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 415 (39.98) 466 (36.38) 545 (39.24) 584 (36.87) 660 (75.34) 804 (148.69) 400
Retinol (μg/d) 387 (69.3) 461 (42.5) 536 (32.4) 552 (32.1) 623 (55.8) 735 (116.0) 600 30.4 (9.8)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 4.8 (0.83) 5.9 (0.71) 7.6 (0.69) 8.2 (0.72) 9.8 (1.30) 12.5 (2.57) 4
Vitamin C (mg/d) 58 (9.66) 67 (8.14) 79 (7.90) 82 (4.79) 94 (12.59) 111 (21.67) 40
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.4 (0.07) 0.5 (0.06) 0.7 (0.07) 0.7 (0.07) 0.9 (0.13) 1.1 (0.26) 0.2
Riboflavin (mg/d) 0.7 (0.07) 0.8 (0.06) 0.9 (0.05) 1.0 (0.04) 1.1 (0.08) 1.2 (0.14) 0.3
Niacin (mg/d) 4.8 (0.78) 5.9 (0.74) 7.7 (0.84) 9.0 (1.03) 10.6 (1.83) 14.7 (4.11) 2
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.3 (0.04) 0.4 (0.03) 0.4 (0.03) 0.5 (0.03) 0.5 (0.06) 0.6 (0.12) 0.1
Folate (μg DFE/d) 112.6 (21.2) 135.9 (13.2) 159.8 (10.2) 165.5 (10.42) 188.3 (17.8) 225.0 (37.3) 65
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 1.1 (0.18) 1.3 (0.15) 1.7 (0.15) 1.8 (0.14) 2.1 (0.27) 2.6 (0.51) 0.4
Choline (mg/d) 68 (6.46) 74 (5.54) 83 (5.58) 86 (3.42) 94 (9.17) 106 (15.91) 125

NOTES: N = 21. See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-7 starts on the next page.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-7 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 551 (53.87) 666 (43.10) 812 (38.59) 832 (25.68)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.04) 0.6 (0.03) 0.7 (0.03) 0.7 (0.02)
Iron (mg/d) 7.9 (1.20) 11 (1.06) 15.6 (1.04) 16.9 (0.89)
Magnesium (mg/d) 85 (7.89) 101 (6.34) 121 (5.70) 124 (3.56)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 338 (37.96) 434 (33.20) 568 (32.76) 607 (26.76)
Selenium (μg/d) 17 (1.95) 22 (1.84) 29 (2.03) 33 (1.85)
Zinc (mg/d) 4.8 (0.42) 5.6 (0.33) 6.7 (0.28) 6.8 (0.18)
Potassium (mg/d) 848 (69.30) 1,008 (59.23) 1,226 (57.98) 1,286 (43.11)
Sodium (mg/d) 256 (38.76) 373 (44.28) 586 (55.81) 698 (48.93)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 441 (44.52) 542 (34.89) 674 (32.95) 725 (30.68)
Retinol (μg/d) 380 (33.14) 452 (25.23) 538 (21.50) 545 (14.65)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 4.9 (0.65) 6.4 (0.51) 8.3 (0.45) 8.6 (0.33)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 61 (6.48) 75 (5.25) 94 (4.77) 97 (3.33)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.6 (0.07) 0.8 (0.06) 1.0 (0.06) 1.0 (0.04)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.0 (0.10) 1.2 (0.07) 1.4 (0.06) 1.5 (0.05)
Niacin (mg/d) 6.8 (0.91) 9.0 (0.77) 11.9 (0.72) 12.5 (0.54)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.5 (0.05) 0.6 (0.04) 0.8 (0.05) 0.8 (0.03)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 144 (13.8) 174 (11.8) 214 (11.4) 224 (7.70)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 1.4 (0.16) 1.8 (0.14) 2.4 (0.14) 2.5 (0.11)
Choline (mg/d) 80 (8.12) 101 (7.11) 129 (7.06) 138 (5.80)

NOTES: N = 82. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI* % Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
976 (55.03) 1,140 (85.55) 260* 1,500 0.7 (1.50)
0.8 (0.04) 0.9 (0.05) 0.22* ND
21.3 (1.70) 27.6 (2.95) 6.9 9.0 (8.0) 40 1.3 (1.62)
144 (8.10) 167 (12.58) 75* ND
737 (53.26) 927 (93.16) 275* ND
40 (3.75) 54 (7.38) 20* 60 6.9 (5.18)
7.8 (0.39) 8.9 (0.58) 2.5 0.1 (0.24) 5 86.7 (8.54)
1,497 (92.27) 1,799 (159.19) 700* ND
905 (105.82) 1,290 (187.03) 370* ND
846 (57.83) 1,064 (119.40) 500*
630 (29.48) 719 (44.18) 600 32.3 (7.42)
10.5 (0.64) 12.6 (0.98) 5* ND
115 (7.01) 137 (11.16) 50* ND
1.2 (0.09) 1.5 (0.15) 0.3* ND
1.7 (0.10) 2.1 (0.18) 0.4* ND
15.3 (1.10) 19.0 (1.80) 4* ND
1.0 (0.07) 1.2 (0.13) 0.3* ND
262 (17.7) 316 (29.9) 80 0.08 (0.27) ND
3.1 (0.24) 3.8 (0.41) 0.5* ND
165 (11.63) 207 (20.71) 150* ND
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-8 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 496 (25.30) 593 (18.96) 719 (18.87) 752 (14.15)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.02) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.01) 0.8 (0.01)
Iron (mg/d) 9.2 (0.69) 12 (0.54) 15.7 (0.49) 16.5 (0.40)
Magnesium (mg/d) 75 (3.88) 92 (3.25) 116 (3.06) 122 (2.58)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 354 (20.01) 442 (16.80) 573 (18.32) 618 (14.87)
Selenium (μg/d) 19 (1.21) 24 (1.05) 32 (1.17) 35 (0.95)
Zinc (mg/d) 4.7 (0.27) 5.7 (0.20) 7.0 (0.18) 7.3 (0.15)
Potassium (mg/d) 862 (41.71) 1,041 (33.50) 1,278 (31.55) 1,353 (28.72)
Sodium (mg/d) 259 (20.56) 378 (25.30) 611 (34.6) 780 (36.41)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 438 (25.58) 538 (20.14) 661 (17.69) 676 (12.27)
Retinol (μg/d) 340 (20.47) 420 (15.61) 516 (13.25) 524 (9.35)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 4.4 (0.39) 6.1 (0.31) 8.0 (0.23) 8.0 (0.18)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 72 (5.10) 90 (3.88) 112 (3.59) 119 (2.74)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.6 (0.04) 0.8 (0.03) 1.0 (0.03) 1.0 (0.02)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.0 (0.05) 1.2 (0.04) 1.4 (0.04) 1.5 (0.03)
Niacin (mg/d) 7.1 (0.47) 9.1 (0.39) 11.8 (0.36) 12.3 (0.28)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.5 (0.03) 0.6 (0.02) 0.8 (0.02) 0.8 (0.02)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 149 (7.84) 180 (6.08) 223 (6.26) 239 (5.29)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 1.4 (0.09) 1.8 (0.07) 2.4 (0.08) 2.6 (0.07)
Choline (mg/d) 89 (5.07) 110 (4.20) 140 (4.31) 149 (3.31)

NOTES: N = 252. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI* % Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
883 (30.94) 1,058 (48.96) 260* 1,500 0.4 (0.44)
0.9 (0.02) 1.0 (0.04) 0.22* ND
20 (0.77) 24.8 (1.35) 6.9 5.0 (2.0) 40 0.4 (0.40)
145 (4.84) 176 (8.24) 75* ND
755 (32.45) 955 (50.45) 275* ND
44 (2.11) 57 (3.39) 20* 60 7.6 (2.86)
8.5 (0.28) 10.3 (0.52) 2.5 0.3 (0.40) 5 86.1 (3.86)
1,577 (53.08) 1,930 (101.39) 700* ND
1,000 (72.95) 1,520 (143.05) 370* ND
798 (25.07) 934 (38.70) 500*
620 (18.21) 720 (27.37) 600 29.2 (4.15)
9.8 (0.29) 11.6 (0.50) 5* ND
140 (6.02) 174 (11.71) 50* ND
1.2 (0.04) 1.5 (0.08) 0.3* ND
1.7 (0.06) 2.1 (0.10) 0.4* ND
14.9 (0.54) 18.1 (0.89) 4* ND
1.0 (0.04) 1.2 (0.08) 0.3* ND
281 (11.1) 349 (20.1) 80 0.25 (0.31) ND
3.2 (0.15) 4.1 (0.25) 0.5* ND
179 (7.19) 221 (11.57) 150* ND
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-9 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 400 (68.78) 528 (64.17) 734 (69.74) 858 (83.28)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.05) 0.5 (0.04) 0.6 (0.03) 0.6 (0.02)
Iron (mg/d) 7.2 (1.54) 9.8 (1.28) 13.4 (1.17) 14.1 (1.00)
Magnesium (mg/d) 74 (9.73) 91 (8.35) 115 (8.18) 124 (7.91)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 334 (51.19) 429 (48.72) 586 (55.33) 690 (67.20)
Selenium (μg/d) 18 (2.59) 22 (2.44) 29 (2.73) 34 (2.94)
Zinc (mg/d) 4.9 (0.47) 5.6 (0.37) 6.4 (0.32) 6.5 (0.22)
Potassium (mg/d) 796 (121.05) 1,007 (102.13) 1,301 (96.43) 1,389 (90.43)
Sodium (mg/d) 236 (56.19) 345 (56.67) 531 (66.32) 667 (84.51)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 515 (69.98) 620 (54.27) 749 (46.60) 764 (34.34)
Retinol (μg/d) 329 (61.16) 426 (44.82) 539 (35.52) 544 (28.60)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 2.9 (0.61) 4.0 (0.53) 5.5 (0.51) 5.9 (0.44)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 35 (12.51) 56 (10.93) 85 (10.35) 92 (8.12)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.6 (0.08) 0.7 (0.07) 0.9 (0.06) 0.9 (0.05)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 0.9 (0.14) 1.1 (0.13) 1.5 (0.13) 1.7 (0.13)
Niacin (mg/d) 6.9 (0.82) 8.0 (0.69) 9.5 (0.67) 9.9 (0.44)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.5 (0.06) 0.6 (0.04) 0.7 (0.04) 0.7 (0.03)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 136 (19.0) 158 (15.4) 184 (14.0) 189 (7.44)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 1.2 (0.24) 1.7 (0.24) 2.4 (0.28) 3.1 (0.38)
Choline (mg/d) 86 (11.42) 106 (10.35) 136 (11.06) 151 (10.98)

NOTES: N = 35. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI* % Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,046 (144.07) 1,461 (311.03) 260* 1,500 9.2 (6.93)
0.7 (0.04) 0.8 (0.06) 0.22* ND
17.6 (1.86) 22.1 (3.15) 6.9 7.0 (6.0) 40 0.1 (0.31)
147 (14.57) 184 (27.57) 75* ND
831 (117.06) 1,168 (258.53) 275* ND
41 (5.47) 55 (11.53) 20* 60 7.5 (7.25)
7.3 (0.46) 8.2 (0.72) 2.5 0 5 88.5 (11.45)
1,674 (164.44) 2,094 (298.05) 700* ND
830 (143.66) 1,249 (325.14) 370* ND
892 (66.71) 1,032 (104.10) 500*
656 (48.69) 765 (73.05) 600 36.1 (8.90)
7.3 (0.84) 9.4 (1.48) 5* ND
120 (16.29) 156 (27.15) 50* ND
1.1 (0.10) 1.3 (0.18) 0.3* ND
2.0 (0.25) 2.7 (0.49) 0.4* ND
11.3 (1.06) 13.4 (1.81) 4* ND
0.9 (0.06) 1.0 (0.09) 0.3* ND
215 (20.4) 247 (32.5) 80 0.01 (0.13) ND
3.7 (0.63) 5.6 (1.47) 0.5* ND
179 (20.89) 233 (41.70) 150* ND
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-10 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 629 (61.29) 762 (48.68) 929 (43.03) 950 (24.86)
Copper (mg/d) 0.4 (0.04) 0.5 (0.03) 0.6 (0.03) 0.7 (0.02)
Iron (mg/d) 5.3 (0.56) 6.9 (0.48) 9 (0.47) 9.6 (0.35)
Magnesium (mg/d) 122 (10.03) 146 (7.86) 177 (6.84) 180 (4.52)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 692 (52.73) 813 (40.58) 959 (34.82) 972 (21.37)
Selenium (μg/d) 45 (3.67) 53 (2.87) 63 (2.51) 64 (1.44)
Zinc (mg/d) 4.9 (0.36) 5.7 (0.29) 6.7 (0.26) 6.8 (0.15)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,310 (100.76) 1,549 (77.84) 1,840 (67.11) 1,869 (42.84)
Sodium (mg/d) 1,090 (92.88) 1,336 (74.68) 1,650 (67.29) 1,701 (48.21)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 337 (35.37) 412 (28.27) 504 (24.31) 518 (14.31)
Retinol (μg/d) 272 (31.04) 345 24.81) 436 (22.06) 448 (13.65)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 2.5 (0.26) 3.2 (0.21) 4.0 (0.19) 4.3 (0.15)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 38 (5.93) 52 (5.23) 73 (5.19) 78 (3.37)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.6 (0.05) 0.8 (0.04) 1.0 (0.04) 1.0 (0.03)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.1 (0.10) 1.4 (0.08) 1.7 (0.07) 1.7 (0.04)
Niacin (mg/d) 7.6 (0.75) 9.3 (0.62) 11.5 (0.56) 11.8 (0.33)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.7 (0.06) 0.9 (0.05) 1.1 (0.05) 1.2 (0.03)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 188 (18.1) 231 (14.9) 286 (13.7) 296 (8.58)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 2.5 (0.26) 3.1 (0.21) 3.9 (0.18) 4.0 (0.12)
Choline (mg/d) 143 (12.73) 174 (10.25) 212 (9.23) 218 (5.84)

NOTES: N = 112. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI* % Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,114 (60.52) 1,298 (93.12) 500 2.6 (4.02) 2,500 0
0.8 (0.05) 1.0 (0.09) 0.26 0 1 0
11.7 (0.75) 14.6 (1.28) 3.0 0 40 0
211 (9.62) 244 (14.79) 65 0.1 (0.33)
1,117 (47.89) 1,270 (72.23) 380 0.1 (0.26) 3,000 0
73 (3.51) 84 (5.36) 17 0 90 5.3 (6.08)
7.8 (0.37) 8.9 (0.57) 2.5 0 7 41.6 (7.15)
2,158 (93.18) 2,467 (141.58) 3,000* ND
2,011 (98.99) 2,378 (157.69) 1,000* 1,500 62.1 (5.79)
606 (34.35) 711 (58.60) 210 0.5 (1.38)
538 (31.44) 640 (48.73) 600 14.7 (7.87)
5.1 (0.32) 6.4 (0.59) 5.0 72.9 (6.51) 200 0
98 (8.19) 126 (13.75) 13 0.2 (0.55) 400 0
1.2 (0.06) 1.4 (0.10) 0.4 0.3 (0.70) ND
2.0 (0.09) 2.3 (0.14) 0.4 0 ND
14.0 (0.82) 16.5 (1.31) 5.0 0.7 (1.60) 10 67.3 (7.92)
1.4 (0.08) 1.6 (0.13) 0.4 0.1 (0.34) 30 0
350 (20.3) 416 (32.5) 120 0.6 (1.31) 300 0
4.8 (0.26) 5.7 (0.41) 0.7 0 ND
255 (13.35) 300 (21.03) 200* 1,000 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-11 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 655 (34.49) 808 (29.24) 1,018 (28.45) 1,053 (18.93)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.02) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.01) 0.7 (0.01)
Iron (mg/d) 5.8 (0.36) 7.3 (0.31) 9.4 (0.30) 9.9 (0.20)
Magnesium (mg/d) 129 (5.06) 149 (3.79) 173 (3.31) 177 (2.33)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 698 (28.75) 826 (23.83) 1,000 (23.56) 1,029 (15.88)
Selenium (μg/d) 45 (2.03) 53 (1.60) 62 (1.43) 63 (0.86)
Zinc (mg/d) 5.0 (0.23) 5.9 (0.19) 7.2 (0.18) 7.4 (0.12)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,471 (57.50) 1,699 (45.50) 1,983 (40.40) 2,021 (25.67)
Sodium (mg/d) 1,131 (59.93) 1,373 (48.01) 1,685 (44.42) 1,756 (31.02)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 339 (20.79) 413 (17.18) 510 (16.04) 534 (9.85)
Retinol (μg/d) 265 (16.46) 332 (14.25) 425 (14.79) 450 (9.60)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 2.1 (0.12) 2.6 (0.10) 3.2 (0.10) 3.4 (0.07)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 36 (3.87) 55 (3.82) 84 (4.24) 97 (3.35)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.8 (0.03) 0.9 (0.03) 1.1 (0.03) 1.1 (0.01)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.4 (0.06) 1.6 (0.05) 1.9 (0.05) 2.0 (0.03)
Niacin (mg/d) 8.1 (0.44) 9.9 (0.37) 12.1 (0.34) 12.5 (0.21)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.8 (0.04) 1.0 (0.03) 1.2 (0.03) 1.2 (0.02)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 197 (12.0) 243 (10.5) 306 (10.4) 324 (6.45)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 2.8 (0.15) 3.4 (0.13) 4.3 (0.13) 4.5 (0.08)
Choline (mg/d) 143 (6.82) 171 (5.66) 208 (5.31) 215 (3.49)

NOTES: N = 311. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI* % Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,261 (39.70) 1,498 (60.36) 500 2.2 (1.58) 2,500 0.1 (0.11)
0.8 (0.02) 1.0 (0.05) 0.26 0 1 0
11.8 (0.47) 14.6 (0.80) 3.0 0 40 0
200 (4.99) 230 (8.64) 65 0
1,202 (32.59) 1,399 (50.04) 380 0.2 (0.22) 3,000 0
73 (2.01) 83 (3.08) 17 0 90 5.0 (3.25)
8.6 (0.27) 10.1 (0.44) 2.5 0 7 53.3 (3.66)
2,301 (57.13) 2,618 (88.45) 3,000* ND
2,058 (68.57) 2,468 (118.91) 1,000* 1,500 65.0 (4.01)
626 (24.62) 755 (43.93) 210 0.5 (0.74)
540 (21.74) 664 (37.78) 600 16.3 (4.89)
4.0 (0.16) 4.9 (0.29) 5.0 91.2 (4.36) 200 0.1
125 (7.42) 174 (13.64) 13 0.6 (0.60) 400 0
1.3 (0.04) 1.5 (0.06) 0.4 0 ND
2.3 (0.07) 2.7 (0.10) 0.4 0 ND
14.6 (0.49) 17.3 (0.79) 5.0 0.3 (0.52) 10 73.5 (4.90)
1.4 (0.04) 1.6 (0.07) 0.4 0 30 0
386 (16.3) 474 (27.9) 120 0.4 (0.57) 300 0.5
5.3 (0.19) 6.4 (0.32) 0.7 0 ND
251 (7.95) 296 (12.94) 200* 1,000 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-12 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 680 (66.92) 815 (49.53) 980 (42.82) 1,010 (27.57)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.04) 0.6 (0.03) 0.7 (0.03) 0.7 (0.02)
Iron (mg/d) 6.8 (0.63) 8 (0.44) 9.4 (0.37) 9.6 (0.24)
Magnesium (mg/d) 136 (10.32) 155 (7.59) 178 (6.52) 182 (3.80)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 723 (61.48) 858 (45.93) 1,020 (39.17) 1,042 (25.74)
Selenium (μg/d) 41 (3.94) 51 (3.05) 64 (2.59) 66 (1.94)
Zinc (mg/d) 5.7 (0.43) 6.4 (0.30) 7.2 (0.24) 7.3 (0.13)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,492 (106.04) 1,715 (83.42) 1,993 (73.41) 2,032 (43.45)
Sodium (mg/d) 1,021 (122.83) 1,352 (97.08) 1,768 (83.79) 1,820 (63.30)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 332 (37.44) 414 (28.18) 515 (25.13) 539 (17.79)
Retinol (μg/d) 267 (31.23) 335 (23.37) 418 (20.50) 435 (14.18)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 2.5 (0.25) 3.0 (0.20) 3.7 (0.18) 3.8 (0.11)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 48 (7.84) 65 (7.01) 90 (7.02) 97 (4.31)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.8 (0.06) 0.9 (0.04) 1.1 (0.04) 1.1 (0.02)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.3 (0.12) 1.6 (0.08) 1.8 (0.07) 1.9 (0.04)
Niacin (mg/d) 8.1 (0.76) 9.8 (0.56) 12.0 (0.48) 12.4 (0.36)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.8 (0.07) 1.0 (0.06) 1.2 (0.05) 1.2 (0.03)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 217 (21.3) 260 (16.9) 314 (15.0) 322 (8.41)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 2.6 (0.30) 3.2 (0.20) 3.9 (0.17) 4.1 (0.13)
Choline (mg/d) 142 (10.78) 168 (8.80) 201 (8.09) 208 (5.43)

NOTES: N = 106. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI* % Inadeq (SE) UL % > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,170 (65.77) 1,376 (115.61) 500 1.6 (2.94) 2,500 0.03 (0.12)
0.8 (0.04) 1.0 (0.09) 0.26 0 1 0
11 (0.58) 12.8 (1.04) 3.0 1.0 (1.0) 40 0
204 (9.80) 232 (16.76) 65 0
1,201 (57.35) 1,388 (94.28) 380 0.1 (0.31) 3,000 0
78 (3.68) 92 (5.69) 17 0.1 (0.23) 90 11.6 (5.59)
8.1 (0.35) 9.0 (0.59) 2.5 0 7.0 56.5 (8.37)
2,307 (106.09) 2,623 (167.57) 3,000* ND
2,230 (120.60) 2,685 (188.36) 1,000* 1,500 66.4 (5.71)
636 (40.46) 774 (74.29) 210 1.1 (1.99)
515 (32.11) 623 (57.56) 600 12.2 (7.79)
4.5 (0.27) 5.3 (0.42) 5.0 85.1 (8.88) 200 0
121 (11.40) 156 (19.79) 13 0.02 (0.08) 400 0
1.2 (0.05) 1.4 (0.09) 0.4 0 ND
2.1 (0.10) 2.4 (0.17) 0.4 0 ND
14.5 (0.74) 17.2 (1.30) 5.0 0.8 (1.32) 10 73.4 (6.92)
1.4 (0.08) 1.6 (0.12) 0.4 0 30 0
375 (21.6) 436 (34.1) 120 0.1 (0.45) 300 0
4.8 (0.27) 5.7 (0.50) 0.7 0.04 (0.15) ND
240 (12.32) 282 (20.34) 200* 1,000 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-13 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 579 (33.27) 741 (26.77) 949 (24.39) 988 (17.25)
Copper (mg/d) 0.5 (0.02) 0.6 (0.02) 0.8 (0.02) 0.8 (0.01)
Iron (mg/d) 7.9 (0.34) 9.3 (0.28) 11 (0.26) 11.3 (0.14)
Magnesium (mg/d) 149 (4.95) 171 (3.90) 199 (3.45) 203 (2.22)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 767 (28.57) 902 (22.79) 1,072 (20.43) 1,097 (13.57)
Selenium (μg/d) 54 (1.99) 61 (1.52) 70 (1.32) 71 (0.72)
Zinc (mg/d) 5.9 (0.24) 6.8 (0.19) 7.9 (0.17) 8.1 (0.09)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,510 (54.89) 1,743 (41.61) 2,022 (35.62) 2,050 (21.81)
Sodium (mg/d) 1,591 (60.83) 1,856 (47.24) 2,182 (41.74) 2,229 (26.40)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 337 (21.78) 428 (17.72) 543 (15.77) 565 (9.81)
Retinol (μg/d) 291 (18.95) 366 (14.81) 460 (13.27) 477 (7.88)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 3.6 (0.17) 4.3 (0.14) 5.2 (0.13) 5.4 (0.08)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 46 (3.77) 62 (3.40) 85 (3.45) 92 (2.02)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.9 (0.03) 1.0 (0.03) 1.2 (0.02) 1.2 (0.01)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.2 (0.05) 1.4 (0.04) 1.7 (0.04) 1.8 (0.02)
Niacin (mg/d) 11.8 (0.46) 13.5 (0.36) 15.7 (0.32) 16.0 (0.18)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 1.0 (0.04) 1.2 (0.03) 1.4 (0.03) 1.4 (0.02)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 270 (12.8) 323 (10.7) 393 (10.1) 408 (5.89)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 3.0 (0.15) 3.6 (0.13) 4.3 (0.12) 4.5 (0.06)
Choline (mg/d) 150 (6.47) 178 (5.29) 215 (4.90) 221 (3.00)

NOTES: N = 406. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). For % inadequate calculations, the approach of the Institute of Medicine (2000) was applied in which, when combining groups with different EARs, intakes in one of the groups are rescaled so they can be compared to the EAR of the other group. One value indicates that the EAR is the same across groups. See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI*
(Ages 1–3/Age 4)
% Inadeq (SE) UL
(Ages 1–3/Age 4)
% > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,191 (36.45) 1,445 (60.27) 500/800 13.8 (3.05) 2,500 0.1 (0.09)
0.9 (0.02) 1.1 (0.04) 0.26/0.34 0 1/3 9.8 (3.32)
13 (0.39) 15.1 (0.62) 3.0/4.1 0 40 0
231 (4.87) 262 (7.53) 65/110 0.1 (0.16)
1,265 (29.31) 1,459 (45.86) 380/405 0 3,000 0
80 (1.86) 90 (2.94) 17/23 0 90/150 4.7 (3.28)
9.3 (0.24) 10.6 (0.38) 2.5/4.0 0.1 (0.11) 7/12 47.0 (3.29)
2,325 (49.31) 2,624 (76.09) 3,000/3,800* ND
2,550 (60.12) 2,926 (96.58) 1,000/1,200* 1,500/1,900 90.9 (3.77)
674 (23.21) 816 (41.11) 210/275 2.1 (1.70)
568 (19.80) 683 (33.46) 600/900 19.7 (5.03)
6.3 (0.20) 7.5 (0.34) 5.0/6.0 52.1 (3.60) 200/300 0
114 (5.46) 146 (9.28) 13/22 0.1 (0.24) 400/650 0
1.4 (0.03) 1.6 (0.06) 0.4/0.5 0 ND
2.1 (0.05) 2.4 (0.08) 0.4/0.5 0 ND
18.1 (0.46) 20.6 (0.75) 5.0/6.0 0 10/15 96.5 (3.10)
1.6 (0.04) 1.9 (0.07) 0.4/0.5 0 30/40 0
477 (15.3) 565 (24.9) 120/160 0 300/400 2.3
5.2 (0.17) 6.1 (0.28) 0.7/1.0 0 ND
257 (7.22) 301 (11.51) 200/250* 1,000 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-14 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 549 (25.88) 686 (21.82) 869 (20.70) 908 (14.16)
Copper (mg/d) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.02) 0.8 (0.01) 0.8 (0.01)
Iron (mg/d) 7.3 (0.32) 8.9 (0.27) 11.1 (0.26) 11.6 (0.17)
Magnesium (mg/d) 133 (4.61) 157 (3.78) 190 (3.50) 196 (2.44)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 701 (26.43) 834 (20.53) 1,000 (18.47) 1,032 (13.09)
Selenium (μg/d) 48 (1.73) 56 (1.40) 67 (1.28) 69 (0.78)
Zinc (mg/d) 5.9 (0.23) 7.0 (0.18) 8.3 (0.17) 8.6 (0.11)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,417 (54.12) 1,693 (41.98) 2,040 (37.94) 2,114 (27.91)
Sodium (mg/d) 1,430 (57.97) 1,721 (46.05) 2,091 (42.13) 2,168 (29.32)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 328 (17.04) 403 (13.56) 499 (12.71) 525 (8.12)
Retinol (μg/d) 283 (14.60) 345 (11.64) 425 (10.75) 442 (6.35)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 2.6 (0.11) 3.2 (0.10) 4.0 (0.10) 4.3 (0.08)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 45 (3.69) 66 (3.48) 98 (3.78) 113 (3.11)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.9 (0.03) 1.0 (0.03) 1.2 (0.02) 1.3 (0.02)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.3 (0.05) 1.6 (0.04) 1.9 (0.04) 1.9 (0.02)
Niacin (mg/d) 10.6 (0.43) 12.6 (0.35) 15.1 (0.32) 15.5 (0.19)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 1.0 (0.04) 1.2 (0.03) 1.5 (0.03) 1.5 (0.02)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 261 (13.3) 327 (11.4) 417 (11.2) 439 (7.14)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 2.9 (0.14) 3.5 (0.11) 4.3 (0.10) 4.5 (0.07)
Choline (mg/d) 145 (5.94) 175 (4.87) 214 (4.59) 223 (3.15)

NOTES: N = 474. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). For % inadequate calculations, the approach of the Institute of Medicine (2000) was applied in which, when combining groups with different EARs, intakes in one of the groups are rescaled so they can be compared to the EAR of the other group. One value indicates that the EAR is the same across groups. See additional notes following Table P-15.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI*
(Ages 1–3/Age 4)
% Inadeq (SE) UL
(Ages 1–3/Age 4)
% > UL (SE)
75th 90th
1,087 (31.22) 1,317 (51.01) 500/800 16.7 (2.99) 2,500 0.1 (0.07)
1.0 (0.02) 1.2 (0.05) 0.26/0.34 0.1 (0.07) 1/3 15.5 (3.13)
13.7 (0.39) 16.4 (0.63) 3.0/4.1 0 40 0
227 (5.19) 266 (8.38) 65/110 0.6 (0.45)
1,195 (27.91) 1,403 (47.56) 380/405 0.1 (0.18) 3,000 0
79 (1.85) 91 (2.92) 17/23 0 90/150 6.6 (2.77)
9.9 (0.26) 11.8 (0.46) 2.5/4.0 0.1 (0.10) 7/12 54.3 (2.96)
2,451 (58.46) 2,900 (102.27) 3,000/3,800* ND
2,529 (63.97) 3,000 (108.98) 1,000/1,200* 1,500/1,900 82.4 (3.59)
617 (20.26) 751 (36.81) 210/275 1.5 (1.37)
519 (16.31) 621 (27.99) 600/900 12.1 (4.51)
5.0 (0.17) 6.4 (0.33) 5.0/6.0 79.2 (3.62) 200/300 0
143 (6.76) 198 (13.22) 13/22 0.6 (0.46) 400/650 0.4 (0.37)
1.5 (0.03) 1.7 (0.06) 0.4/0.5 0 ND
2.2 (0.05) 2.6 (0.08) 0.4/0.5 0 ND
18.0 (0.45) 21.0 (0.71) 5.0/6.0 0 10/15 90.5 (3.72)
1.8 (0.05) 2.1 (0.07) 0.4/0.5 0 30/40 0
526 (17.1) 645 (28.6) 120/160 0 300/400 8.0
5.2 (0.16) 6.3 (0.30) 0.7/1.0 0 ND
261 (7.08) 313 (12.13) 200/250* 1,000 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-15 Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008

Nutrient Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean) (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean
Calcium (mg/d) 522 (27.29) 661 (22.13) 838 (19.93) 866 (14.34)
Copper (mg/d) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.02) 0.8 (0.02) 0.8 (0.01)
Iron (mg/d) 7.3 (0.31) 8.7 (0.25) 10.4 (0.24) 10.8 (0.15)
Magnesium (mg/d) 123 (5.07) 147 (3.70) 176 (3.15) 180 (2.37)
Phosphorus (mg/d) 682 (27.67) 813 (20.70) 971 (17.91) 996 (13.28)
Selenium (μg/d) 49 (2.20) 58 (1.64) 69 (1.41) 70 (0.90)
Zinc (mg/d) 5.6 (0.24) 6.6 (0.20) 8.0 (0.19) 8.3 (0.12)
Potassium (mg/d) 1,214 (54.16) 1,472 (41.66) 1,792 (36.80) 1,847 (26.89)
Sodium (mg/d) 1,448 (67.55) 1,765 (52.55) 2,152 (45.33) 2,191 (30.19)
Vitamin A (μg RAE/d) 322 (19.84) 406 (16.09) 514 (14.89) 536 (9.22)
Retinol (μg/d) 265 (15.97) 329 (12.53) 409 (11.23) 422 (6.62)
Vitamin E (mg αTOC/d) 2.8 (0.14) 3.3 (0.11) 4.0 (0.10) 4.1 (0.06)
Vitamin C (mg/d) 39 (3.68) 54 (3.36) 77 (3.44) 83 (2.01)
Thiamin (mg/d) 0.8 (0.04) 1.0 (0.03) 1.2 (0.02) 1.2 (0.02)
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.2 (0.05) 1.5 (0.04) 1.8 (0.04) 1.8 (0.03)
Niacin (mg/d) 10.4 (0.48) 12.3 (0.36) 14.7 (0.31) 15.1 (0.20)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) 0.9 (0.04) 1.0 (0.03) 1.3 (0.03) 1.3 (0.02)
Folate (μg DFE/d) 253 (14.4) 315 (11.7) 397 (11.0) 417 (7.27)
Vitamin B12 (mg/d) 2.7 (0.16) 3.4 (0.13) 4.3 (0.12) 4.4 (0.07)
Choline (mg/d) 142 (6.42) 168 (5.17) 203 (5.02) 210 (2.94)

NOTES: N = 397. For % inadequate calculations, the approach of the Institute of Medicine (2000) was applied in which, when combining groups with different EARs, intakes in one of the groups are rescaled so they can be compared to the EAR of the other group. One value indicates that the EAR is the same across groups. See additional notes following this table.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
  EAR or AI*
(Ages 1–3/Age 4)
% Inadeq (SE) UL
Ages 1–3/Age 4)
% > UL
(SE)
75th 90th
1,040 (28.98) 1,245 (45.76) 500/800 21.9 (3.04) 2,500 0
0.9 (0.02) 1.1 (0.04) 0.26/0.34 0.3 (0.31) 1/3 11.5 (3.21)
12.5 (0.35) 14.7 (0.56) 3.0/4.1 0 40 0
207 (4.65) 241 (7.83) 65/110 2.5 (1.20)
1,151 (26.59) 1,339 (44.72) 380/405 0.3 (0.27) 3,000 0
81 (2.03) 94 (3.29) 17/23 0 90/150 5.9 (2.94)
9.6 (0.27) 11.3 (0.44) 2.5/4.0 0.7 (0.60) 7/12 45.4 (2.98)
2,160 (54.88) 2,546 (91.79) 3,000/3,800* ND
2,575 (62.64) 2,985 (94.86) 1,000/1,200* 1,500/1,900 83.7 (3.75)
641 (22.44) 777 (37.43) 210/275 2.5 (1.93)
500 (16.44) 595 (26.81) 600/900 9.4 (4.30)
4.8 (0.15) 5.6 (0.23) 5.0/6.0 87.6 (5.42) 200/300 0
105 (5.50) 137 (9.40) 13/22 1.0 (1.00) 400/650 0
1.4 (0.03) 1.6 (0.06) 0.4/0.5 0.2 (0.27) ND
2.1 (0.05) 2.5 (0.09) 0.4/0.5 0 ND
17.4 (0.45) 20.2 (0.73) 5.0/6.0 0.1 (0.20) 10/15 87.8 (4.22)
1.6 (0.05) 1.9 (0.08) 0.4/0.5 0.2 (0.25) 30/40 0
495 (17.0) 604 (30.0) 120/160 0 300/400 5.2
5.2 (0.17) 6.3 (0.29) 0.7/1.0 0 ND
245 (7.68) 289 (11.96) 200/250* 1,000 0
Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

NOTES FOR TABLES P1–P15: αTOC = α-tocopherol; AI = Adequate Intake; DFE = dietary folate equivalents; EAR = Estimated Average Requirement; ND = not determined; RAE = retinol activity equivalents; SE = standard error; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level; % Inadeq = percentage of individuals with usual intake below the EAR. Asterisk (*) indicates AI (used when EAR could not be determined). The ULs for folate, vitamin E, and magnesium represent intake from pharmacological agents only and do not include food intake. Vitamin D is not included because intake is a poor reflection of status (IOM, 1997, 2000, 2011).

Subgroup definitions are as follows:

WIC = All individuals reporting participation in WIC regardless of income level. Some women reporting WIC participation did not report being pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum.

Eligible Non-WIC = Low-income individuals who did not report participation in WIC.

All Low-Income = All individuals at 185 percent of poverty. At the time of analysis, the WIC indicator was not available for NHANES 2011–2012. Thus, the “All Low-Income 2011–2012” group serves as a proxy for current intakes of this population.

SOURCES FOR TABLES P1–P15: Intake data are from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012 (USDA/ARS, 2005–2008, 2011–2012). Intake recommendations from Dietary Reference Intake reports (IOM, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002/2005, 2005, 2011).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-16 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 46.3 (3.08) 49.2 (2.06) 52.2 (1.47) 51.9 (0.73) 54.9 (1.68) 57.2 (2.20)
Fiber (g/d) 8.2 (2.01) 10.8 (1.49) 13.8 (1.32) 14.6 (1.00) 17.5 (2.15) 21.9 (4.19)
Total fat (% of kcal) 29.6 (2.67) 32.1 (1.88) 34.9 (1.47) 34.9 (0.70) 37.7 (1.86) 40.1 (2.61)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 8.9 (1.06) 10.0 (0.79) 11.2 (0.67) 11.3 (0.33) 12.5 (0.87) 13.8 (1.26)
Protein (g/kg/d) 0.7 (0.13) 0.9 (0.11) 1.1 (0.11) 1.2 (0.09) 1.5 (0.19) 1.9 (0.34)

NOTES: N = 34. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error. All women were pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2011–2012. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-17 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 44.6 (1.23) 48.1 (0.82) 52.0 (0.63) 51.9 (0.36) 55.7 (0.80) 59.2 (1.17)
Fiber (g/d) 7.5 (0.61) 10.0 (0.49) 13.4 (0.47) 14.5 (0.40) 17.6 (0.80) 22.6 (1.52)
Total fat (% of kcal) 27.5 (0.93) 30.4 (0.64) 33.6 (0.51) 33.7 (0.31) 36.9 (0.68) 40.1 (1.04)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 8.9 (0.35) 9.9 (0.25) 11.1 (0.20) 11.1 (0.10) 12.2 (0.25) 13.2 (0.35)
Protein (g/kg/d) 0.6 (0.04) 0.8 (0.03) 1.0 (0.03) 1.0 (0.02) 1.2 (0.04) 1.5 (0.08)

NOTES: N = 260. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error. All women were pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-18 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 48.1 (2.01) 51.1 (1.41) 54.3 (1.10) 54.3 (0.50) 57.5 (1.36) 60.4 (1.88)
Fiber (g/d) 8.1 (1.07) 10.8 (0.92) 14.5 (0.87) 15.4 (0.67) 19.1 (1.36) 23.9 (2.27)
Total fat (% of kcal) 26.7 (1.34) 28.9 (0.99) 31.4 (0.81) 31.5 (0.40) 34.0 (1.07) 36.5 (1.54)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 8.6 (0.51) 9.6 (0.40) 10.7 (0.34) 10.8 (0.19) 12.0 (0.47) 13.2 (0.72)
Protein (g/kg/d) 0.7 (0.08) 0.9 (0.06) 1.2 (0.06) 1.2 (0.04) 1.5 (0.09) 1.8 (0.14)

NOTES: N = 90. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error. All women were pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-19 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient and Reported Units Percentiles and Mean (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 42.5 (0.37) 43.4 (0.30) 44.7 (0.33) 45.5 (0.34) 46.7 (0.68) 49.4 (1.43)
Total fat (% of kcal) 41.6 (1.54) 44.4 (0.73) 46.5 (0.34) 45.7 (0.34) 47.7 (0.30) 48.6 (0.38)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 15.9 (0.55) 17.3 (0.45) 19.0 (0.31) 19.3 (0.35) 20.6 (0.53) 23.5 (1.62)
Protein (g/kg/d) 1.6 (0.12) 1.9 (0.10) 2.3 (0.10) 2.5 (0.09) 2.9 (0.16) 3.6 (0.30)

NOTES: N = 86. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2011–2012. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-20 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Percentiles and Mean (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 42.0 (0.25) 43.2 (0.26) 45.4 (0.34) 46.8 (0.35) 49.0 (0.70) 53.6 (1.33)
Total fat (% of kcal) 38.3 (1.24) 42.4 (0.64) 45.6 (0.33) 44.5 (0.32) 47.8 (0.29) 49.1 (0.29)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 14.5 (0.50) 16.1 (0.23) 17.5 (0.21) 17.6 (0.19) 19.3 (0.30) 20.7 (0.25)
Protein (g/kg/d) 1.6 (0.10) 2.0 (0.07) 2.4 (0.06) 2.4 (0.05) 2.8 (0.09) 3.3 (0.15)

NOTES: N = 204. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-21 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 0 to Less Than 6 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Percentiles and Mean (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 42.2 (1.48) 43.5 (1.26) 45.4 (1.25) 45.8 (0.69) 47.6 (2.03) 50.1 (3.40)
Total fat (% of kcal) 40.0 (3.70) 43.1 (2.01) 45.7 (1.19) 45.1 (0.85) 47.8 (1.27) 49.5 (1.73)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 15.3 (1.36) 16.6 (0.90) 17.8 (0.65) 17.7 (0.40) 19.0 (0.77) 20.0 (1.03)
Protein (g/kg/d) 1.8 (0.25) 2.0 (0.16) 2.3 (0.14) 2.5 (0.19) 2.8 (0.31) 3.5 (0.79)

NOTES: N = 21. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-22 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient and Reported Units Percentiles and Mean (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 46.3 (1.17) 49.0 (0.88) 52.3 (0.73) 52.6 (0.56) 55.8 (1.02) 59.2 (1.56)
Fiber (g/d) 1.8 (0.44) 2.9 (0.41) 4.5 (0.41) 5.0 (0.31) 6.5 (0.66) 8.7 (1.11)
Total fat (% of kcal) 30.8 (1.54) 34.1 (1.01) 37.6 (0.71) 37.2 (0.54) 40.7 (0.82) 43.2 (1.08)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 11.3 (1.3) 13.2 (0.8) 15.2 (0.6) 14.9 (0.26) 17.1 (0.7) 18.6 (1.0)
Protein (g/kg/d) 1.7 (0.15) 2.1 (0.14) 2.6 (0.15) 2.9 (0.13) 3.5 (0.26) 4.4 (0.50)

NOTES: N = 82. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2011–2012. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-23 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 45.3 (0.94) 48.9 (0.63) 52.8 (0.48) 52.8 (0.38) 56.7 (0.64) 60.4 (1.00)
Fiber (g/d) 1.9 (0.24) 3.0 (0.21) 4.6 (0.22) 5.1 (0.19) 6.6 (0.37) 9.0 (0.68)
Total fat (% of kcal) 30.4 (0.88) 33.8 (0.58) 37.3 (0.42) 37.0 (0.32) 40.6 (0.50) 43.3 (0.67)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 11.4 (0.4) 13.1 (0.3) 14.9 (0.2) 14.7 (0.2) 16.8 (0.3) 18.4 (0.4)
Protein (g/kg/d) 1.6 (0.09) 2.1 (0.08) 2.7 (0.09) 2.9 (0.08) 3.6 (0.17) 4.7 (0.28)

NOTES: N = 252. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-24 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Infants 6 to Less Than 12 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 45.2 (2.08) 48.3 (1.55) 52.2 (1.30) 52.6 (1.02) 56.3 (1.87) 60.5 (2.92)
Fiber (g/d) 1.8 (0.51) 2.7 (0.47) 4.0 (0.49) 4.5 (0.43) 5.8 (0.85) 7.9 (1.55)
Total fat (% of kcal) 30.3 (2.13) 33.2 (1.37) 36.2 (0.93) 35.9 (0.71) 38.9 (1.07) 41.0 (1.40)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 11.9 (0.7) 13.3 (0.5) 14.9 (0.4) 15.1 (0.48) 16.5 (0.5) 18.0 (0.8)
Protein (g/kg/d) 1.6 (0.26) 2.1 (0.24) 2.8 (0.25) 3.2 (0.28) 3.9 (0.49) 5.3 (1.01)

NOTES: N = 35. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-25 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 45.9 (1.44) 48.8 (1.05) 52.0 (0.85) 52.1 (0.46) 55.3 (1.10) 58.4 (1.58)
Fiber (g/d) 4.8 (0.59) 6.4 (0.47) 8.4 (0.41) 8.6 (0.29) 10.5 (0.58) 12.7 (0.90)
Total fat (% of kcal) 28.6 (1.21) 31.0 (0.85) 33.6 (0.67) 33.6 (0.36) 36.2 (0.84) 38.5 (1.17)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 10.1 (0.60) 11.5 (0.44) 13.1 (0.36) 13.1 (0.22) 14.7 (0.48) 16.2 (0.69)
Protein (g/kg/d) 2.9 (0.22) 3.4 (0.17) 4.0 (0.15) 4.1 (0.09) 4.7 (0.22) 5.4 (0.34)

NOTES: N = 112. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2011–2012. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-26 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: NHANES WIC, 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 45.8 (0.93) 49.1 (0.68) 52.8 (0.55) 52.9 (0.32) 56.6 (0.71) 60.1 (1.01)
Fiber (g/d) 4.8 (0.30) 6.0 (0.23) 7.5 (0.21) 7.8 (0.14) 9.2 (0.31) 11.0 (0.51)
Total fat (% of kcal) 26.7 (0.85) 29.7 (0.59) 33.0 (0.45) 32.9 (0.27) 36.1 (0.54) 38.8 (0.73)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 11.4 (0.4) 13.1 (0.3) 14.9 (0.2) 13.6 (0.16) 16.8 (0.3) 18.4 (0.4)
Protein (g/kg/d) 3.1 (0.14) 3.6 (0.11) 4.4 (0.10) 4.5 (0.07) 5.2 (0.14) 6.0 (0.22)

NOTES: N = 311. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-27 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 48.0 (1.35) 50.5 (0.97) 53.4 (0.78) 53.5 (0.42) 56.4 (1.02) 59.1 (1.48)
Fiber (g/d) 5.3 (0.73) 6.9 (0.55) 8.9 (0.49) 9.2 (0.33) 11.2 (0.74) 13.6 (1.27)
Total fat (% of kcal) 26.5 (1.32) 29.5 (0.93) 32.9 (0.73) 33.0 (0.49) 36.4 (0.95) 39.5 (1.37)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 11.9 (0.7) 13.3 (0.5) 14.9 (0.4) 13.2 (0.28) 16.5 (0.5) 18.0 (0.8)
Protein (g/kg/d) 3.0 (0.25) 3.6 (0.20) 4.3 (0.17) 4.4 (0.11) 5.1 (0.25) 5.9 (0.38)

NOTES: N = 106. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-28 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: All Low-Income, NHANES 2011–2012

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 50.3 (0.74) 52.9 (0.51) 55.6 (0.40) 55.6 (0.20) 58.3 (0.50) 60.7 (0.73)
Fiber (g/d) 7.7 (0.35) 9.3 (0.27) 11.2 (0.24) 11.6 (0.17) 13.5 (0.37) 15.9 (0.62)
Total fat (% of kcal) 27.2 (0.61) 29.4 (0.42) 31.8 (0.33) 31.8 (0.18) 34.3 (0.42) 36.5 (0.62)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 10.0 (0.3) 10.9 (0.2) 12.1 (0.2) 11.2 (0.09) 13.2 (0.2) 14.3 (0.3)
Protein (g/kg/d) 2.3 (0.09) 2.8 (0.07) 3.3 (0.06) 3.4 (0.04) 3.9 (0.09) 4.5 (0.14)

NOTES: N = 406. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2011–2012. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-29 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 49.0 (0.70) 51.9 (0.51) 55.3 (0.41) 55.3 (0.23) 58.6 (0.52) 61.7 (0.73)
Fiber (g/d) 6.2 (0.31) 7.8 (0.25) 10.0 (0.24) 10.5 (0.18) 12.6 (0.37) 15.5 (0.65)
Total fat (% of kcal) 26.4 (0.58) 29.0 (0.41) 31.8 (0.33) 31.8 (0.19) 34.6 (0.41) 37.1 (0.57)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 9.7 (0.2) 10.7 (0.2) 12.0 (0.1) 11.7 (0.09) 13.2 (0.2) 14.4 (0.2)
Protein (g/kg/d) 2.3 (0.09) 2.8 (0.07) 3.4 (0.07) 3.5 (0.04) 4.1 (0.09) 4.8 (0.15)

NOTES: N = 474. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-30 Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients for Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, NHANES 2005–2008

Nutrient and Reported Units Means and Percentiles (SE)
10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 48.6 (0.76) 51.3 (0.54) 54.3 (0.43) 54.3 (0.23) 57.3 (0.57) 60.2 (0.83)
Fiber (g/d) 5.9 (0.32) 7.5 (0.25) 9.5 (0.23) 9.8 (0.17) 11.8 (0.34) 14.2 (0.57)
Total fat (% of kcal) 27.8 (0.65) 30.1 (0.46) 32.6 (0.36) 32.6 (0.18) 35.1 (0.45) 37.3 (0.62)
Saturated fatty acids (% of kcal) 9.0 (0.3) 10.0 (0.2) 11.1 (0.2) 12.1 (0.08) 12.3 (0.2) 13.4 (0.3)
Protein (g/kg/d) 2.3 (0.10) 2.7 (0.07) 3.3 (0.06) 3.4 (0.05) 3.9 (0.10) 4.6 (0.17)

NOTES: N = 397. kcal = kilocalories; SE = standard error.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008. Intake references are from Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-31 Usual Intake Distributions of Energy for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years

Participant Category 10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Women 19 to 50 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 1,628 (256) 1,961 (188) 2,346 (152) 2,361 (98.8) 2,743 (200) 3,109 (291)
Women 19 to 50 Years: WIC, 2005–2008 1,404 (69.7) 1,668 (53.6) 1,992 (47.3) 2,044 (33.38) 2,362 (69.2) 2,746 (114)
Women 19 to 50 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 1,386 (147) 1,736 (114) 2,170 (97.6) 2,220 (71.48) 2,648 (139) 3,116 (215)

NOTES: Intakes reported in kilocalories. Standard errors in parentheses. All women were pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum.

SOURCE: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-32 Usual Intake Distributions of Energy for Infants

Participant Category 10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
0 to Less Than 6 Months: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 519 (32.43) 600 (25.11) 702 (21.72) 716 (17.57) 816 (31.99) 931 (51.13)
0 to Less Than 6 Months: WIC, 2005–2008 501 (27.00) 592 (18.43) 693 (14.98) 705 (11.91) 804 (22.21) 922 (38.09)
0 to Less Than 6 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 492 (44.42) 548 (37.60) 629 (37.05) 659 (34.04) 738 (66.36) 865 (123.72)
6 to Less Than 12 Months: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 650 (51.44) 764 (41.56) 911 (37.86) 936 (26.55) 1,080 (55.65) 1,255 (88.96)
6 to Less Than 12 Months: WIC, 2005–2008 672 (29.96) 792 (21.19) 941 (19.93) 978 (17.10) 1,128 (33.20) 1,337 (56.39)
6 to Less Than 12 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 689 (64.52) 786 (52.24) 914 (48.02) 941 (36.74) 1,066 (74.51) 1,228 (125.24)

NOTES: Intakes reported in kilocalories. Standard errors in parentheses.

SOURCE: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-33 Usual Intake Distributions of Energy for Children Ages 1 to Less Than 2 Years

Participant Category 10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 893 (61.28) 1,040 (47.97) 1,220 (41.96) 1,242 (27.00) 1,421 (59.21) 1,619 (91.45)
Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: WIC, 2005–2008 951 (35.33) 1,098 (28.41) 1,284 (25.71) 1,314 (17.24) 1,498 (37.30) 1,716 (59.16)
Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 978 (71.49) 1,152 (55.83) 1,367 (48.59) 1,395 (33.27) 1,608 (69.85) 1,848 (109.50)

NOTES: Intakes reported in kilocalories. Standard errors in parentheses.

SOURCE: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012.

TABLE P-34 Usual Intake Distributions of Energy for Children Ages 2 to Less Than 5 Years

Participant Category 10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 1,164 (36.98) 1,335 (28.80) 1,546 (25.10) 1,569 (16.42) 1,777 (35.02) 2,005 (53.59)
Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: WIC, 2005–2008 1,108 (34.63) 1,281 (26.55) 1,495 (23.60) 1,534 (16.75) 1,743 (35.40) 2,007 (60.15)
Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 1,093 (38.34) 1,267 (27.79) 1,471 (23.36) 1,493 (16.59) 1,695 (33.49) 1,921 (54.22)

NOTES: Intakes reported in kilocalories. Standard errors in parentheses.

SOURCE: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-35 Distributions of Estimated Energy Requirements for Women Ages 19 to 50 Years

Participant Category 10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Women 19 to 50 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 1,775 1,940 2,165 (91.6) 2,206 (73.1) 2,369 2,599
Women 19 to 50 Years: WIC, 2005–2008 1,917 2,050 2,211 (27.9) 2,262 (22.3) 2,410 2,592
Women 19 to 50 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 1,751 1,896 2,062 (40.0) 2,080 (31.9) 2,273 2,432

NOTES: Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) reported in kilocalories. Standard errors in parentheses. All women were pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012. EERs were calculated according to Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-36 Distributions of Estimated Energy Requirements for Infants

Participant Category 10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
0 to Less Than 6 Months: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 470 488 630 (16.0) 618 (12.8) 710 781
0 to Less Than 6 Months: WIC, 2005–2008 425 497 603 (10.7) 594 (8.6) 675 764
0 to Less Than 6 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 390 425 497 (NA) 547 (32.7) 728 755
6 to Less Than 12 Months: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 572 634 705 (16.8) 717 (13.4) 794 857
6 to Less Than 12 Months: WIC, 2005–2008 607 661 750 (9.0) 744 (7.2) 821 901
6 to Less Than 12 Months: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 590 661 687 (19.3) 713 (15.4) 785 821

NOTES: Estimated energy requirements (EERs) reported in kilocalories. Standard errors in parentheses.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012. EERs were calculated according to Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

TABLE P-37 Distributions of Estimated Energy Requirements for Children Ages 1 to Less Than 2 Years

Participant Category 10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 810 899 961 (16.0) 967 (12.8) 1,006 1,130
Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: WIC, 2005–2008 739 819 917 (11.0) 925 (8.8) 1,006 1,104
Children 1 to Less Than 2 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 739 837 944 (17.9) 945 (14.3) 1,041 1,130

NOTES: Estimated energy requirements (EERs) reported in kilocalories. Standard errors in parentheses.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012. EERs were calculated according to Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

TABLE P-38 Distributions of Estimated Energy Requirements for Children Ages 2 to Less Than 5 Years

Participant Category 10th 25th Median Mean 75th 90th
Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: All Low-Income, 2011–2012 1,050 1,253 1,371 (11.8) 1,341 (9.4) 1,454 1,545
Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: WIC, 2005–2008 1,059 1,184 1,314 (10.0) 1,295 (8.0) 1,410 1,486
Children 2 to Less Than 5 Years: Eligible Non-WIC, 2005–2008 1,041 1,202 1,350 (12.3) 1,326 (9.8) 1,435 1,540

NOTES: Estimated energy requirements (EERs) reported in kilocalories. Standard errors in parentheses.

SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2012. EERs were calculated according to Dietary Reference Intake report (IOM, 2002/2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

REFERENCES

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1997. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1998. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2002/2005. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2005. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2011. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

USDA/ARS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service). 2005–2008. What we eat in America, NHANES 2005–2008. Beltsville, MD: USDA/ARS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/wweia.htm (accessed December 15, 2014).

USDA/ARS. 2011–2012. What we eat in America, NHANES 2011–2012. Beltsville, MD: USDA/ARS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/wweia.htm (accessed December 15, 2014).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) began 40 years ago as a pilot program and has since grown to serve over 8 million pregnant women, and mothers of and their infants and young children. Today the program serves more than a quarter of the pregnant women and half of the infants in the United States, at an annual cost of about $6.2 billion. Through its contribution to the nutritional needs of pregnant, breastfeeding, and post-partum women; infants; and children under 5 years of age; this federally supported nutrition assistance program is integral to meeting national nutrition policy goals for a significant portion of the U.S. population.

To assure the continued success of the WIC, Congress mandated that the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reevaluate the program's food packages every 10 years. In 2014, the USDA asked the Institute of Medicine to undertake this reevaluation to ensure continued alignment with the goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This, the second report of this series, provides a summary of the work of phase I of the study, and serves as the analytical underpinning for phase II in which the committee will report its final conclusions and recommendations.

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