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Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report (2016)

Chapter: Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Image
FIGURE S-1 Associations between breastfeeding duration and child overweight or obesity among WIC participants.
NOTES: BF = breastfeeding; d = days; LA = Los Angeles; mo = months; NA = Native American; NY = New York; y = years. Overweight = body mass index (BMI) for age 85 percentile based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth chart and obesity = BMI for age 95 percentile based on CDC growth chart, with one exception indicated below.
a Unadjusted analysis. All other analyses are adjusted.
b Criteria for obesity using the World Health Organization growth standards (BMI 30).
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Image
FIGURE S-2 Effects of breastfeeding promotion on breastfeeding rates.
Image
FIGURE S-3 Effects of breastfeeding promotion on breastfeeding duration.
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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TABLE S-1 Summary of Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation, Duration, and Exclusivity Among WIC Participants

Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
BF beliefs/attitudes
BF in first hour Ma and Magnus, 2012
BF in hospital Ma and Magnus, 2012
BF information in hospital Ma et al., 2014
Ma and Magnus, 2012
BF support groups Gross et al., 2011
Peer counseling Gross et al., 2009 Reference: standard care Peer counselor: ↑↑
Lactation consultant: ↔
Yun et al., 2010 PC has other positions in WIC: ↔
BF coordinator is BF PC task force member: ↔
Birth weight Ma and Magnus, 2012
Gross et al., 2009 Reference: normal weight Very low: ↑↑
Low: ↓↓
Very preterm birth: ↔
Unknown birth weight: ↔
Child age
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Wojcicki et al., 2010 Embarrassing or difficult in public ↔
Difficult if someone else feeds the child ↔
Physically painful and uncomfortable ↑↑
If friends and family do not approve of breastfeeding impacts attitudes ↔
If husband/partner does not approve of breastfeeding impacts attitudes ↔
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months ↑↑
BF 12 months ↑↑
Langellier et al., 2012 Exclusive BF 6 months ↑↑
BF 24 months ↑↑ Exclusive BF 12 months ↑↑
Exclusive BF 24 months ↑↑
Haughton et al., 2010
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months ↑↑
BF 12 months ↔
BF 24 months ↔
Langellier et al., 2012 Exclusive BF 6 months ↔
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
Child care arrangement
Child gender Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Boy vs. girl ↔
Employed Darfour-Oduro and
Kim, 2014
Foreign born Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 ↑↑
Formula at hospital
Gestational diabetes mellitus Ma et al., 2014
Jacobson et al., 2015
Government assistance Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014
Gross et al., 2009 Food stamps ↓
Hypertension Jacobson et al., 2015
Incentives Murimi et al., 2010 Incentives to encourage breastfeeding ↔
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Shim et al., 2012 Reference: parental care
Center-based care: ↔
Nonrelative care: ↔
Relative care: ↑
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 BF 4 months boy vs. girl ↔ Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Boy vs. girl ↔
Haughton et al., 2010 BF 6 months boy vs. girl ↔
BF > 6 months boy vs. girl ↔
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months boy vs. girl ↔
BF 12 months boy vs. girl ↔
BF 24 months boy vs. girl ↔
Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014 BF 3 months ↔ Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014
Haughton et al., 2010 BF 6 months ↔
BF > 6 months ↔
Wojcicki et al., 2010 Early introduction to formula ↔
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 BF 4 months ↑↑ Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010;
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months ↑↑
BF 12 months ↑↑
Langellier et al., 2012 Exclusive BF 6 months ↔
BF 24 months ↔
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months ↔
BF 12 months ↔
Langellier et al., 2012 Exclusive BF 6 months ↓↓
BF 24 months ↔
Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014 BF 3 months ↔ Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
Income Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: annual income ≥ 25,000
Annual income < 4,999 urban: ↑
Annual income < 4,999 rural: ↔
Annual income 5,000–9,999 urban: ↑
Annual income 5,000–9,999 rural: ↔
Annual income 10,000–14,999: ↔
Annual income 15,000–19,999: ↔
Annual income 20,000–24,999: ↔
Intention to BF
Married Ma et al., 2014
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 ↑↑
Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014 ↑↑
Ma and Magnus, 2012 ↑↑
Maternal age Ma et al., 2014
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010
Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: 30 and older 17 and younger: ↔
18–19: ↑↑
20–29: ↔
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Wojcicki et al., 2010
Haughton et al., 2010 BF 6 months ↔ BF > 6 months ↔ Tenfelde et al., 2011 Prenatal intention to exclusive BF ↑↑
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 BF 4 months ↑↑ Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010
Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014 BF 3 months ↑↑ Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014
Dodgson et al., 2007 Duration any BF ↑↑ Dodgson et al., 2007
Wojcicki et al., 2010 Early introduction to formula ↔
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 BF 4 months ↔ Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 ↑↑
Dodgson et al., 2007
Tenfelde et al., 2012 BF cessation: ↓↓
Dodgson et al., 2007 Duration any BF Dodgson et al., 2007 Duration of exclusive BF
Reference: 22–29 Reference: 22–29
21 and younger: ↑↑ 21 and younger: ↔
30 and older: ↔ 30 and older: ↔
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
Gross et al., 2009 Reference: 35–43
14–17: ↓↓
18–19: ↓↓
20–24: ↓↓
44–53: ↑↑
Maternal weight/BMI Gross et al., 2009 Reference: BMI 19–24.99
BMI < 19: ↔
BMI 25–29.99: ↓↓
BMI 30–39.99: ↔
BMI 40+: ↔
Mother return to work
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Haughton et al., 2010 ↑↑
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months ↑↑ Langellier et al., 2012 Exclusive BF 6 months ↔
BF 12 months ↔
BF 24 months ↔
Wojcicki et al., 2010 Early introduction to formula ↔
Haughton et al., 2010 Maternal weight ↔
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months, Reference: ≥ 7 months until work Langellier et al., 2012 Exclusive BF 6 months, Reference: ≥ 7 months until work
4–6 months: ↔ 4–6 months: ↔
0–3 months: ↓↓ 0–3 months: ↓↓
Not employed: ↔ Not employed: ↔
BF 12 months:
4–6 months: ↔
0–3 months: ↓↓
Not employed: ↔
BF 24 months:
4–6 months: ↔
0–3 months: ↓↓
Not employed: ↔
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
Number of children Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010
Postpartum health/ depression Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014
Poverty Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Poverty ratio: ↑↑
Gross et al., 2009 At or below poverty: ↓↓
Pregnancy intent
Prenatal WIC enrollment duration Yun et al., 2010 Non-PC agencies Reference: < 3 months
3–6 months: ↑↑
≥ 6 months: ↑↑
PC agencies
< 3 months: ↔
3–6 months: ↑↑
≥ 6 months: ↑↑
Prenatal WIC participation
Prepregnancy BMI
Previous BF experience
Race Ma et al., 2014 Reference: Non-Hispanic black
Non-Hispanic white: ↑↑
Other: ↑↑
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Reference: white
Non-Hispanic black: ↓↓
Hispanic: ↔
Non-Hispanic other: ↓↓
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 BF 4 months ↔ Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010
Dodgson et al., 2007 Duration any BF: ↔ Dodgson et al., 2007
Wojcicki et al., 2010
Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014 BF 3 months: ↔ Darfour-Oduro and Kim, 2014
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 PIR, BF 4 months: ↑↑ Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 PIR: ↑↑
Haughton et al., 2010
Dodgson et al., 2007 Duration any BF: ↔ Dodgson et al., 2007
Tenfelde et al., 2011 Prepregnancy overweight/obese ↓↓
Tenfelde et al., 2012 BF cessation: ↓↓
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 BF 4 months, Reference: white Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Reference: white
Non-Hispanic black: ↓ Non-Hispanic black: ↓↓
Hispanic: ↓↓ Hispanic: ↔
Non-Hispanic other: ↓↓ Non-Hispanic other: ↓↓
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: Non-Hispanic white
Non-Hispanic black: ↓↓
Hispanic: ↑↑
American Indian: ↔
Asian/Pacific Islander: ↔
Ma and Magnus, 2012 Reference: white
Black: ↓↓
Gross et al., 2009 Reference: Non-Hispanic African American
Non-Hispanic white: ↔
Non-Hispanic other: ↑↑
Hispanic: ↑↑
Unknown: ↑↑
Evans et al., 2011 African American: ↓
White: ↑
Hispanic: ↑
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Tenfelde et al., 2012 BF cessation, Mexican: ↓↓
Haughton et al., 2010
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months ↔ Langellier et al., 2012 Exclusive BF 6 months, Reference: Hispanic
BF 12 months ↔ Non-Hispanic white: ↑↑
BF 24 months ↔ Non-Hisapnic black: ↔
Other: ↔
Wojcicki et al., 2010 Early introduction to formula
Reference: white
Asian/Pacific Islander: ↑↑
Black/African
American: ↔
Latino: ↔
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
Region of the United States Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Reference: East
Midwest: ↔
South: ↔
West: ↑↑
Stress factors at home Ma and Magnus, 2012 Number of stress factors at 12 months before baby was born ↑↑
Time in the United States
Trimester medical care began Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: 1st trimester 2nd trimester: ↔
3rd trimester urban: ↓↓
3rd trimester rural: ↔
No medical care: ↔
Ma and Magnus, 2012 Prenatal care in 1st trimester: ↓
Trimester WIC entry Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Reference: No participation 1st trimester: ↓↓
2nd trimester: ↔
3rd trimester: ↔
Jacobson et al., 2015 Reference: 1st trimester
2nd trimester urban: ↓↓
2nd trimester rural: ↔
3rd trimester urban: ↓↓
3rd trimester rural: ↔
Postpartum urban: ↔
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 BF 4 months, Reference: East Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Reference: East
Midwest: ↔ Midwest: ↔
South: ↔ South: ↔
West: ↑↑ West: ↑↑
Haughton et al., 2010 Years in the United States ↓↓
Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Reference: No participation Ziol-Guest and Hernandez, 2010 Reference: No participation
1st trimester: ↓↓ 1st trimester: ↔
2nd trimester: ↔ 2nd trimester: ↔
3rd trimester: ↔ 3rd trimester: ↔
Tenfelde et al., 2011 1st trimester entry: ↑↑
Langellier et al., 2012 BF 6 months: ↔ Langellier et al., 2012
BF 12 months: ↔
BF 24 months: ↔
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
Metallinos-Katsaras et al., 2015 No previous live birth 1st vs. 3rd: ↑↑
2nd vs. 3rd: ↑↑
1st vs. 2nd: ↔
1 or more previous live births
1st vs. 3rd: ↑↑
2nd vs. 3rd: ↑↑
1st vs. 2nd: ↑↑
No previous live birth
Prenatal vs. postpartum: ↔
1st trimester vs. postpartum: ↔
1 or more previous live births
Prenatal vs. postpartum: ↑↑
1st trimester vs. postpartum: ↑↑
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Metallinos-Katsaras et al., 2015 First birth First vs. third:
BF 3 months: ↔
BF 6 months: ↔
BF 12 months: ↔
Prenatal vs. postpartum
BF 3 months: ↔
BF 6 months: ↔
BF 12 months: ↔
Subsequent birth
First vs. third:
BF 3 months: ↔
BF 6 months: ↔
BF 12 months: ↔
Second vs. third:
BF 3 months: ↑↑
BF 6 months: ↑↑
BF 12 months: ↔
First vs. second:
BF 3 months: ↓↓
BF 6 months: ↔
BF 12 months: ↑↑
Subsequent birth
First vs. third:
BF 3 months: ↑↑
BF 6 months: ↑↑
BF 12 months: ↑↑
Second vs. third:
BF 3 months: ↑↑
BF 6 months: ↑↑
BF 12 months: ↑↑
First vs. second:
BF 3 months: ↔
BF 6 months: ↔
BF 12 months: ↑↑
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
Factor Associated with BF BF Initiation
Study Association
Joyce et al., 2008 1st vs. 3rd: ↑↑
1st vs. 2nd: ↑↑

NOTES: BF = breastfeeding; BMI = body mass index; PC = peer counselor; PIR = poverty-to-income ratio. ↑↑ Factor was significantly associated with higher BF initiation, longer duration (continuous or categorical outcomes), or exclusivity in adjusted analysis; ↑ Factor was significantly associated with higher BF initiation, longer duration (continuous or categorical outcomes), or exclusivity in unadjusted/crude analysis; ↔ no significant association; ↓ Factor was significantly associated with lower BF initiation, shorter duration (continuous or categorical outcomes), or shorter exclusivity in unadjusted/crude analysis; ↓↓ Factor was significantly associated with lower BF initiation, longer duration (continuous or categorical outcomes), or exclusivity in unadjusted/crude analysis; data excluded in summary if no significance tests were performed.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×
BF Duration BF Exclusivity
Study Association Study Association
Prenatal vs. postpartum
BF 3 months: ↑↑
BF 6 months: ↑↑
BF 12 months: ↑↑
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 535
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 536
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 537
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 538
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 539
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 540
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 541
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 542
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 544
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 545
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 546
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 547
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 548
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 549
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Page 550
Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Review of WIC Food Packages: Proposed Framework for Revisions: Interim Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21832.
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Next: Appendix T: Chronology of Statutes Pertaining to the Definition of WIC Supplemental Foods »
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The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) began 40 years ago as a pilot program and has since grown to serve over 8 million pregnant women, and mothers of and their infants and young children. Today the program serves more than a quarter of the pregnant women and half of the infants in the United States, at an annual cost of about $6.2 billion. Through its contribution to the nutritional needs of pregnant, breastfeeding, and post-partum women; infants; and children under 5 years of age; this federally supported nutrition assistance program is integral to meeting national nutrition policy goals for a significant portion of the U.S. population.

To assure the continued success of the WIC, Congress mandated that the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reevaluate the program's food packages every 10 years. In 2014, the USDA asked the Institute of Medicine to undertake this reevaluation to ensure continued alignment with the goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This, the second report of this series, provides a summary of the work of phase I of the study, and serves as the analytical underpinning for phase II in which the committee will report its final conclusions and recommendations.

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