Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Implications for the Social Security Administration's Supplemental Security Income Program (2016)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Appendix C Population and Administrative/Service Data for Speech and Language Disorders TABLE C-1  Number of Children Aged 3-21 Served Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part B, by Disability Type: School Year 2011-2012 (refers to Figure 1-3 in Chapter 1) Disability Type Ages 3-21 Specific learning disabilities 2,363,890 Speech or language impairments 1,413,289 Other health impairments 754,527 Autism 458,209 Intellectual disabilities 443,054 Developmental delay 393,138 Emotional disturbance 374,552 Multiple disabilities 132,986 Hearing impairments 78,545 Orthopedic impairments 61,763 NOTE: The sample size of children aged 3-21 served under IDEA Part B for all disabilities is 6,530,552. SOURCES: Kena et al., 2014; U.S. Department of Education, 2012. 247 

248 SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN TABLE C-2  Number of Child SSI Recipients, by Family Income Relative to the Federal Poverty Level, with and Without SSI Payments, September- December 2010 (refers to Figure 4-1 in Chapter 4) Federal Poverty Level Without SSI Payments With SSI Payments Under 100% FPL 692,696 377,256 100-150% FPL 187,481 309,207 150% or more FPL 313,670 507,385 NOTES: Totals do not necessarily equal the sum of rounded components. The sample size is 1,193,848. FPL = federal poverty level; SSI = Supplemental Security Income. SOURCE: Bailey and Hemmeter, 2014. TABLE C-3  Number of Children with Speech and Language Disorders in the General U.S. Population Based on the 2005-2006 and 2009-2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (refers to Figure 5-1 in Chapter 5) Weighted Sample Size of Percentage of Percentage of U.S. Children with Children with Children with Special Health Special Health Special Health Years Number Care Needs Care Needs Care Needs 2005/6  8,435 38,296 23.00% 13.90% 2009/10 11,936 39,747 30.00% 15.10% SOURCES: CDC, 2007, 2014; HHS, 2013; HHS et al., 2008. TABLE C-4  Number of Children with Speech and Language Disorders in the General U.S. Population Based on the 2007 and 2011 National Survey of Children’s Health (refers to Figure 5-2 in Chapter 5) Years Number Sample size 2007 2,697 81,955 2011 3,916 85,581 SOURCES: CDC 2013a,b. 

TABLE C-5  Number of Children in the General U.S. Population of Children Aged 6-21 Years Served Under IDEA Part B, by Year and Disability Category, Fall 2003 Through Fall 2012 (refers to Figure 5-3 in Chapter 5) Disability Type 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Learning 2,866,908 2,789,895 2,727,802 2,654,668 2,559,722 2,522,735 2,483,391 2,412,801 2,354,790 2,338,273 disabilities Other health 452,442 508,085 557,121 595,073 624,688 648,112 678,640 703,912 733,960 770,648 impairments Speech or 1,129,260 1,137,692 1,143,195 1,144,277 1,135,638 1,121,496 1,107,029 1,089,976 1,071,200 1,061,762 language impairments Intellectual 582,663 555,524 533,426 511,041 487,175 475,713 460,964 444,894 430,819 424,530 disabilities SOURCES: U.S. Department of Education, 2014a,b. 249 

250 SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN TABLE C-6  Prevalence of Speech and Language Disorders by Race/ Ethnicity Among Children Aged 0-17 Years Based on the 2007 and 2011 National Survey of Children’s Health (refers to Figure 5-5 in Chapter 5) Race/Ethnicity 2007 2011 Non-Hispanic White 1,697 2,449 Non-Hispanic Black 313 403 Other Non-Hispanic 261 447 Hispanic 373 529 NOTE: The sample size is 81,955 in 2007 and 85,581 in 2011. SOURCES: CDC, 2013a,b. TABLE C-7  Children Aged 6-17 with Speech and Language Disorders, by Family Income Relative to the Federal Poverty Level Based on the 2010 Survey of Income and Program Participation (refers to Figure 5-7 in Chapter 5) Federal Poverty Level Number Under 100% FPL 75 100-150% FPL 78 150% or more FPL 124 NOTES: The sample size is 277. FPL = federal poverty level. SOURCE: NBER, 2015. TABLE C-8  Children Aged 6-17 Without Speech and Language Disorders, by Family Income Relative to the Federal Poverty Level Based on the 2010 Survey of Income and Program Participation (refers to Figure 5-8 in Chapter 5) Federal Poverty Level Number Under 100% FPL 3,150 100-150% FPL 3,493 150% or more FPL 7,864 NOTES: The sample size is 14,507. FPL = federal poverty level. SOURCE: NBER, 2015. 

APPENDIX C 251 TABLE C-9  Material Hardship Among Families with and Without Children with Speech and Language Disorders Based on the 2010 Survey of Income and Program Participation (refers to Figure 5-9 in Chapter 5) Households with 6- to Households with 6- to 17-Year-Olds with Speech 17-Year-Olds Without Speech Types of Hardship and Language Disorders Problems Unmet essential expenses 99 3,397 Low food security 65 2,122 Child food insecurity 22 961 NOTE: The sample size of children with speech and language disorders is 277 and without speech and language disorders is 14,507. SOURCE: NBER, 2015. TABLE C-10  Unmet Health Care Needs for Children with Speech Problems (refers to Figure 5-10 in Chapter 5) Based on the 2007 and 2011 National Survey of Children’s Health Indicators of Receiving Health Care 2007 2011 No preventive care in past year 218 367 ≥ 1 unmet health need 397 519 No help with care coordination 598 624 NOTE: In 2007, the sample sizes for no preventive care in past year, ≥ 1 unmet health need, and no help with care coordination are 2,469, 2,487, and 980, respectively. In 2011, the respective sample sizes are 3,529, 3,548, and 1,410. SOURCES: CDC, 2013a,b. TABLE C-11  Number of Determinations, Allowances, and Denials for Speech and Language Disorders (includes primary impairment codes 3153 and 7840) at the Initial Level Based on Fiscal Year 2004-2014 SSI Data (refers to Figure 5-11 in Chapter 5) Year Determinations Allowances Denials 2004 35,588 21,337 14,251 2005 36,507 21,610 14,897 2006 35,613 20,904 14,709 2007 36,153 21,135 15,018 2008 38,858 22,944 15,914 2009 43,889 26,839 17,050 2010 49,661 29,144 20,517 2011 51,740 29,309 22,431 2012 52,403 29,165 23,238 2013 47,604 26,142 21,462 2014 44,985 25,244 19,741 SOURCE: Unpublished dataset provided by the Social Security Administration. 

252 SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN TABLE C-12  Initial Allowances for Speech and Language Disorders Based on Fiscal Year 1994-2014 SSI Data (refers to Figures 5-12 and 5-14a in Chapter 5) Speech/Language 3153—Speech and Impairment and Language Impairment 7840—Loss of Loss of Voice Year Allowances Voice Allowances Allowances 1994 1,585 2,108 3,693 1995 4,109 1,969 6,078 1996 4,119 1,893 6,012 1997 2,904 1,965 4,869 1998 3,829 2,055 5,884 1999 6,017 2,810 8,827 2000 8,299 3,266 11,565 2001 10,500 2,858 13,358 2002 13,676 2,730 16,406 2003 16,944 2,866 19,810 2004 18,299 3,038 21,337 2005 18,829 2,781 21,610 2006 18,445 2,459 20,904 2007 18,761 2,374 21,135 2008 20,572 2,372 22,944 2009 24,000 2,839 26,839 2010 26,050 3,094 29,144 2011 26,188 3,121 29,309 2012 26,177 2,988 29,165 2013 23,493 2,649 26,142 2014 22,727 2,517 25,244 SOURCE: Unpublished dataset provided by the Social Security Administration. 

APPENDIX C 253 TABLE C-13 Numbers of Recipients for Speech and Language Disorders Based on Fiscal Year 2004-2014 SSI Data (refers to Figure 5-13 in Chapter 5) Speech/Language Impairment and   3153—Speech and Loss of Voice Year Language Impairment 7840—Loss of Voice Recipients 2004  78,827 15,201  94,028 2005  93,162 15,462 108,624 2006 107,318 16,009 123,327 2007 121,771 16,577 138,348 2008 135,990 17,018 153,008 2009 154,229 17,716 171,945 2010 173,102 18,285 191,387 2011 190,714 19,011 209,725 2012 201,044 19,788 220,832 2013 211,865 19,721 231,586 2014 213,688 18,635 232,323 SOURCE: Unpublished dataset provided by the Social Security Administration. 

254 SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN TABLE C-14 Top Secondary Impairments for Initial Allowances for Primary Speech and Language Disorders (includes impairment codes 3153 and 7840) Based on Fiscal Year 2004-2014 SSI Data (refers to Figure 5-15 in Chapter 5)   2004 2005 2006 2007 0000—Unknown, No Medical Evidence 8,610 8,523 8,574 8,724 None—Secondary Code Blank 4,180 4,352 3,985 4,120 2990—Autistic Disorder and 643 714 839 978 Developmental Disorders 3140—Attention Deficit Hyperactivity 1,159 1,304 1,183 1,178 Disorder 3152—Learning Disorder 1,222 1,244 1,263 1,128 3890—Hearing Loss 388 397 330 323 3180—Intellectual Disability 624 570 571 478 4930—Asthma 668 657 557 522 3450—Epilepsy 243 244 209 240 2940—Organic Mental Disorders 118 143 135 165 SOURCE: Unpublished dataset provided by the Social Security Administration. TABLE C-15 Top Primary Impairments for Secondary Speech and Language Disorders (includes impairment codes 3153 and 7840) Based on Fiscal Year 2004-2014 SSI Data (refers to Figure 5-16 in Chapter 5) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2990—Autistic Disorder and 1,392 1,494 1,571 1,864 Developmental Disorders 3180—Intellectual Disability 3,500 3,222 2,710 2,322 3140—Attention Deficit Hyperactivity 1,859 1,922 1,638 1,766 Disorder 3890—Hearing Loss 402 353 311 291 3430—Cerebral Palsy 283 219 242 263 2940—Organic Mental Disorders 383 417 370 376 3152—Learning Disorder 1,235 1,174 1,086 1,036 3450—Epilepsy 160 157 125 154 3195—Borderline Intellectual 596 514 500 465 Functioning 3150—Development and Emotional 549 511 465 438 Disorders/Infants SOURCE: Unpublished dataset provided by the Social Security Administration. 

APPENDIX C 255 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 9,220 10,497 11,408 11,076 11,007 9,815 9,537 4,808 5,682 5,891 5,746 5,462 4,878 4,952 1,177 1,486 1,814 2,077 2,337 2,226 2,488 1,249 1,675 1,784 1,902 1,920 1,759 1,564 1,155 1,332 1,485 1,583 1,624 1,722 1,438 315 394 470 478 484 410 371 483 502 587 565 543 521 676 517 654 716 857 824 696 605 257 320 319 334 353 293 288 180 202 265 430 572 502 418 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2,402 2,855 3,558 4,568 5,535 5,889 6,238 2,326 2,596 2,665 2,720 2,526 2,561 2,517 1,884 2,155 2,402 2,598 2,575 2,330 2,002 353 399 442 488 533 476 439 238 278 304 329 318 256 277 382 452 526 666 728 786 682 1,032 1,134 1,245 1,321 1,349 1,265 1,099 160 209 207 268 281 219 241 439 488 461 443 376 386 378 490 560 529 481 400 280 197 

256 SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN TABLE C-16  Number of all SSI Child Recipients Suspended Based on Fiscal Year 2004-2013 SSI Data (refers to Figure 5-17 in Chapter 5) Excess Income and Year Resources Other No Longer Disabled Total 2004 84,900 65,800 27,600 150,700 2005 85,180 56,270 22,400 141,450 2006 82,062 51,817 11,845 133,879 2007 80,409 56,591 6,588 137,000 2008 89,563 67,079 5,800 156,642 2009 88,031 75,578 9,073 163,609 2010 96,165 81,721 14,721 177,886 2011 102,161 90,184 16,572 192,345 2012 96,647 85,949 25,353 182,596 2013 95,138 98,485 25,484 193,623 SOURCE: Unpublished dataset provided by the Social Security Administration. TABLE C-17 Number of SSI Child Recipients Terminated Based on Fiscal Year 2004-2013 SSI Data (refers to Figure 5-18 in Chapter 5) Excess Income No Longer Year and Resources Disabled Other Death Total 2004 28,270 18,550 12,950 5,500 65,270 2005 29,347 16,747 11,531 5,051 62,676 2006 31,498 17,536 10,862 5,236 65,132 2007 30,384  9,516  9,759 5,488 55,147 2008 34,045  4,478  8,986 5,194 52,703 2009 31,858  4,528 11,940 5,041 53,367 2010 35,528  5,720 11,543 4,824 57,615 2011 36,772 11,152 12,507 4,805 65,236 2012 34,522 13,103 12,575 4,686 64,886 2013 32,825 18,432 11,341 4,484 67,082 SOURCE: Unpublished dataset provided by the Social Security Administration. 

TABLE C-18  Rate of SSI Child Speech and Language Impairment Recipients by the Federal Poverty Level Based on Fiscal Year 2004-2013 SSI Data (refers to Figure 5-19 in Chapter 5) Speech and Rate per Rate per Language 100,000 100,000 Impairment and No. of Children No. of Children Children Children Rate per Loss of Voice Under 200% Under 100% U.S. Under 18 At/Below At/Below 100,000 Speech Year Recipients FPL (CPS) FPL (CPS) Population 100% FPL 200% FPL Children 2004  94,028 28,753,000 13,041,000 73,297,735  721 327 128 2005 108,624 28,539,000 12,896,000 73,523,669  842 381 148 2006 123,327 28,757,000 12,827,000 73,757,714  961 429 167 2007 138,348 28,999,000 13,324,000 74,019,405 1,038 477 187 2008 153,008 30,064,000 14,068,000 74,104,602 1,088 509 206 2009 171,945 31,505,000 15,451,000 74,134,167 1,113 546 232 2010 191,387 32,254,000 16,286,000 74,119,556 1,175 593 258 2011 209,725 32,678,000 16,134,000 73,902,222 1,300 642 284 2012 220,832 32,269,000 16,073,000 73,708,179 1,374 684 300 2013 231,586 31,364,000 14,659,000 73,585,872 1,580 738 315 NOTES: The Current Population Survey table creator was used to generate numbers of children below 100 percent and 200 percent of the federal poverty level. Parameters used to generate the numbers include get count of: persons in poverty universe (everyone except unrelated individuals under 15); years: 2004 to 2013; Census 2010 weights; row variable: age; column variable: income-to-poverty ratio; and customized formatting: income-to-poverty ratio cutoff of 100 percent and 200 percent. CPS = Current Population Survey; FPL = federal poverty level. SOURCES: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015a,b; unpublished dataset provided by the Social Security Administration. 257 

TABLE C-19  Speech and Language Disorders Among Medicaid Enrollees and SSI/Medicaid Enrollees Based on 258 Fiscal Year 2001-2010 Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) Data (refers to Figure 5-20 in Chapter 5)   2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Speech and Language Disorders 83,713 91,997 98,317 114,415 133,167 139,239 131,870 151,794 181,082 221,630 Among Medicaid Enrollees Speech and Language Disorders 22,750 24,829 27,305 30,578 34,975 37,528 37,143 41,813 48,280 56,980 Among SSI/Medicaid Enrollees SOURCE: MAX data. TABLE C-20  SSI/Medicaid Enrollees with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and a Comorbid Diagnosis of Speech or Language Disorder Based on Fiscal Year 2001-2010 MAX Data (refers to Figure 5-21 in Chapter 5) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 SSI/Medicaid Enrollees with 38,466 42,603 48,485 53,357 59,756 60,492 62,787 69,149 81,051 84,519 ADHD and a Comorbid Diagnosis of Speech or Language Disorder SOURCE: MAX data. 

APPENDIX C 259 REFERENCES Bailey, M. S., and J. Hemmeter. 2014. Characteristics of noninstitutionalized DI and SSI program participants, 2010 update. www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/rsnotes/rsn2014-02.html (accessed July 10, 2015). CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2007. 2005-2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs Datasets. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/slaits/cshcn. htm (accessed September 30, 2015). CDC. 2013a. 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/slaits/nsch. htm#nsch2007 (accessed September 30, 2015). CDC. 2013b. 2011-2012 National Survey of Children’s Health. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ slaits/nsch.htm#nsch2011 (accessed September 30, 2015). CDC. 2014. 2005-2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. http:// www.cdc.gov/nchs/slaits/cshcn.htm#2005CSHCN (accessed September 30, 2015). HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2013. Child Health USA 2012. http:// mchb.hrsa.gov/publications/pdfs/childhealth2012.pdf (accessed September 2, 2015). HHS, HRSA (Health Resources and Services Administration), and MCHB (Maternal and Child Health Bureau). 2008. The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs chartbook 2005-2006. Rockville, MD: HHS. Kena, G., S. Aud, F. Johnson, X. Wang, J. Zhang, A. Rathbun, S. Wilkinson-Flicker, and P. Kristapovich. 2014. The condition of education 2014. NCES 2014-083. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. NBER (National Bureau of Economic Research). 2015. SIPP data—reading Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data, using SAS, SPSS, or Stata. http://www.nber.org/ data/survey-of-income-and-program-participation-sipp-data.html (accessed September 30, 2015). U.S. Census Bureau. 2015a. CPS table creator. www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecrea tor.html (accessed July 13, 2015). U.S. Census Bureau. 2015b. Total population by child and adult populations. http:// datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/99-total-population-by-child-and-adult#detailed/1/ any/false/869,15/39/416,417 (accessed September 23, 2015). U.S. Department of Education. 2012. Historical state-level IDEA data files. http://tadnet. public.tadnet.org/pages/712 (accessed November 9, 2015). U.S. Department of Education. 2014a. 36th annual report to Congress on the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 2014. http://www2.ed.gov/about/ reports/annual/osep/2014/parts-b-c/36th-idea-arc.pdf (accessed June 12, 2015). U.S. Department of Education, 2014b. OSEP’s annual reports to Congress on implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). http://www2.ed.gov/about/ reports/annual/osep/index.html (accessed November 9, 2015).