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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Glossary of Key Terms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Implications for the Social Security Administration's Supplemental Security Income Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21872.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Glossary of Key Terms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Implications for the Social Security Administration's Supplemental Security Income Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21872.
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Page 236
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Glossary of Key Terms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Implications for the Social Security Administration's Supplemental Security Income Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21872.
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Page 237
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Glossary of Key Terms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Implications for the Social Security Administration's Supplemental Security Income Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21872.
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Page 238

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Appendix A Glossary of Key Terms Award: An administrative determination that an individual is eligible for a Supplemental Security Income benefit (SSA, 2014). Child: A blind or disabled individual who is neither married nor the head of household and who is (1) under age 18, or (2) under the age of 22 and a student regularly attending a school, college, or university or a course of vocational or technical training designed to prepare him or her for gainful employment. A child 18 or older is subject to the adult definition of dis- ability and is not subject to parental deeming (SSA, 2014). Continuing disability review (CDR): A review of the beneficiary’s medical condition to determine whether there has been sufficient medical improve- ment so that the individual is no longer disabled or whether the individual has demonstrated the ability to engage in substantial gainful activity (SSA, 2006). Deeming: The process by which the Social Security Administration consid- ers the income and resources of an ineligible individual to be available to a recipient when determining eligibility or payment amount. Deeming applies only between • the living-with ineligible spouse and the eligible spouse; • the living-with ineligible parent(s) and eligible child(ren) under age 18; and • the immigration sponsors of some noncitizens and the noncitizen(s) (SSA, 2014). 235

236 SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Disability: For individuals aged 18 or older, the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physi- cal or mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or that has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of at least 12 months. An individual under age 18 must have a medically determinable physical or mental impairment that results in marked and severe functional limitations and that can be expected to result in death or that has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of at least 12 months (SSA, 2014). Disability Determination Services (DDS): The state agency responsible for developing medical evidence and rendering the initial determination and re- consideration as to whether a claimant is disabled or a beneficiary continues to be disabled within the meaning of the law (SSA, 2006). Listing of Impairments: Issued by the Social Security Administration and used to identify medical conditions for purposes of determining disability. Also referred to as the Medical Listings (SSA, 2006). Recipient: A person who is receiving Supplemental Security Income pay- ments based on an evaluation of his or her countable income and resources, age, and disability status (SSA, 2014). Substantial gainful activity (SGA): The level of work activity used to estab- lish disability. A finding of disability requires that a person be unable to engage in SGA. A person who is not statutorily blind and is earning above the SGA level in 1 month (net of impairment-related work expenses) is ordinarily considered to be engaging in SGA. According to regulation, the Social Security Administration bases yearly increases in the SGA level on increases in the national average wage base (SSA, 2014). Suspension: Benefits are suspended for various reasons, including excess income for Supplemental Security Income recipients and work above the substantial gainful activity level for Social Security Disability Insurance ben- eficiaries, among others. Under benefit suspension, the individual remains eligible for the program but does not collect a cash benefit (SSA, 2006). Termination: For an individual, cessation of benefits, which can occur for a number of reasons, including death, medical improvement, or a period of suspension lasting longer than 12 months (SSA, 2014).

APPENDIX A 237 REFERENCES SSA (Social Security Administration). 2006. Trends in the Social Security and Supplemental Security Income disability programs. http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/chartbooks/disabil- ity_trends/trends.pdf (accessed June 10, 2015). SSA. 2014. Annual report of the Supplemental Security Income Program. http://ssa.gov/oact/ ssir/SSI14/ssi2014.pdf (accessed June 10, 2015).

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Speech and language are central to the human experience; they are the vital means by which people convey and receive knowledge, thoughts, feelings, and other internal experiences. Acquisition of communication skills begins early in childhood and is foundational to the ability to gain access to culturally transmitted knowledge, organize and share thoughts and feelings, and participate in social interactions and relationships. Thus, speech disorders and language disorders—disruptions in communication development—can have wide-ranging and adverse impacts on the ability to communicate and also to acquire new knowledge and fully participate in society. Severe disruptions in speech or language acquisition have both direct and indirect consequences for child and adolescent development, not only in communication, but also in associated abilities such as reading and academic achievement that depend on speech and language skills.

The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program for children provides financial assistance to children from low-income, resource-limited families who are determined to have conditions that meet the disability standard required under law. Between 2000 and 2010, there was an unprecedented rise in the number of applications and the number of children found to meet the disability criteria. The factors that contribute to these changes are a primary focus of this report.

Speech and Language Disorders in Children provides an overview of the current status of the diagnosis and treatment of speech and language disorders and levels of impairment in the U.S. population under age 18. This study identifies past and current trends in the prevalence and persistence of speech disorders and language disorders for the general U.S. population under age 18 and compares those trends to trends in the SSI childhood disability population.

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