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THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ENVIR RONME ENTAL CHEMIC CAL EXPOSURE ES AND D OBESITY Proceedin ngs of a Worrkshop Robert Pool, P Rappo orteur Rou undtable on Environmeental Health h Sciences, Research, and d Medicine Bo oard on Pop pulation He ealth and Pu ublic Health h Practice Health and Medicine D Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the ExxonMobil Foundation (unnumbered), The Kresge Foundation (245367), the National Institutes of Health (HHSN26300033), Shell International B.V. (unnumbered), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EP-15-D-000016), and the U.S. Geological Survey (G14AC00448). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-38924-2 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-38924-0 Digital Object Identifier: 10.17226/21880 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2016 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover design: Anna Martin. Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. The interplay between environmental chemical exposures and obesity: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21880.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURES AND OBESITY1 HENRY A. ANDERSON, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, WI LINDA S. BIRNBAUM, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC GWEN W. COLLMAN, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC LYNN R. GOLDMAN, George Washington University, Washington, DC PATRICIA VERDUIN, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ NSEDU OBOT WITHERSPOON, Childrenâs Environmental Health Network, Washington, DC 1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicineâs planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution. v
ROUNDTABLE ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, RESEARCH, AND MEDICINE1 FRANK LOY (Chair), Washington, DC LYNN R. GOLDMAN (Vice-Chair), George Washington University, Washington, DC HENRY A. ANDERSON, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison JOHN M. BALBUS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD JAMES K. BARTRAM, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill FAIYAZ BHOJANI, Royal Dutch Shell, Amsterdam, Netherlands LINDA S. BIRNBAUM, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC LUZ CLAUDIO, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY DENNIS J. DEVLIN, ExxonMobil Corporation, Irving, TX RICHARD A. FENSKE, University of Washington, Seattle DAVID D. FUKUZAWA, The Kresge Foundation, Troy, MI LUIZ A. GALVÃO, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC BERNARD D. GOLDSTEIN, University of Pittsburgh, PA RICHARD J. JACKSON, University of California, Los Angeles SUZETTE M. KIMBALL, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA JAY LEMERY, University of Colorado, Aurora LINDA A. MCCAULEY, Emory University, Atlanta, GA AL MCGARTLAND, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC DAVID M. MICHAELS, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC CANICE NOLAN, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium CHRISTOPHER J. PORTIER, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France PAUL SANDIFER, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC SUSAN L. SANTOS, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ KIRK P. SMITH, University of California, Berkeley 1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicineâs forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution. vii
AGNES SOARES DA SILVA, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA G. DAVID TILMAN, University of Minnesota, St. Paul PATRICIA VERDUIN, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ NSEDU OBOT WITHERSPOON, Childrenâs Environmental Health Network, Washington, DC HAROLD ZENICK, Cary, NC HMD Staff KATHLEEN STRATTON, Study Director ERIN RUSCH, Associate Program Officer (until May 2015) BETTINA RITTER, Research Assistant HOPE HARE, Administrative Assistant ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Director, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice viii
REVIEWERS This Proceedings of a Workshop has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published Proceedings of a Workshop as sound as possible and to ensure that the Proceedings of a Workshop meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this Proceedings of a Workshop: Marie Capdevielle, Colgate-Palmolive Company Jerrold J. Heindel, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Linda D. Meyers, Independent Nutrition Consultant Winston F. Wong, Kaiser Permanente Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the Proceedings of a Workshop before its release. The review of this Proceedings of a Workshop was overseen by Elena Nightingale. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this Proceedings of a Workshop was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this Proceedings of a Workshop rests entirely with the rapporteur and the institution. ix
CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Organization of This Proceedings of a Workshop, 3 2 FRAMING THE PROBLEM 5 Public Health Overview, 5 Environmental Health Overview, 10 Discussion, 16 References, 19 3 DEVELOPMENTAL VIEW OF THE ROLE OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES AND OBESITY 21 Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Organochlorines on Childhood Obesity, 21 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Onset of Puberty, and Obesity, 28 OBELIX, 35 Discussion, 39 References, 42 4 BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES 45 High-Throughput Screening of Environmental Chemicals, 45 Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants on Adipose Tissue, 49 Transgenerational Effects of Obesogens: Tributyltin, 54 Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A on Obesity and Metabolic Disease Later in Life, 61 Effects of Environmental Chemicals on Energy Metabolism and Insulin Secretion, 67 Discussion, 72 References, 76 5 OTHER POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTORS TO OBESITY 77 Obesity of Infectious Origins, 77 Antibiotics and Obesity, 85 Sugar and Obesity, 92 Noncaloric Sweeteners and Obesity, 97 Panel Discussion, 106 References, 109 xi
xii CONTENTS 6 RESEARCH NEEDS 111 A Perspective from NIEHS, 111 A Perspective from USGS, 113 A Perspective from EPA, 115 An Obesity Perspective, 117 Discussion, 118 7 OBESITY POLICY SOLUTIONS DISCUSSED AT THE WORKSHOP 123 Presentations, 124 Discussion, 132 References, 137 APPENDIXES A WORKSHOP AGENDA 139 B SPEAKER BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 147
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACOG American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Ad36 adenovirus type 36 ADI accepted daily intake AhR aryl hydrocarbon receptor ATP adenosine triphosphate BCERP Breast Cancer and Environmental Research Program BDE 47 brominated diphenyl ether 47 BMI body mass index BPA bisphenol A cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CREBP cAMP-responsive element-binding protein DDE dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DEHP diethylhexyl phthalate DES diethylstilbestrol EDC endocrine-disrupting chemical EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration GLP1 glucagon-like peptide 1 HMD Health and Medicine Division IOM Institute of Medicine NCCG National Center for Chemical Genomics NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NTP National Toxicology Program (of the NIEHS) OB-GYN obstetrician-gynecologist xiii
xiv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS PBDE polybrominated diphenyl ether PCB polychlorinated biphenyl PFOA perfluorooctanoic acid POP persistent organic pollutant PPARγ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ PVC polyvinyl chloride ROS reactive oxygen species RXR retinoid X receptor TCA tricarboxylic acid (cycle) TCDD tetrachlorodibenzodioxin Tox21 Toxicology in the 21st Century (project) TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act USGS U.S. Geological Survey
