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Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines (2016)

Chapter: Appendix B: Example Report Outlines for Future SMAC and SWEG Documents

« Previous: Appendix A: Biographical Information on the Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Example Report Outlines for Future SMAC and SWEG Documents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21888.
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Appendix B

Example Report Outlines for Future SMAC and SWEG Documents

OUTLINE FOR NEW CHEMICALS

  1. Physical and Chemical Properties
  2. Occurrence, Source, and Use on Spacecraft
  3. Toxicokinetics
  4. Toxicodynamics and Mechanism of Action
  5. Toxicity Summary
    1. Literature Search Strategy (summary of databases, dates, search terms, etc.)
    2. Acute Toxicity
      1. Human
      2. Animal
    3. Short-Term Toxicity
      1. Human
      2. Animal
    4. Subchronic Toxicity
      1. Human
      2. Animal
    5. Chronic Toxicity
      1. Human
      2. Animal
    6. Interaction with Other Chemicals
    7. Spaceflight Effects
  6. Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    1. Description of How Each SMAC/SWEG Was Derived (to include detailed justification of the selection of health end points, key studies, point of departure, and uncertainty factors)
    2. Exposure Standards Set by Other Organizations
  7. Research Recommendations
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Example Report Outlines for Future SMAC and SWEG Documents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21888.
×

OUTLINE FOR UPDATING CHEMICAL GUIDELINES

  1. Occurrence, Source, and Use on Spacecraft
  2. Summary of Original Approach to Setting SMACs or SWEGs
  3. New Data
    1. Literature Search Strategy (databases, dates, search terms, etc.)
    2. Toxicokinetics
    3. Toxicodynamics and Mechanism of Action
    4. Acute Toxicity
    5. Short-Term Toxicity
    6. Subchronic Toxicity
    7. Chronic Toxicity
    8. Interaction with Other Chemicals
    9. Spaceflight Effects
  4. Rationale for Revision to the Original SMACs or SWEGs
    1. Description of Revisions to Each SMAC/SWEG (to include detailed justification of the selection of health end points, key studies, point of departure, and uncertainty factors)
    2. Exposure Standards Set by Other Organizations
  5. Research Recommendations
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Example Report Outlines for Future SMAC and SWEG Documents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21888.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Example Report Outlines for Future SMAC and SWEG Documents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21888.
×
Page 48
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Example Report Outlines for Future SMAC and SWEG Documents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21888.
×
Page 49
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Example Report Outlines for Future SMAC and SWEG Documents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21888.
×
Page 50
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 Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines
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Human spaceflight is inherently risky, with numerous potential hazards posed at each phase of a mission. Potential health risks during spaceflights include short-term health consequences from being in microgravity, as well as long-term health consequences that arise, or continue, months or years after a flight. Additional health considerations are risks posed by exposure to environmental contaminants onboard spacecraft. Because the International Space Station and spacecraft are closed environments that require recirculation of air and water supplies, some contamination of the air and water will occur. Even with onboard air and water purification systems, chemicals will accumulate in the air and water as they recirculate or are recycled onboard. Therefore, it is necessary for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to identify hazardous contaminants and determine exposure levels that are not expected to pose a health risk to astronauts.

NASA uses spacecraft maximum allowance concentrations (SMACs) and spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) to provide guidance on acceptable exposures to air and water contaminants during normal operations and emergency situations. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines updates the methods for establishing SMACs and SWEGs and assists NASA with identifying chemicals that need updated SMACs or SWEGs and new chemicals for which these guidelines should be developed.

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