Work Zone Speed Management (2015)

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132 APPENDIX D Responses to Open-Ended Engineering and Enforcement Survey Questions on Work Zone Safety Outreach Do you focus your work zone safety messages during certain times of the year? If so when? • Alabama DOT: Yes, typically during April, which has traditionally been designated as a period for Work Zone Safety Awareness. We have, at times, conducted activity targeted toward certain large construction projects. • Arizona DOT: We align our messages with the national work zone safety campaign that is usually in the April timeframe. • California DOT: Focus is year-round, with a stronger emphasis from April–September. • Delaware DOT: Month of April • Florida DOT: National Work Zone Awareness Week. • Georgia DOT: Yes. Usually the week of national “Work Zone Awareness.” • Idaho Transportation Department: Work Zone Safety is a focus primarily during our construction season, and is usually heightened around the time of the national NHTSA campaign. • Indiana DOT: Our work zone safety messages are focused in April during National Work Zone Awareness Week and reinforced throughout the construction season. • Iowa DOT: We focus most of the efforts in April, especially during Work Zone Safety Week. However, we do outreach throughout the road construction season. • Kansas DOT: National Work Zone Awareness Week; construction season in general. • Kentucky Transportation Cabinet: A heavy emphasis during National Work Zone Safety Awareness Week with continued reminders throughout construction season. We also might mention it when promoting driver inattention issues. • Louisiana DOT and Development: Mainly during National Work Zone Safety Week, which is always held in April. • Michigan DOT: During Work Zone Awareness Week mainly. • Minnesota DOT: Year-round, but two foci. In the spring and summer, we focus on construction project work zone safety. In the winter, we focus on snow plow operations safety—“give them room to work.” In the winter, we consider the entire road a work zone during snowstorms. • Mississippi DOT: We focus messaging in April (for Work Zone Awareness Week); Memorial Day–Labor Day (for summer travel); December (for holiday travel). • Missouri DOT: A Spring Kick-off event in April (Work Zone Awareness Week) followed by paid media campaign during summer months. • Nebraska Department of Roads: We espouse work zone safety at every opportunity. From December thru March we focus on Winter Highway/Driving Safety. From April thru November we are all about Highway Work Zone Safety. We utilize multimedia messages. • Nevada DOT: Start of construction season in the spring. • New Hampshire DOT: Usually at the beginning of each construction season (spring time). • New Jersey DOT: During the week of the annual Work Zone Safety Awareness Week. • New Mexico DOT: During Work Zone Safety Month and major projects. • New York State DOT: Start of construction season, usually a week or so after National Work Zone Awareness Week. • North Carolina DOT: We run several activities throughout the year. We pay special attention during Work Zone Safety Week. • North Dakota DOT: Yes. May–October. • Ohio DOT: Yes. April during National Work Zone Safety Awareness week. • Oklahoma DOT: Yes. We focus a Work Zone Safety Awareness campaign annually during National Work Zone Awareness Week in April. While we highlight work zone safety year-round, this is the week where we make an extra push to bring attention to the issue. • Oregon DOT: Summer construction season is the primary time for work zone safety messages, but no matter what time of year, we incorporate work zone safety into project outreach. • Pennsylvania DOT: We initiate big pushes during work-zone awareness week and through construction season. In 2013, we launched a video discussing work-zone safety, not just speeding: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aOHMHipXXk. • Rhode Island DOT: Other than general outreach in conjunction with National Work Zone Awareness Week each April, RIDOT hasn’t/doesn’t typically disseminate work zone safety messages to the public during established or predetermined times of year. • South Dakota DOT: In the spring and summer months during construction. • Tennessee DOT: We definitely emphasize work zone safety during National Work Zone Awareness Week, but also share messages throughout the year. TABLE D1 TEMPORAL PATTERN OF WORK ZONE SAFETY OUTREACH CAMPAIGNS

133 What other kinds of work zone safety campaigns do you conduct? • California DOT: High school tour outreach and Hispanic outreach. • Delaware DOT: We have a small state with few major media, so a general campaign is sufficient. • Nebraska Department of Roads: And targeted as needed ... • Pennsylvania DOT: Regions reinforce safety message with regional events and in each construction press release/interview. • Wyoming DOT: P.R. sent from FHWA. TABLE D2 ADDITIONAL TYPES OF WORK ZONE SAFETY OUTREACH CAMPAIGNS TABLE D3 ADDITIONAL TYPES OF MEDIA USED FOR WORK ZONE SAFETY OUTREACH Are there any other media techniques being used? If so, please briefly describe. • Arkansas Highway & Transportation Department: Website: http://www.idrivearkansas.com. • California DOT: Editorials (rarely though). • Delaware DOT: Billboards and media events. • Florida DOT: Digital message boards on roadways, video monitors at rest areas, website banners, etc. • Indiana DOT: Press conferences with state or agency leaders and guided work zone visits. • Kansas DOT: Have a week of safety blogs written by highway workers, law enforcement, and construction partners. • Kentucky Transportation Cabinet: Press conferences throughout the state, audio news releases. • Louisiana DOT and Development: Annual WZA press conference in April, in conjunction with state police, the Louisiana Highway Safety Commission, and the Federal Highway Safety Administration. The press conference includes a cone memorial installation on the front lawn of DOTD HQ, with each cone representing the number of lives lost nationwide in work zones for the most recent year this data is available. Vested Interest in Safety Campaign—we invite the public to submit photos of themselves in orange safety vests for use on our Facebook page. • Michigan DOT: Messages on DMS and PCMB. • Mississippi DOT: We also make social advertising buys on Facebook to reach new audiences that other advertising buys are not able to reach. • Missouri DOT: Press conferences around the state to highlight regional construction. Scheduled radio/TV appearances to discuss topic with local reporters. • Nebraska Department of Roads: We sponsor our messaging during sports-oriented programs, at special events, and during news conferences. • North Dakota DOT: Billboards and displays in restaurants, gas stations. • Oregon DOT: Websites, billboards, transit ads. We also include work zone safety messaging in project outreach materials such as fact sheets and flyers. Work zone safety is incorporated into public meetings about projects too. • Pennsylvania DOT: Press events. We also emphasize work zone safety on our electronic message boards when posted near construction zones. • Rhode Island DOT: This year RIDOT will provide an event to directly involve the media. Members of the media will be invited to experience a live work zone on one of the state highways. This will give media a live experience to report on and share with the public. • Texas DOT: Gas pump toppers, billboards, moving billboards (two wrapped 18-wheelers), rest area posters in work zone areas, local interviews, TxDOT My35 website. • Vermont Agency of Transportation: We have an agency staff member who reports on road conditions and construction delays on radio and television every week. We bake safety messaging into what he does. • West Virginia Division of Highways: Billboards. • Wisconsin DOT: Planned media events with various speakers. • Wyoming DOT: Project specific work zone information for detours and delays. We use highway advisory radio systems for local information. • Texas DOT: April, Work Zone Awareness Week in conjunction with national effort. March, April, and July: I-35 Work Zone Awareness Campaign (Waco area). • Utah DOT: April and June are generally the times we focus on work zone safety messages. Last year we combined our efforts with a state senator and included work place safety. • Vermont Agency of Transportation: May–September. • Washington State DOT: We have messages about work zone safety from spring to fall—kicking off the year with the national kickoff event and weaving in all year. • West Virginia Division of Highways: Generally May–September. • Wisconsin DOT: Spring in coordination with National Work Zone Safety Awareness Week/peak holiday travel periods for Memorial Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, year-end. • Wyoming DOT: Late spring—WZ Awareness Week. TABLE D1 (continued)

134 For work zone safety messages, do you have different media strategies for large and small media markets? If yes, please describe. • Alabama DOT: NA. • Arizona DOT: Yes, we focus on newspapers and websites in the smaller markets and television and radio in the larger markets. • Arkansas Highway & Transportation Department: No. • California DOT: Strategies are similar, but advertising is less extensive. • Delaware DOT: No. • Florida DOT: Same. • Idaho Transportation Department: Our method is essentially a one-size-fits-all approach. • Indiana DOT: Press conferences are typically held in urban areas where there is a higher rate of work-zone crashes and a larger concentration of news media. • Iowa DOT: For the most part all of our messages are state-wide. However, if we know we have a construction project in a specific area we may target social media messages to that specific project’s social media page or the social media page of the geographic area the project is located in. • Kentucky Transportation Cabinet: We might have a full-blown press conference close to a major construction site in a major media market. Possibly a smaller press conference or just a photo op in a smaller market. • Maine DOT: No. • Michigan DOT: Our communication rep works with local media stations to try and get the message into reports. • Mississippi DOT: We have a regional media strategy in which we tailor messaging with traffic stats pulled from the Northern, Central, and Southern regions of the state. • Missouri DOT: No, our markets are similar enough that strategies are the same. • Montana DOT: No. • Nebraska Department of Roads: We have multi-messaging with uncomplicated strategy. Our goal is to plant informational seeds that may grow and evolve into cognition upon some timely recognition. (AWARENESS + RELEVANCY = EPIPHANY.) This public health and safety issue seems a difficult performance item to measure. If one uses Crash and Fatality data…it does not prove effective. We, however, cannot give up. Onlookers implore “EDUCATION!” If highway safety public awareness and outreach provides an “educated public” than we have an educated public of willfully bad, irresponsible, and totally distracted drivers. • North Dakota DOT: No. • Oklahoma DOT: No. We have only two major media markets, but we do tailor our message somewhat for different types of media such as radio, print, or TV. • Oregon DOT: In smaller markets, we’re often able to do more face-to-face interaction with media representatives and community members. • Rhode Island DOT: No (NA). • South Dakota DOT: No. • Texas DOT: No. • Utah DOT: No. • Vermont Agency of Transportation: We are a very small media market; 600,000 people in the whole state. • Washington State DOT: No—we have a consistent statewide message. • West Virginia Division of Highways: NA. • Wyoming DOT: No. TABLE D4 OUTREACH STRATEGY DIFFERENCES FOR SMALL AND LARGE MEDIA MARKETS

135 • What could be done to increase the effectiveness of work zone safety public outreach? • Alabama DOT: In our state, steps are being taken to designate a DOT staff member to specific assigned duties to coordinate traffic safety marketing/education and outreach. I anticipate this will result in improved coordination and effectiveness in all our efforts related to driver behavior. • Arizona DOT: More messaging from the national level. • California DOT: More funding and continuous outreach. • Florida DOT: We currently provide data and tips to media and public. • Georgia DOT: Fund overall and for specific projects. • Idaho Transportation Department: Idaho, as a rural and low population-density state, doesn’t have nearly the issue that some of the bigger states have in regard to this, so a message that would apply to us (or Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, etc.) would be useful. • Indiana DOT: We are continually frustrated with the media’s lack of interest in this topic until after a fatality occurs. In prior years, we would have our employees wear orange in honor of our co-workers and contractors in harm’s way. During Work Zone Awareness Week this year, Indiana launched a #SafetySelfie campaign that encouraged our employees, media, and the public to post self-portraits wearing hard hats and/or high-visibility vests. We find these types of activities to be more effective than earned media. • Iowa DOT: More targeted campaigns. Money, time, and staff to devote to specific campaigns. With budget restrictions our staff and dollars are stretched pretty thin. We have to balance work zone campaigns with all other safety campaigns, as well as normal day-to-day communications. • Kansas DOT: More law enforcement in work zones. • Kentucky Transportation Cabinet: The availability of federal funds to purchase media. The Work Zone clearinghouse provides a television spot that we could use. • Michigan DOT: We have not done much in Michigan. We are forming a committee for next year’s Work Zone Awareness Week. It would help to have some funding to pay for PSAs. • Minnesota DOT: Need to continue hammering the messages home, be consistent. • Mississippi DOT: In 2014, we added the following components to our work zone safety messaging. We believe these additions have impacted positively the effectiveness of our work zone safety public outreach: - MDOT websites are “going orange” at http://www.GoMDOT.com and http://www.MDOTtraffic.com. - Social media sites are “going orange” (search MississippiDOT at Facebook.com, Twitter.com, and YouTube.com.). - Work Zone Safety Information Page: http://mdot.ms.gov/portal/workzone/index.html. - Three 30-second videos: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL35Emno659YOjKmFqoOK6sihGXkImYnwQ. - Five graphic concepts being used on the following platforms: ▪ First floor display: Headquarters ▪ Infocasters ▪ MDOT@Work Spotlight ▪ Rotating Banners on http://www.GoMDOT.com ▪ Posters distributed to all MDOT facilities statewide through District Offices ▪ Postings on MDOT’s social media sites ▪ Facebook ads promoting work zone safety to online audiences. - Two 30-second radio spots in statewide media markets. - Web banner ads on Clear Channel and The Radio People stations statewide. - Work Zone Safety Press Release to statewide media. - MDOT Administrative Building in downtown Jackson illuminated orange. • Missouri DOT: The more a message is seen or heard, the better it is remembered. If a larger advertising budget existed, we could reach more markets with a more frequent message. • Nebraska Department of Roads: We need there to be laws with accountable implications for faulty, reckless, not safety-buckled in, and distracted driving. If driving is truly a “privilege” then the privilege must be revoked accordingly. Lawmakers want to represent their constituents by limiting freedoms in many social and personal realms, yet this very public endemic way to die, be killed, and to kill continues on our country’s roadways. Public awareness, information and “education” are woefully underqualified to win this war. Our efforts and sincere endeavors are soft. The hard stuff is law and order. You can have unique, you can have creative, and you can have the slogan of the month. Congratulations to marketing, sales, and promotional advocates one and all. As I’ve said, the words and graphics are the soft stuff. Accountability is the tough stuff. In a free society as is ours—if having the right answer and an agreeable solution to a time-worn problem were within reasonable reach, we would still have disagreement on recognizing it and implementing it. I am afraid Toward Zero Deaths is a dream not an attainable goal. TABLE D5 SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING WORK ZONE SAFETY CAMPAIGN EFFECTIVENESS (continued on next page)

136 Are there specific knowledge gaps, uncertainties, or research needs related to work zone public outreach that concern you? • Arizona DOT: We need more stats that resonate with drivers. • Indiana DOT: Primarily we are looking for effective strategies and tactics to reduce distractions in work zones and promote voluntary compliance with instructions of work zone traffic control devices. • Minnesota DOT: Perhaps more info around the cost of work zone crashes. • Mississippi DOT: We believe there are knowledge gaps related to legal penalties, work zone crash statistics, and work zone fatality statistics. • Nebraska Department of Roads: If there were any more search and research we’d just have more data and similar stories to share. • North Dakota DOT: Should do more about paying attention and not be distracted when driving in work zones. • Oklahoma DOT: We can only do so much to reach citizens. We use Twitter, YouTube, and press releases to get the word out, but without an active media base through which to get the message to the citizens it is a struggle. • Oregon DOT: It would be interesting to find out why thoughtful, kind, law-abiding citizens will speed right through a work zone not paying attention to signs, flaggers, or anything. What causes that behavior change? It’s not ignorance about safety or knowledge; it’s sort of an unconscious behavior change that happens when people get behind the wheel. Why? • Pennsylvania DOT: Probably nuances related to speed limits in work zones when it’s active vs not active—hard to get all of that across. • Rhode Island DOT: Not really a pressing concern, but it seems there is a large knowledge gap—re: just how effective work zone public outreach actually is (hard to measure quantitatively, given multiple contributing factors that are often involved with highway crashes). • Texas DOT: Best practices from the states on the various countermeasures and campaigns that work. • Washington State DOT: Yes—costs. • Wyoming DOT: Most highway drivers in rural areas are not locals. Uniformity of traffic control devices is most important. TABLE D6 PERCEIVED KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND UNCERTAINTIES RELATED TO WORK ZONE SAFETY OUTREACH TABLE D5 (continued) • Tennessee DOT: I’m not sure I have an answer for this, but one of the biggest challenges is that as a government agency, we do not spend money on advertising. Since there is no dedicated safety funding that would allow us to reach a broader audience through advertising, we must rely on social media, YouTube, and our own website, press releases, etc. • Texas DOT: Increased funding to provide more frequent messaging. • Utah DOT: Showcasing personal stories of workers or commuters who have been injured in work zone crashes. Media is more likely to cover personal stories of real people affected by this safety issue. • Vermont Agency of Transportation: Diversify communications channels and methods. We rely too much on traditional media. • Washington State DOT: Our limited research shows we need to focus on costs to the driver: ticket costs, insurance rate costs, costs of hitting someone, and going to jail. • Wisconsin DOT: Dedicated funding for media buys. • South Dakota DOT: No, I think we do a good job with the consultant we use. • New Hampshire DOT: Work zones come in many different sizes and complexity. Difficult to come up with a solution that can equally be applicable to all work zones. Interstate speed requirements and safety is vastly different than on a local two lane roadway, but by law both are considered work zones! • New Jersey DOT: Put the information out. • New York State DOT: Coordinate with public outreach for traffic management on large urban projects. • North Dakota DOT: More of a nationwide campaign. • Oklahoma DOT: Get more media buy-in. We struggle to get them to cover our work zone message or show up to media events. • Oregon DOT: Good question. Paid advertising would help reinforce messages. However, like most safety messages it’s a challenge. Everyone knows they should slow down and be alert in work zones; most people intend to do the right thing, but they still don’t do it consistently. People just tend to be very self-involved when they are in their cars. • Pennsylvania DOT: More of a budget for paid TV/radio campaigns, especially if it came from the federal level. • Rhode Island DOT: Highlight actual/local examples of the devastating effects work zone crashes have had (or can/will have) on families/loved ones. • Nevada DOT: More funding.

137 Is there anything else we should know that is unique to the way work zone safety outreach is done in your area? • Florida DOT: We use our state Capitol to display work zone safety messages to legislators during our session. • Indiana DOT: Our focus has moved away from speeding to behaviors that crash statistics have shown lead to work zone crashes and fatalities. These include following too closely, failure to yield, and improper lane change. • Kentucky Transportation Cabinet: We have public information officers in each of our 12 districts throughout the state. They work directly with the local media and decide the best way to publicize in their area. • Mississippi DOT: In addition to the components listed in a previous question, below are some additional pieces of our work zone safety public outreach efforts: - Internal events held around the state in each District. - Internal communication pieces with staff and leadership. - Print materials at Welcome Centers around the state. - MDOT’s Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) promotes work zone safety at their training events in April. • Missouri DOT: We have shifted our focus from long-term construction work zones to building awareness for short-term and moving work zones. • Nebraska Department of Roads: We have many groups, agencies, and companies that are concerned with highway safety in Nebraska. We have extensive outreach in this state. We have no primary safety laws for motorists. Motivation relies totally on the driver. It is the single variable over which we have no control. • Nevada DOT: Media events. • Pennsylvania DOT: We have three workers’ memorials, one of which is a mobile display. Information is available on our safety website: http://www.justdrivepa.org/Traffic-Safety-Information-Center/Work-Zone/. PennDOT’s traveling Worker Memorial includes 84 posts topped by hard hats and draped in safety vests. Each post represents a PennDOT employee who died in the line of duty since 1970. • Rhode Island DOT: Given we are a small state, it seems likely that we could (and do) learn a lot from our bigger sister states/DOTs, who have more resources to devote to work zone safety outreach. • South Dakota DOT: The AGC of South Dakota partners with us in promoting work zone safety. They have a coloring contest in the elementary schools and the winners get prizes and their picture on a billboard during the construction season, the billboard is sponsored by a contractor and is located near a job they are doing. • Texas DOT: Our ad agency wrapped two 18-wheeler trailers with a safety message and these trucks are frequently travelling the I-35 work zone. • Utah DOT: Social media has become a key element to our department’s communication with media and the public. We tend to send out more tweets (with links to stories) and shy away from sending out traditional press releases. • Vermont Agency of Transportation: Sadly, I think we are anything but unique. • Washington State DOT: We also try to encourage our own employees to participate in campaigns to personalize the person in the work zone attire. TABLE D7 REPORTED REGIONAL/JURISDICTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN APPROACHES TO WORK ZONE SAFETY OUTREACH

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 5 0 0 F ifth S tre e t, N W W a s h in g to n , D C 2 0 0 0 1 A D D R ESS SER VICE R EQ UESTED NO N-PRO FIT O RG . U.S. PO STAG E PA ID CO LUM BIA, M D PER M IT NO . 88 ISBN 978-0-309-27198-1 9 780309 271981 9 0 0 0 0 W ork Zone Speed M anagem ent NCHRP Synthesis 482 TRB