Guidebook for Air Cargo Facility Planning and Development (2015)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 143 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Freight Transportation • Planning and Forecasting Guidebook for Air Cargo Facility Planning and Development Mike Maynard Dave Clawson Marc Cocanougher David Walter CDM SMith Cincinnati, OH Ray Brimble LynxS Group Austin, TX Michael Webber Webber Air CArGo Austin, TX Rick Janisse rMJ ASSoCiAteS Bigfork, MT Kitty Freidheim FreiDheiM ConSuLtinG Chicago, IL Robert Miller AppLieD reAL eStAte AnALySiS (AreA) Chicago, IL

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- tional commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 143 Project 03-24 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-37476-7 Library of Congress Control Number 2015949824 © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research for this guidebook, performed under ACRP Project 03-24, was conducted by CDM Smith as the prime contractor, with the assistance of Webber Air Cargo, RMJ Associates, Freidheim Consulting, Lynxs Group, and Applied Real Estate Analysis (AREA) as the subcontractors. Mike Maynard, CDM Smith, Project Manager, served as the principal investigator, and Michael Webber, Webber Air Cargo Principal, was the deputy principal investigator. Research support was provided by Marc Cocanougher and Dave Clawson, also of CDM Smith. Valuable editing, technical writing, and production support were provided by Kitty Freidheim of Freidheim Consulting and David Walter of CDM Smith. Robert Miller of AREA and Ray Brimble of Lynxs Group assisted with air cargo and airport real estate industry consultancy. Rick Janisse of RMJ Associates assisted with case study airports. Finally, the study team thanks the 16 case study airports and 15 participating airports for accommodating the research. CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 143 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Lawrence D. Goldstein, Senior Program Officer Anthony Avery, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Doug English, Editor ACRP PROJECT 03-24 PANEL Field of Policy and Planning Michael J. Bednarz, Aviation Department, The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, New York, NY (Chair) Jason J. Bittner, Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Chicago, IL Frederick Busch, Denver International Airport (Retired), Denver, CO Robert F. Caton, Prologis, Jamaica, NY Brandon L. Fried, Airforwarders Association, Washington, DC William C. Heaslet, FedEx Express Corporation, Memphis, TN Max K. Kiesling, Ricondo & Associates, Irving, TX Chris Hugunin, FAA Liaison Liying Gu, Airports Council International–North America Liaison W. Scott Brotemarkle, TRB Liaison

ACRP Report 143: Guidebook for Air Cargo Facility Planning and Development includes the guidebook along with a CD-ROM containing the Air Cargo Facility Planning Model in spreadsheet format. The guidebook presents a broad discussion of the various issues that must be addressed in planning air cargo facilities. It describes tools and techniques for sizing facilities, including data and updated metrics necessary to forecast future facility require- ments as a function of changing market and economic conditions. The procedures offered support airport operators in crafting effective business plans and development decisions that meet the industry’s current and future technological, operational, and security chal- lenges in a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally sensitive manner. The beneficiaries of ACRP Report 143 include airport owners and operators, airlines, integrated cargo carriers, developers, financial institutions, and others linked to the airport community. Procedures for planning, developing, and implementing air cargo facilities are incor- porated into a comprehensive model that can be adapted and applied by users to reflect local requirements and development conditions for cargo facilities serving a wide variety of markets, including international gateways, national cargo hubs, domestic airports, and others. In addition, a comprehensive research report is available as ACRP Web-Only Document 24 (WOD 24). The research report offers an extensive review of the process and information used in preparing the guidebook. Both the spreadsheet model and WOD 24 are available for download from the TRB website by searching for ACRP Report 143 at www.trb.org. The spreadsheet model is also available as a CD-ROM bound into the printed report. Under ACRP Project 03-24, the CDM Smith team identified effective strategies for responding to changing conditions affecting air cargo demand. Air cargo is a significant component of the world’s manufacturing and retail supply distribution chain in general and an important revenue source for the airport industry in particular. As a result, making long- term investment decisions regarding air cargo facilities at our nation’s airports is exceedingly important; however, these decisions can often be difficult given the complex and dynamic nature of the business of air cargo. Over time, these complexities have grown as a function of modal shift, airport access, regulatory and security compliance issues, changing economic conditions, increased sensitivity to environmental issues, changing aircraft configurations and size, and other challenges. What often complicates the issue is that many airports rely on antiquated air cargo facilities that no longer meet demand or service requirements nor accommodate changes to cargo handling procedures and evolving security requirements. As airports develop, redevelop, expand, and modernize their cargo facilities, planners are often forced to rely F O R E W O R D By Lawrence D. Goldstein Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

on incomplete and inconsistent air cargo activity data coupled with a lack of generally accepted air cargo planning standards and design guidelines. Variations in reporting can affect how airport planners allocate space for priority on-airport cargo activity, possibly limiting consideration of the many factors that have to be taken into account: facility throughput area, storage/sorting space, aircraft parking, cargo tug lanes, ground handling equipment storage areas, landside truck docks, and overall traffic circulation. Given this com- plex environment, airport management requires current and accurate information coupled with effective planning and development guidelines to ensure that future airport cargo needs will be accommodated. Changes in air cargo demand, coupled with increasing competition among modes, have increased the need for and complexity of facility planning. Using a systematic decision- making approach, as presented in this guidebook, improves the ability of airport planners and managers to incorporate flexible, realistic long-term objectives in response to a con- stantly changing environment.

1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose and Organization of the Guidebook 1 1.1.1 Purpose 1 1.1.2 Organization of the Guidebook 2 1.2 Retrospective on Air Cargo Trends 2 1.2.1 Cargo Facility Occupancy Trends 3 1.2.2 Modal Shift 3 1.2.3 Planning Implications—Cargo Buildings 4 1.2.4 Air Cargo Market Realities and the Role of This Report 5 Chapter 2 Airports and Air Cargo—Overview 5 2.1 The Role of the Airport in Air Cargo Transport 5 2.1.1 Air Cargo Demand 7 2.1.2 Air Cargo Process 8 2.2 Existing Conditions 8 2.2.1 Carrier Types 11 2.3 Airport Types 11 2.3.1 FAA Airport Classifications 11 2.3.2 Airport Roles 15 Chapter 3 Air Cargo Planning Approach and Process 15 3.1 Approaches to Air Cargo Planning 15 3.2 Facility Inventory and Data Collection 17 3.2.1 Inventory Strategies 18 3.2.2 Stakeholder Involvement 19 3.3 Data Collection Challenges 19 3.3.1 Cargo Volume 20 3.3.2 Cargo Operations 23 3.4 Techniques to Backfill Missing Facility Space Data 23 3.4.1 Ground Support Equipment Storage 24 3.4.2 Aircraft Parking Ramp 24 3.4.3 Air Cargo Warehouse 27 3.4.4 Air Cargo Warehouse Truck Docks and Doors 27 3.4.5 Air Cargo Warehouse Truck Parking 28 Chapter 4 Planning Considerations and Metrics 28 4.1 Air Cargo Planning Challenges 28 4.1.1 Air Cargo Strategic Development Plan 30 4.2 Air Cargo Area Land Use Considerations 30 4.2.1 Cargo Terminal Facilities Location Strategies 33 4.3 Airside Cargo Facility Planning 33 34 4.3.1 Facility Requirements: Air Cargo Apron 4.3.2 Critical Aircraft Implications for Apron C O N T E N T S

35 4.3.3 Role of Aircraft Manufacturers in Airport Master Planning 38 4.3.4 Air Cargo Facility Requirement Ratios 39 4.3.5 Utilizing Facility Planning Metrics for Cargo Apron Design 41 4.3.6 Applying the GSE Storage and Aircraft Parking Ratios 42 4.3.7 Cargo Apron Design Considerations 44 4.3.8 Cargo Apron Markings 46 4.3.9 Ground Support Equipment 48 4.3.10 Ground Vehicle Access 50 4.4 Landside Cargo Facility Planning 50 4.4.1 Utilizing Facility Planning Metrics for Cargo Building Design 52 4.4.2 Applying the Air Cargo Building Ratios 52 4.4.3 Cargo Building Occupants and Activity 55 4.4.4 Cargo Handling and Building Design Considerations 56 4.4.5 Cargo Handling Systems and Storage 58 4.4.6 Cargo Handling Systems 60 4.4.7 Cargo Building Height 61 4.4.8 Truck Parking and Maneuvering Space Considerations 62 4.4.9 Truck Traffic 64 Chapter 5 Air Cargo Forecasting 64 5.1 Data Sources 65 5.2 Methodologies 65 5.2.1 Time-Series Trend Analysis 66 5.2.2 Regression Analysis (Econometric Modeling) 67 5.2.3 Market Share Analysis 68 5.2.4 Institutional Forecasts 69 5.2.5 Operations Forecasts 71 Chapter 6 Air Cargo Facility Planning—Sustainability Considerations 71 6.1 Airport Facility Sustainability Issues 71 6.1.1 Sustainable Cargo Facilities 73 6.1.2 Sustainable Aviation Guidance Alliance 74 6.1.3 Sustainability Issues Related to Air Cargo Facility Location 75 6.1.4 Sustainability Issues Summary 76 Chapter 7 Air Cargo Facility Planning—Security Considerations 76 7.1 Air Cargo Security Overview 76 7.1.1 Air Cargo Security Trends 77 7.1.2 Airside Air Cargo Security–Related Infrastructure 79 7.1.3 Landside Air Cargo Security–Related Infrastructure 82 Chapter 8 Air Cargo Facility Planning—Funding Strategies 82 8.1 Financial Planning for Cargo Facilities 82 8.1.1 Alternatives for Developing Air Cargo Facilities 83 8.1.2 Cargo Facilities Developed by Airport Management 84 8.1.3 Cargo Facilities Developed by Third-Party Developers 85 8.2 Development of a Pro Forma Statement 88 8.3 Air Cargo Facility Finance and Funding 88 8.3.1 Public Funding 90 8.3.2 Private Funding

93 Chapter 9 Air Cargo Facility Planning Model 93 9.1 Getting Started 94 9.2 Collect Air Cargo Facility Data 94 9.2.1 Step 1: Enter Air Cargo Facility Data 96 9.2.2 Step 2: Enter Air Cargo Volume Data 97 9.2.3 Step 3: Enter Forecasted Air Cargo Volume Data 97 9.2.4 Step 4: Enter Facility Size Ratio Inputs 99 9.2.5 Step 5: Review Truck Parking Ratio Inputs 99 9.2.6 Step 6: Review Warehouse Truck Dock/Door Ratio Inputs 100 9.2.7 Step 7 (Optional): Ramp Area Space Utilization During Peak-Hour Aircraft Parking 101 9.3 Reports 101 9.3.1 Air Cargo Facility Utilization Reports 101 9.3.2 Modeling a Single Air Cargo Facility (Building, Apron, and Vehicle Parking) at an Airport 101 9.3.3 Determining Whether All Air Cargo Facilities Currently Offer Adequate Space 102 9.4 Saving the Results 102 9.5 Conclusion 103 Bibliography 106 Acronyms and Abbreviations 107 Glossary