COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE
DRIVER FATIGUE, LONG-TERM
HEALTH, AND HIGHWAY SAFETY
RESEARCH NEEDS
Panel on Research Methodologies and Statistical Approaches to
Understanding Driver Fatigue Factors in
Motor Carrier Safety and Driver Health
Committee on National Statistics
and
Board on Human-Systems Integration
Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
and
Transportation Research Board
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by Award No. DTMC75-13-C-00006 from the United States Department of Transportation’s Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Support of the work of the Committee on National Statistics is provided by a consortium of federal agencies through a grant from the National Science Foundation (No. SES-1024012). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-39252-5
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-39252-7
Digital Object Identifier: 10.17226/21921
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Copyright 2016 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health, and Highway Safety: Research Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21921.
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PANEL ON RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES AND STATISTICAL APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING DRIVER FATIGUE FACTORS IN MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY AND DRIVER HEALTH
MATTHEW RIZZO (Cochair), Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center
HAL S. STERN (Cochair), Department of Statistics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine
DANIEL BLOWER, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
CHARLES A. CZEISLER, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
DAVID F. DINGES, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
JOEL B. GREENHOUSE, Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University
FENG GUO, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute
RICHARD J. HANOWSKI, Center for Truck and Bus Safety, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute
NATALIE P. HARTENBAUM, Occumedix, Inc.
GERALD P. KRUEGER, Krueger Ergonomics Consultants
MELISSA M. MALLIS, M3 Alertness Management, LLC
JOHN R. PEARSON, Council of Deputy Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety
DYLAN S. SMALL, Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
ELIZABETH A. STUART, Department of Mental Health and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
DAVID H. WEGMAN, Department of Work Environment, School of Health and Environment, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
MICHAEL L. COHEN, Costudy Director
ESHA SINHA, Costudy Director
RICHARD PAIN, Consultant
AGNES GASKIN, Administrative Assistant
COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL STATISTICS
LAWRENCE D. BROWN (Chair), Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
JOHN M. ABOWD, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University
FRANCINE BLAU, Department of Economics, Cornell University
MARY ELLEN BOCK, Department of Statistics (emerita), Purdue University
MICHAEL CHERNEW, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School
DONALD DILLMAN, Social and Economic Sciences Research Center, Washington State University
CONSTANTINE GATSONIS, Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University
JAMES S. HOUSE, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
MICHAEL HOUT, Department of Sociology, New York University
THOMAS MESENBOURG, U.S. Census Bureau (retired)
SUSAN MURPHY, Department of Statistics and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
SARAH NUSSER, Office of the Vice President for Research, Iowa State University
COLM O’MUIRCHEARTAIGH, Harris School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago
RUTH PETERSON, Criminal Justice Research Center, Ohio State University
ROBERTO RIGOBON, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
EDWARD SHORTLIFFE, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University and Arizona State University
CONSTANCE F. CITRO, Director
BRIAN HARRIS-KOJETIN, Deputy Director
BOARD ON HUMAN-SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
NANCY COOKE (Chair), Cognitive Engineering Research Institute, Arizona State University
ELLEN J. BASS, Department of Systems and Information Engineering, Drexel University
SARA J. CZAJA, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Industrial Engineering, University of Miami
FRANCIS T. DURSO, Department of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology
ANDREW S. IMADA, A.S. Imada & Associates, Carmichael, California
EDMOND ISRAELSKI, Human Factors Program, AbbVie, Abbott Park, Illinois
ELIZABETH LOFTUS, Criminology, Law and Society; Cognitive Sciences; School of Law, University of California, Irvine
FREDERICK L. OSWALD, Department of Psychology, Rice University
KARL S. PISTER, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz
DAVID REMPEL, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
EMILIE M. ROTH, Roth Cognitive Engineering, Menlo Park, California
BARBARA SILVERSTEIN, Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries
DAVID H. WEGMAN, School of Health and Environment, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
POORNIMA MADHAVAN, Director
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2016 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
JAMES M. CRITES (Chair), Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, Texas
PAUL TROMBINO III (Vice Chair), Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames
NEIL J. PEDERSEN (Executive Director), Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
VICTORIA A. ARROYO, Georgetown Climate Center, Centers and Institutes, and Environmental Law Program, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC
SCOTT E. BENNETT, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock
JENNIFER COHAN, Delaware Department of Transportation, Dover
MALCOLM DOUGHERTY, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento
A. STEWART FOTHERINGHAM, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe
JOHN S. HALIKOWSKI, Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix
MICHAEL W. HANCOCK, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort
SUSAN HANSON, Graduate School of Geography (emerita), Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
STEVE HEMINGER, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, California
CHRIS T. HENDRICKSON, Department of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
JEFFREY D. HOLT, Power, Energy, and Infrastructure Group, BMO Capital Markets Corporation, New York
ROGER B. HUFF, HGLC, LLC, Farmington Hills, Michigan
GERALDINE KNATZ, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
YSELA LLORT, Miami, Florida
JAMES P. REDEKER, Connecticut Department of Transportation, Newington
MARK L. ROSENBERG, The Task Force for Global Health, Inc., Decatur, Georgia
KUMARES C. SINHA, Department of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
DANIEL SPERLING, Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, and Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis
KIRK T. STEUDLE, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing
GARY C. THOMAS, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Texas
PAT THOMAS, State Government Affairs, UPS, Washington, DC
KATHERINE F. TURNBULL, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station
DEAN WISE, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, Fort Worth, Texas
EX OFFICIO
THOMAS P. BOSTICK, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
JAMES C. CARD, TRB Marine Board, The Woodlands, Texas
ALISON JANE CONWAY, Department of Civil Engineering, City College of New York, and TRB Young Members Council
T.F. SCOTT DARLING III, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
MARIE THERESE DOMINGUEZ, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
SARAH FEINBERG, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
LEROY GISHI, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
JOHN T. GRAY II, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
MICHAEL P. HUERTA, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
PAUL N. JAENICHEN, SR., Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
THERESE W. MCMILLAN, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
MICHAEL P. MELANIPHY, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
GREGORY G. NADEAU, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
MARK R. ROSEKIND, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
CRAIG A. RUTLAND, U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida
REUBEN SARKAR, U.S. Department of Energy
BARRY R. WALLERSTEIN, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California
GREGORY D. WINFREE, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Transportation
FREDERICK G. (BUD) WRIGHT, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
PAUL F. ZUKUNFT, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Acknowledgments
The panel is grateful to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration for providing the funds that made this study possible. Steven Smith, Office of Analysis, Research, and Technology, and his colleagues Albert Alvarez, Terri Hallquist, and Martin Walker, made presentations to the panel, provided us with technical reports, and answered many questions that arose during the course of the study. We especially want to thank Albert Alvarez, serving as the contracting officer’s technical representative, who was extremely supportive of the panel’s work.
The panel also appreciates those who provided important information for this study in presentations during our four information-gathering meetings: Paul Albert, Greg Belenky, Michael Belzer, Linda Boyle, Rebecca Brewster, Lamont Byrd, Jeff Dawson, Tom DiSalvi, Carol Flannagan, Rick George, Martial Hebert, Jeff Hickman, Paul Jovanis, Stephen Keppler, Elizabeth Klerman, Adrian Lund, Michael McDonal, Tony McDonald, David Marker, Daniel Mollicone, Christopher Monk, Dan Murray, Ryan Olson, David Osiecki, Don Osterberg, Robert Pentracosta, Stephen Popkin, Karl Sieber, Juna Snow, Tianjia Tang, Andrew Tarko, Matt Thiese, Pierre Thiffault, Tom Weakley, Rusty Weiss, and Ann Williamson. All of these individuals spent a great deal of their time preparing these presentations to advance the panel’s work.
The panel also is indebted to staff of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine outside of the Committee on National Statistics. They included staff in the Transportation Research Board, especially Steve Godwin, who provided highly useful advice on potential
panel members, Kenneth Campbell, and William Rogers. We also thank staff of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education’s Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, including its director, Barb Wanchisen, and Toby Warden.
The panel is very grateful as well to Ron Knipling for his comprehensive review of the research literature on fatigue and highway safety. We are also greatly in the debt of Rick Pain, who delayed his retirement to provide us with critical information and advice throughout all phases of this study. His contribution can be seen in every chapter.
Agnes Gaskin dealt with the complicated administrative aspects of such a study with great patience and understanding. Genie Grohman and Rona Briere did an outstanding job of technical editing of the report, greatly improving its readability, and helping to communicate our message.
Finally, we wish to think the panel members. The panel worked extremely well together with a great collaborative spirit, writing the majority of the chapters and conscientiously reviewing the products of other panel members. They were a wonderful group of people to get to know.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the Report Review Committee of the Academies. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Paul S. Albert, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Mathias Basner, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Michael H. Belzer, Department of Economics, Wayne State University; Stephen V. Burks, University of Minnesota, Morris; Paul P. Jovannis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (emeritus), Pennsylvania State University; Stefanos N. Kales, T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Occupational Medicine Residency, Harvard School of Public Health; Tanzy M.T. Love, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center; Fred Mannering, University of South Florida; David Melton, retired, Global Road Safety, Liberty International; Daniel Mollicone, Pulsar Informatics, Inc., Seattle, Washington; Louis J. Ptacek, Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Nina L. Shattuck, Human-Systems Integration Program, Operations Research
Department, Naval Postgraduate School; and Ann Williamson, Transport and Road Safety Research, School of Aviation, University of New South Wales. Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the report’s conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Richard W. Pew, Raytheon BBN Technologies, and James O. Berger, Department of Statistical Science, Duke University. Appointed by the Academies they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Matthew Rizzo and Hal S. Stern, Cochairs
Michael L. Cohen and Esha Sinha, Costudy Directors
Panel on Research Methodologies and Statistical Approaches to Understanding Driver Fatigue Factors in Motor Carrier Safety and Driver Health
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Contents
PART I: BACKGROUND
2 THE TRUCKING AND BUS INDUSTRIES
Working Conditions and Pay of a Truck Driver
Working Conditions and Pay of a Bus Driver
Attitudes in the Trucking and Bus Industries Toward Fatigue and Health and Wellness Programs
Demographic and Health Information on Truck and Bus Drivers
3 CONSEQUENCES OF FATIGUE FROM INSUFFICIENT SLEEP
Work-Related Insufficient Sleep in Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers
4 HOURS-OF-SERVICE REGULATIONS
Previous and Current Hours-of-Service Regulations
Hours-of-Service Regulations in Canada and Mexico
PART II: CURRENT RESEARCH DATA AND METHODS
Publicly Available Commercial Motor Vehicle Crash Databases
Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) Database
Data on Vehicle-Miles Traveled
Research- or Study-Based Data Sets
Needed Information on Operational Characteristics of the Trucking and Bus Industries
Advantages and Limitations of Available Data Sources
6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES: ASSESSING CAUSALITY
Drawing Inferences and Standardizing Crash Counts
Role of Randomized Controlled Trials
PART III: CURRENT RESEARCH FINDINGS
7 FATIGUE, HOURS OF SERVICE, AND HIGHWAY SAFETY
Introduction to Assessment of the Role of Fatigue in Increasing the Risk of Truck and Bus Crashes
Research on Fatigue, Hours of Service, and Risk of Commercial Motor Vehicle Crashes
8 FATIGUE AND HEALTH AND WELLNESS
Linkages between Fatigue and Health
Current Fatigue and Health and Wellness Management Programs for CMV Drivers
9 TECHNOLOGICAL COUNTERMEASURES FOR AND CORPORATE MANAGEMENT OF FATIGUE
Technological Approaches for Detecting and Managing Operator Fatigue
Systems Designed to Mitigate the Effects of Fatigue
PART IV: RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
10 RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR FATIGUE AND HIGHWAY SAFETY
Collection of Survey Data on CMV Drivers
A Framework for Assessing Factors Related to Driver Health and Wellness
The Need for an Ongoing Survey of Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers
Utility of Commercial Driver Medical Examination (CDME) Data
The Need for Research on Drug Use and Driving Performance
Research Directions for Evaluation of Health and Wellness Programs
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