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ACRP Project 02-06 Appendices â Final September 19, 2008 Table of Contents Introduction to Appendices â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦â¦..1 APPENDIX A:  REASONS FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES ............................................................................ 2 A.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................2 A.2 CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVES â GHG REDUCTION GOALS ...............................................................................................2 A.2.1 International ................................................................................................................................................3 A.2.2 Domestic ......................................................................................................................................................4 A.2.3 State and Local ............................................................................................................................................5 A.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY PROGRAMS ...................................................................................7 A.4 DISCLOSURE OF PROJECT/ACTION EFFECTS ...................................................................................................................8 A.5 FUTURE REGULATIONS ............................................................................................................................................11 APPENDIX B:  EMISSIONS AND SOURCES ...........................................................................................................13 B.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................13 B.2 PRIMARY EMISSIONS...............................................................................................................................................15 B.3 PRECURSORS AND OTHER EMISSIONS .........................................................................................................................16 B.4 SOURCE DESCRIPTIONS............................................................................................................................................17 APPENDIX C:  METHODS FOR CALCULATING GHG EMISSIONS ............................................................................21 C.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................21 C.2 OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS ...................................................................................................................21 C.3 PRIMER ON DERIVATION OF FUEL MASSâBASED EMISSION FACTORS ................................................................................22 C.4 SOURCEâBASED EMISSIONS MODELING ......................................................................................................................23 C.4.1 Aircraft .......................................................................................................................................................23 C.4.2 Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) ........................................................................................................27 C.4.3 Ground Support Equipment (GSE)..............................................................................................................28 C.4.4 Ground Access Vehicles (GAV) ...................................................................................................................29 C.4.5 Stationary Sources .....................................................................................................................................30 C.4.6 Training Fires..............................................................................................................................................31 C.4.7 Construction Activities ...............................................................................................................................32 C.4.8 Waste Management Activities...................................................................................................................32 APPENDIX D:  METHODS FOR CALCULATING CO2 EQUIVALENCIES ......................................................................34 D.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................34 D.2 THE EFFECT OF CO2 ON CLIMATE CHANGE..................................................................................................................34 D.3 METRICS FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CO2 ON CLIMATE ............................................................................................37 D.4 BEHAVIOR OF SHORTâLIVED NONâCO2 CLIMATE CHANGE AGENTS ..................................................................................38 D.5 EMISSIONS EQUIVALENCY METHODS .........................................................................................................................42 D.5.1 Radiative Forcing and the Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) ...........................................................................43 D.5.2 Global Warming Potential .........................................................................................................................47 D.5.3 Alternatives to the Global Warming Potential ..........................................................................................55 APPENDIX E:  INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT PROTOCOLS......................................................................................58 E.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................58Â
ACRP Project 02-06 Appendices â Final September 19, 2008 E.2 INVENTORY ISSUES ..................................................................................................................................................58 E.2.1 Purpose of the Inventory ............................................................................................................................58 E.2.2 Identification of Sources and Pollutant ......................................................................................................59 E.2.3 Corporate Boundaries ................................................................................................................................59 E.2.4 Geographic Boundaries..............................................................................................................................60 E.2.5 Discrepancies and Inconsistencies .............................................................................................................60 E.3 REVIEW OF EXISTING PROTOCOLS ..............................................................................................................................61 E.3.1 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)...........................................................................................61 E.3.2 World Resource Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) 64 E.3.3 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) .........................................................................65 E.3.4 International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) ...............................................................66 E.3.5 The Energy Information Administration (EIA) ............................................................................................67 E.3.6 The Climate Registry (TCR).........................................................................................................................68 E.4 FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING AN AIRPORT GHG EMISSIONS INVENTORY ........................................................................69 E.4.1 Principles ....................................................................................................................................................69 E.4.2 Pollutants ...................................................................................................................................................69 E.4.3 Source Categories and Reporting...............................................................................................................69 E.4.4 Organizational and Operational Boundaries .............................................................................................70 E.4.5 Geographic Boundaries..............................................................................................................................72 E.4.6 Identification of Key Sources ......................................................................................................................75 APPENDIX F:  APPROACHES USED IN AIRPORT INVENTORIES PREPARED TO DATE..............................................77 F.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................77 F.2 PROJECT SURVEY AND INVENTORIES IDENTIFIED............................................................................................................77 F.3 REVIEWS OF EXISTING AIRPORT INVENTORIES...............................................................................................................79 F.3.1 City of Seattle Inventory for 2000...............................................................................................................83 F.3.2 City of Aspen Canary Initiative Inventory for 2004.....................................................................................83 F.3.3 Sacramento International Airport Master Plan CEQA FEIR ........................................................................84 F.3.4 Vancouver International Airport, BC Canada Emissions from Mobile Sources...........................................85 F.3.5 San Diego International Airport Master Plan CEQA DEIR...........................................................................85 F.3.6 Zurich International Airport, CO2 Emissions ...............................................................................................86 F.3.7 City and County of Denver, Greenprint Denver ..........................................................................................86 F.3.8 Port of Seattle Greenhouse Gas Inventory .................................................................................................86 F.3.9 AspenâPitkin County Airport Greenhouse Gas Inventory............................................................................87 F.3.10 City of San Francisco â San Francisco International Airport.....................................................................87 F.3.11 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ............................................................................................87Â