National Academies Press: OpenBook
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22037.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2009 www.TRB.org A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 14 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subject Areas Energy and Environment • Aviation • Bridges, Other Structures, and Hydraulics and Hydrology Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems CH2M HILL Austin, TX and Chantilly, VA GRESHAM, SMITH AND PARTNERS Columbus, OH BARNES & THORNBURG LLP Washington, DC

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter- national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon- sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera- tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera- tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro- gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte- nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera- tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary partici- pants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport oper- ating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga- nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon- sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden- tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro- fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre- pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper- ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 14 Project 02-02 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN: 978-0-309-11778-4 Library of Congress Control Number 2009902962 © 2009 Transportation Research Board COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the Airport Cooperative Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the project reporting. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 14 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Margaret B. Hagood, Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-02 PANEL Field of Environment Bernice R. Malione, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, New York, NY (Chair) Daniel C. Bergman, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, DFW Airport, TX R. Lee Fields, Brenda Fields, Chicago, IL Eric Strecker, Geosyntec Consultants, Portland, OR Richard Vincent, Port of Portland (OR), Portland, OR Catherine W. Wetherell, Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston, MA Scott Yarley, HNTB Corporation, Raleigh, NC Paul L. Friedman, FAA Liaison George Legarreta, FAA Liaison Brian S. D’Amico, Other Liaison Tim A. Pohle, Other Liaison Jessica Steinhilber, Other Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The ACRP 02-02 Project Team and principal authors of this report consisted of Dean Mericas, Ph.D., Principal Investigator and Tara Bongiorni Ajello, P.E., Project Manager, CH2M HILL; John A. Lengel Jr., P.E., Gresham, Smith and Partners; and Jeffrey Longsworth, Esq., Barnes & Thornburg. Technical review and input was provided by Steven Corsi, USGS. The project team thanks the members of the project panel for providing the opportunity to work on this exciting project. The team also thanks all who responded to the survey and provided valuable information for this report. We also thank the following airport and vendor representatives, who provided data and information valuable to the development of this document: Mr. Kane Carpenter, Austin-Bergstrom International Airport; Mr. Mark Williams, Baltimore- Washington International Airport; Ms. Kim Minkel, Buffalo Niagara International Airport; Mr. Steven “Sam” Peacock, Ph.D., Dallas Love Field; Mr. Dan Bergman, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport; Mr. Keith D. Pass, P.G., Denver International Airport; Mr. Bryan Wagoner, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport; Mr. Mike Cross, James M. Cox Dayton International Airport; Mr. Ed Knoesel and Mr. Bob Junge, John F. Kennedy International Airport; Mr. Bob Jones and Ms. Sabrina Largen, Kansas City International Airport; Mr. Roy Fuhrmann, Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport; Mr. Kevin Gur- chak, Pittsburgh International Airport; Mr. Chandler Johnson, AnoxKaldnes, Inc.; Ms. Teresa Lush, Inland Technologies; Mr. Doug Vanderlinden, Edgewater Manufacturing Inc.; Mr. Ian Sharkey, Radiant Aviation Services; and Mr. Chris Cottingham, Vactor Manufacturing. Finally, the project team thanks Mr. Michael Chaput (APS Aviation, Inc.) and the rest of the research team for ACRP Project 10-01, “Optimizing the Use of Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids,” who shared their information and insights on aircraft source reduction practices.

ACRP Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems represents one of the first references on deicing operations. This document provides practical technical guidance to airports; aircraft operators; consultants and designers; and local, state, and federal regulators. The guidelines address a wide array of practices for the practical, cost-effective control of runoff from aircraft and airfield deicing and anti-icing operations. Under ACRP Project 02-02, CH2M Hill was asked to develop planning guidelines to assist airports and aircraft operators in identifying and selecting practices for controlling runoff from aircraft and airfield deicing operations. A structured approach to developing an integrated deicing runoff management system is explained. This approach is based on the proven principles of adaptive management prac- tices used in the field of watershed management/nonpoint source pollution control. Each step in the process is explained, along with special considerations that assist the reader in understanding how they may be applied to their specific facility. The information in the document is organized in a top-down structure, leading the reader through the big picture issues and planning processes first, and then providing increasing detail on the how these processes might be implemented at an individual facility. The discussion on drivers explains why deicing operations and control of the resulting runoff are required. Topics include why deicing is required for safe winter-time operations, the various FAA regulations and product specifications that ensure these operations are effective and the environmental concerns and regulations that result in requirements to control discharges of deicing runoff. Overviews of the full range of available practices are described in a collection of fact sheets accompanying the report. They include guidance on how the reader can select from among various alternatives to identify which ones are potentially applicable at their facility. A master matrix identifying each fact sheet and comparing them in four categories: (1) source reduction, (2) containment/collection, (3) conveyance/storage, and (4) treatment/recycling. Characteristics covered include implementation and operation requirements; advantages, constraints, and keys to success; and relative costs and potential savings. Separate perfor- mance comparisons are presented in fact sheets for collection/containment practices and treatment/recycling technologies. Detailed operational practices are provided on a comprehensive collection of fact sheets. These include source reduction techniques such as product selection and application and non-chemical deicing technologies. Fact sheets cover collection/containment practices, including centralized deicing facilities, glycol collection vehicles, and deicer-laden snow F O R E W O R D By Michael R. Salamone Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

management. Descriptions of treatment and recycling alternatives cover options from discharge to a publicly owned treatment plant to natural treatment systems and glycol recovery. System component fact sheets describe different storage options, diversion controls, and monitoring technologies. Each fact sheet describes the nature and operating principles of each practice, factors that should be taken into account when considering its applicability at a particular facility, and capital and operating and maintenance costs.

C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Background 2 Purpose and Objectives 2 Guidance Structure 3 Chapter 2 Guidelines for Developing Integrated Deicing-Runoff Management Systems 3 Aircraft and Airfield Requirements for Deicing 3 Safety Issues 3 Applicable FAA Regulations 4 Deicing Products 5 Environmental Concerns 5 Typical Deicing Runoff Pollutants 5 Nondeicing Runoff Pollutants 5 Regulatory Drivers 5 Federal Acts Effecting Airport Water Quality Regulations 6 Federal Stormwater Program 7 Implementation of Regulations in Different Types of Airport Discharge Permits 8 Permit Development Process 9 Permit Development and Compliance Considerations 10 Framework for Planning Deicing Runoff Control Programs 11 Identify Environmental Regulatory Compliance Requirements 11 Assess Current Compliance with All Applicable Requirements 11 Assess Potential Sources of Deicer Loading to Stormwater 12 Define Runoff Management System 14 Develop Deicing Runoff Management Plan 14 Implement Management Plan 14 Monitor and Evaluate Effectiveness 15 Revise Deicing Runoff Management Plan 15 Role and Application of Modeling Tools 19 Chapter 3 Guidelines for Selecting Individual Practices 19 Overview and Screening Process for Deicing Practices 19 Assessing the Need for Practices 19 Deicing Practice Categories 20 Screening Approach for Selecting Individual Deicing Practices 21 Factors for Evaluating Practices 33 Guidance on Use and Interpretation of the Fact Sheets 33 Use and Limitations of the Fact Sheets 33 Interpretation of the Fact Sheets

35 Chapter 4 Deicing Fact Sheets 35 Aircraft Deicing Source Reduction 35 Airfield Pavement Deicing Source Reduction 35 Deicing Runoff Containment/Collection 36 Deicing Runoff System Components 36 Deicing Runoff Treatment/Recycling 37 References 39 Acronyms and Abbreviations

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems explores a wide array of practices designed to provide for the practical, cost-effective control of runoff from aircraft and airfield deicing and anti-icing operations. Detailed operational practices were published by TRB as a collection of fact sheets.

The May 2014 Impacts on Practice examines how the Gerald R. Ford International Airport (GRR) in Grand Rapids, Michigan utilized ACRP Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems to develop a long-term stormwater and deicing program that would maintain airport safety and comply with environmental regulations.

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