NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Funding for the project was provided through the following agreements between the indicated federal agency and the National Academy of Sciences: Department of the Army Agreement CECWXX-90-N-5301 and DACA88-92-M-0283; Federal Highway Administration Agreement DTFH61-92-P-01352; and National Science Foundation Grant No. MSS-9009343, under master agreement 8618642.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 93-87112
International Standard Book Number 0-309-04878-8
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COMMITTEE ON INFRASTRUCTURE
Chairman
ALBERT A. GRANT, Consultant,
Potomac, Maryland
Members
CLAIRE BARRETT, Special Assistant to the Director of Aviation,
MASSPORT, Logan International Airport, East Boston, Massachusetts
MICHAEL COHEN, Chief of the Urban Development Division,
The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM COLEMAN, President,
Leggatt McCall Properties Management, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
ELLIS LANE JOHNSON, IBM Fellow and Coca-Cola Professor,
IBM T. J. Watson Research Center of Technology, Yorktown Heights, New York
GORDON S. KINO, Associate Dean of Engineering,
Edward L. Ginzon Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California
DAVID HUNTER MARKS, Director,
Programs in Environmental Engineering Education and Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
WILLIAM REES MORRISH, Dayton Hudson Professor in Urban Design, and Director,
Design Center for American Urban Landscape, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
JOSEPH PERKOWSKI, Manager,
Advanced Civil Systems Research & Development, Bechtel National, Inc., San Francisco, California
JANICE ELAINE PERLMAN, Executive Director,
Mega-Cities Project, Urban Research Center, New York University, New York, New York
SERGIO RODRIGUEZ, AICP, Assistant City Manager/Planning Director,
City of Miami, Florida
GEORGE ROWE, Director of Public Works,
Department of Public Works, City of Cincinnati, Ohio
RICHARD L. SIEGLE, P.E. Director of Facilities Services,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
RAYMOND L. STERLING, Associate Professor and Director,
Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
NAN STOCKHOLM, Director,
Presidio Council, Golden Gate National Park Association, San Francisco, California
National Research Council Liaison Representatives
NANCY CONNERY, Consultant,
Woolwich, Maine
Federal Liaison Representatives
KEN P. CHONG,
National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
CHARLES W. NEISSNER,
Federal Highway Administration, Reston, Virginia
KYLE SCHILLING,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
ROBERT STEARNS,
Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.
Staff
ANDREW C. LEMER, Staff Officer
PATRICIA M. WHOLEY, Staff Associate
SUZETTE CODY, Project Assistant
MARY McCORMACK, Project Assistant
Acknowledgements
The committee would like to acknowledge the assistance of the many people in Phoenix, Cincinnati, and Boston who guided and participated in this study. While many of these individuals are listed in the Appendixes of this report there were many others who provided invaluable services. In particular the committee would like to thank the American Public Works Association for providing meeting rooms, hotel and other logistical arrangements in Boston.
BUILDING RESEARCH BOARD (1992–1993)
Chairman
HAROLD J. PARMELEE, President,
Turner Construction Company, New York, New York
Members
RICHARD T. BAUM*, (Retired) Partner,
Jaros, Baum and Bolles,
Consulting Engineers,
New York, New York
LYNN S. BEEDLE, University Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering and Director,
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
CATHERINE BROWN, Director of Special Projects,
Design Center for American Urban Landscape, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
GERALD L. CARLISLE*, Secretary-Treasurer,
International Union of Bricklayers & Allied Craftsmen, Washington, D.C.
NANCY RUTLEDGE CONNERY, Consultant,
Woolwich, Maine
C. CHRISTOPHER DEGENHARDT*, Chairman,
EDAW, Inc., San Francisco, California
AUGUSTINE A. DiGIACOMO, Partner,
Jaros, Baum and Bolles,
Consulting Engineers,
New York, New York
ELISHA C. FREEDMAN*, Regional Manager,
The Par Group—Paul A. Reaume, Ltd., West Hartford, Connecticut
DELON HAMPTON,
Delon Hampton & Associates, Washington, D.C.
DONALD G. ISELIN, U.S.N. Retired, Consultant,
Santa Barbara, California
FREDERICK KRIMGOLD*, Associate Dean for Research and Extension,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Alexandria
GARY T. MOORE, Professor of Architecture and Director,
Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee
WALTER P. MOORE, President and Chairman of the Board,
Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc., Houston, Texas
J. W. MORRIS, U.S.A. Retired, President,
J. W. Morris Ltd., Arlington, Virginia
BRIAN P. MURPHY, Senior Vice President,
Prudential Property Company, Prudential Plaza, Newark, New Jersey
LESLIE E. ROBERTSON*, Director,
Design and Construction, Leslie E. Robertson Associates, New York, New York
JEROME J. SINCOFF, AIA, President,
Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri
JAMES E. WOODS*, William E. Jamerson Professor of Building Construction,
College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
APRIL L. YOUNG*, CRA Coordinator,
First American Metro Corporation, McLean, Virginia
Staff
ANDREW C. LEMER, Director
HENRY A. BORGER, Executive Secretary,
Federal Construction Council
PATRICIA M. WHOLEY, Staff Associate
SUZETTE CODY, Project Assistant
LENA B. GRAYSON, Program Assistant
MARY McCORMACK, Project Assistant
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Public Transport, Public Involvement, and the Southwest Corridor, |
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Massachusetts Water Resource Authority "Turning the Tide on Pollution," |
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| APPENDIXES | ||||
List of Tables
List of Pictures
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1-A. |
Many elements of the infrastructure interact underground, hidden from view. Here water supply pipelines surface and are supported by a bridge across a concrete-lined stormwater drainage channel that replaced a creek |
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2-A. |
Cincinnati's cable suspension bridge across the Ohio River continues to carry traffic more than 100 years after its construction. The bridge, in 1866 America's longest span, was designed by John Roebling, whose technical achievement and artistry in the Brooklyn Bridge established him as one of the most famous of America's infrastructure professionals |
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3-A. |
By questioning the state's standard bridge design originally planned for the Thomas Road Overpass, part of the Squaw Peak Parkway in Phoenix, the artist invited to "beautify" an austere structure motivated a money-saving custom design and created an award-winning community asset |
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3-B. |
The engineer-artist team responsible for design of Phoenix's 27th Avenue Solid Waste Management Facility, here under construction, created an entry to the building that would illustrate to the public something about how structures work |
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3-C. |
Accumulated "superficial" deterioration and subsequent structural damage on Cincinnati's Ludlow Viaduct were a direct result of the neglect of maintenance, attributable to legislative budgetary decisions. Until repairs could be made, the bridge had to be closed to truck traffic, adding substantially to street congestion and the costs to businesses located in the area |
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3-D. |
Cincinnati's Ault Park Pavilion was renovated in 1992 and returned to service as a popular place for strolling and a center for community recreation. Parks, open space, and such public facilities are likely to become increasingly important as elements of infrastructure |
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3-E. |
This approach to downtown Boston—lined with houses and small shops, and passing through flower and vegetable gardens, parks and playgrounds—is built above the Metropolitan Boston Transportation Authority's Orange Line. Much of the rapid rail transit line is, in turn, located in a right of way cleared in the 1960s for construction of a segment of the interstate highway system. Community questioning of the balance and distribution of costs and benefits of this segment led to the nation's first major reprogramming of federal transportation funds from one mode to another |
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3-F. |
Infrastructure construction projects are often among the largest and most complex and costly civil engineering undertakings. Operations of this dredge working on Boston's Third Harbor Tunnel project adjust to seasonal fish migrations as well as tides and storms |
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4-A. |
In Boston's South End neighborhood, matching the design of the subway transit's ventilation tower to the style of adjacent residences converted a potential eyesore and source of community resentment to an attractive and accepted addition to the urban landscape |
