Technical Document and User Guide for the Multi-Modal Passenger Simulation Model for Comparing Passenger Rail Energy Consumption with Competing Modes (2015)

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i Table of Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................ iv 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2 Performance Evaluation Framework ....................................................................... 3 2.1 Methodology Overview .......................................................................................... 3 2.2 Mode Specific Data Constraints and Methodology Influences ................................ 4 2.3 Highway Modes (LDV and Bus) Methodology ........................................................ 5 2.3.1 Bus Characterization ....................................................................................... 5 2.3.2 LDV Characterization from Test Data .............................................................. 6 2.3.3 Adjustment of LDV Characteristics to Reflect Driving Conditions ................... 10 2.4 Air Mode Methodology ......................................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Air Made Analytic Framework ........................................................................ 13 2.4.2 Air Mode Default Characterization Tables ..................................................... 16 2.5 Rail Mode Methodology ....................................................................................... 21 2.5.1 Analytic Overview .......................................................................................... 21 2.5.2 Rail Equipment Characterization ................................................................... 22 2.6 Access Egress Modes Characterization ............................................................... 22 2.7 Regional Characterization .................................................................................... 24 2.7.1 Region and Season Definitions ...................................................................... 24 2.7.2 Emissions Intensity of Electricity Generation by Region................................. 24 2.7.3 Climate-Influences by Region ........................................................................ 25 2.7.4 Infrastructure Gradient by Region .................................................................. 26 3 Simulation Model Structure .................................................................................. 26 3.1 Run-type Scenarios and Associated Outputs ....................................................... 26 3.2 Worksheet Roles and Interfaces .......................................................................... 33 3.2.1 User Interface Sheets .................................................................................... 33 3.2.2 Macro Supervisory Control ............................................................................ 34 3.2.3 Default Data Sheets ...................................................................................... 34 3.2.4 Simulation Sheets Overview .......................................................................... 35 4 Rail Mode Simulation Module ............................................................................... 37 4.1 Rail Module Layout and Equations ....................................................................... 37 4.1.1 User Inputs .................................................................................................... 37 4.1.2 Rail Simulation Worksheet Layout ................................................................. 37 4.1.3 Rail Simulation Process and Equations ......................................................... 39 5 Highway Modes Simulation Modules .................................................................... 51

ii 5.1 Common Elements to All Highway Vehicles .........................................................51 5.2 LDV Characteristics Sheet and Future-Year Preprocessor ...................................53 5.3 Highway Drive Schedules ....................................................................................54 5.4 Inter-City Road Maintenance/Weather Delays ......................................................60 6 Air Mode Simulation Module .................................................................................61 6.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................61 6.2 Air Module Layout ................................................................................................61 6.2.1 User Inputs ....................................................................................................61 6.2.2 Air Simulation Worksheet Layout ...................................................................62 Appendix A MMPASSIM Spreadsheet Model User Guide Appendix B Terms, Abbreviations and Equation Variables List of Tables Table 1. LDV Class Distributions used for Composite Vehicles .......................................... 7 Table 2. MY 2011 LDV Sales-Weighted Characterization Data .......................................... 9 Table 3. Adjustments Made to Test-based Characteristics to Reflect Actual Driving Conditions and the Driven Fleet ......................................................................... 11 Table 4. Performance of the 2011 Sales-weighted and 2011Driven Fleets ...................... 12 Table 5. Illustrative Proportional Allocation of Congestion Encountered by Time-of-Day (% of route) ........................................................................................................ 13 Table 6. Proportional Aircraft Usage (%-seat-miles) by Trip Segment Length .................. 17 Table 7. Average Load Factor by Aircraft Type ................................................................ 17 Table 8. Direct Results from the Raw Regression Results ............................................... 18 Table 9. Derived Fuel Intensity Coefficients by Aircraft Type ............................................ 20 Table 10. Cruise-phase Fuel Intensities by Aircraft Type and Traffic Congestion. ............ 20 Table 11. Status of Publicly Available Passenger Train Data ............................................22 Table 12. Transit Properties Included in Modal Averages ................................................ 22 Table 13. Access/Egress Modes’ Default Performance Data ........................................... 23 Table 14. State Composition of Regions and Sub-regions ............................................... 24 Table 15. Direct and Upstream Carbon Fuels Usage in Electricity Generation by Region in 2011 ................................................................................................. 25 Table 16. Regional Climate Related Characteristics ........................................................ 25 Table 17. Single Train Simulation Output Showing Energy Dissipation Components ....... 28 Table 18. Single Train Simulation Output Showing Performance Metrics ......................... 28

iii Table 19. Technology Comparison Simulation Output of Absolute Values and Proportional Savings for a Round Trip .............................................................. 29 Table 20. Technology Comparison Table of Performance Metrics I (Direct Transportation Activity) ..................................................................................... 30 Table 21. Technology Comparison Table of Performance Metrics II (Including Well-to-Pump Energy and Emissions) ............................................................... 30 Table 22. Modal Comparison Performance Metrics I (Modal Leg Only / Direct Transportation Energy/Emissions) .................................................................... 31 Table 23. Modal Comparison Performance Metrics II (Access/Egress Legs Only / Direct Transportation Energy/Emissions) .......................................................... 31 Table 24. Modal Comparison Performance Metrics III (Door-to-Door / Direct Transportation Energy/Emissions) .................................................................... 32 Table 25. Modal Comparison Performance Metrics IV (Door-to-Door, Including Indirect Well-to-Pump Energy/Emissions) ...................................................................... 32 Table 26. Input Data for Two Illustrative Consists ............................................................. 40 Table 27. Illustrative Summary Output Within the Rail-Simulation Worksheet ................... 50 List of Figures Figure 1. Overall Model Structure (Worksheet Data Flows and Interaction) ....................... 36 Figure 2. Rail Simulation Sheet Layout .............................................................................. 38 Figure 3. Illustrative Tractive Effort Curves for Conventional Diesel and VHSR Consists ... 41 Figure 4. Speed/Distance Profile of 1L/4BLC Consist With And Without Coasting ............. 43 Figure 5. Highway Vehicle Simulation Sheets Layout ........................................................ 52 Figure 6. Creep Drive Schedule (0.9 km/h) ........................................................................ 55 Figure 7. Urban Arterial/City Drive Schedule (40 km/h) ...................................................... 55 Figure 8. LOS-F Stop and Go Drive Schedule (14 km/h) .................................................... 56 Figure 9. City Street Drive Schedule for LDVs (25 km/h) .................................................... 56 Figure 10. Urban Freeway Bus Free-flow - 117 km/h Drive Schedule ................................ 57 Figure 11. Urban Freeway LDV Free-flow - 119 km/h Drive Schedule ............................... 58 Figure 12. Urban Freeway LOS-B/C - 105 km/h Drive Schedule ........................................ 58 Figure 13. Urban Freeway LOS-E - 75 km/h Drive Schedule ............................................. 59 Figure 14. Urban Freeway – LOS-E 50 km/h Drive Schedule ............................................ 59 Figure 15. Short Urban Freeway Access LDV Drive Schedule (EPA-US06) ...................... 60 Figure 16. Air-Simulation Worksheet Layout ...................................................................... 63