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TCRP Annual Report TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED TCRP 2015 ANNUAL REPORT OF PROGRESS T C R P A N N U A L R E P O R T O F P R O G R E S S 2 0 1 5 T R B T C R P A N N U A L R E P O R T O F P R O G R E S S 2 0 1 5 T R B
TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT SELECTION COMMITTEE* CHAIR Sherry Little Spartan Solutions LLC MEMBERS Michael Allegra Utah Transit Authority Jeffrey Arndt VIA Metropolitan Transit Authority Grace Crunican San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Brendan Danaher Transport Workers Union Katharine Eagan Hillsborough Area RTA Ronald Kilcoyne Lane Transit District Ralph Larison HERZOG John Lewis Charlotte Area Transit System Kris Lyon Lane Transit District W.H. Bill McCloud McCloud Transport Associates Jonathan H. McDonald SJ Consulting LLC Therese McMillan FTA E. Susan Meyer Spokane Transit Authority Bradford Miller Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority T.J. Ross PACE Gary Thomas Dallas Area Rapid Transit Matthew O. Tucker North County Transit District Denise Tyler Delaware Transit Corporation Ed Watt Amalgamated Transit Union Patricia Weaver University of Kansas EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Michael P. Melaniphy APTA Neil J. Pedersen TRB Frederick G. (Bud) Wright AASHTO Gregory G. Nadeau FHWA TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Louis Sanders APTA SECRETARY Christopher W. Jenks TRB TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2015 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* OFFICERS Chair: Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis ViCe Chair: James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, TX exeCutiVe DireCtor: Neil J. Pedersen, Transportation Research Board MEMBERS Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center; Assistant Dean, Centers and Institutes; and Professor and Director, Environmental Law Program, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO (retired), Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA Jennifer Cohan, Secretary, Delaware DOT, Dover Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento A. Stewart Fotheringham, Professor, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, University of Arizona, Tempe John S. Halikowski, Director, Arizona DOT, Phoenix Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, CA Chris T. Hendrickson, Professor, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Jeffrey D. Holt, Managing Director, Bank of Montreal Capital Markets, and Chairman, Utah Transportation Commission, Huntsville Roger Huff, Manager, Ford Global Customs, Material Export Operations, and Logistics Standardization, Ford Motor Company, Farmington Hills, MI Geraldine Knatz, Professor, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Ysela Llort, Consultant, Miami, FL Donald A. Osterberg, Senior Vice President, Safety and Security (retired), Schneider National, Inc., Freedom, WI James Redeker, Commissioner, Connecticut DOT, Newington Mark Rosenberg, President and CEO, The Task Force for Global Health, Inc., Decatur, GA Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor, University of Texas, Austin Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, TX Paul Trombino III, Director, Iowa DOT, Ames EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Thomas P. Bostick (Lieutenant General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC James C. Card (Vice Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, retired), Maritime Consultant, The Woodlands, TX, and Chair, TRB Marine Board Alison Jane Conway, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, City College of New York, NY, and Chair, TRB Young Members Council T. F. Scott Darling III, Acting Administrator and Chief Counsel, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Marie Therese Dominguez, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Sarah Feinberg, Acting Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. DOT David J. Friedman, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. DOT LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC Michael P. Huerta, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT Paul N. Jaenichen, Sr., Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT Therese W. McMillan, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. DOT Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Gregory G. Nadeau, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOT Peter M. Rogoff, Under Secretary for Transportation Policy, Office of the Secretary, U.S. DOT Mark R. Rosekind, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Craig A. Rutland, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA Gregory D. Winfree, Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Secretary, U.S. DOT Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC Paul F. Zukunft (Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security * Membership as of November 2015.* Membership as of October 2015.
TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration TCRP 2015 ANNUAL REPORT OF PROGRESS
TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM The nationâs growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is nec- essary to solve operating problems, adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and intro- duce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Coopera tive Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit indus- try can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213âResearch for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transportation Asso- ciation (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), undertakes research and other technical activities in response to the needs of transit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes various transit research fields includ- ing planning, service configuration, equipment, facili- ties, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Proposed by the U.S. Department of Trans- portation, TCRP was authorized as part of the Inter- modal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), reauthorized in June 1998 by the Transporta- tion Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), again reauthorized in August 2005 by the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), and reauthorized again in 2012 by Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Cen- tury (MAP-21). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooperating organizations: FTA; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB); and the Transit Development Corpora- tion, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and research organization established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the independent governing board, desig- nated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee. This memorandum agreement was updated on January 12, 1999. Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the TOPS Com mittee to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS Committee defines funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contrac- tors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and select- ing research agencies has been used by TRB in man- aging cooperative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Because research cannot have the desired effect if products fail to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on disseminating TCRP results to the intended users of the research: transit agen- cies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a series of research reports, syntheses of transit practice, and other supporting material developed by TCRP research. APTA will arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry practitioners. TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can cooperatively address common operational problems. TCRP results support and complement other ongoing transit research and training programs. For additional information, go to www.trb.org/TCRP. ADDRESS INFORMATION TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Cooperative Research Programs 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20001 Phone: 202-334-3224 www.trb.org ON THE COVER Background image from Fotolia. Images at right: top image from Bigstock, middle image courtesy of Metro ©2015 LACMTA, bottom image courtesy of Dallas Area Rapid Transit. Cover design by Tony Olivis, Studio 2.
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF Director Christopher W. Jenks NCHRP Manager Christopher Hedges ACRP Manager Michael R. Salamone Senior Program Officers Mark S. Bush Gwen Chisholm Smith Waseem Dekelbab B. Ray Derr Lawrence D. Goldstein Marci A. Greenberger Amir N. Hanna Edward T. Harrigan Andrew C. Lemer Joseph D. Navarrete Stephan A. Parker David A. Reynaud William C. Rogers Theresia H. Schatz Dianne S. Schwager Lori L. Sundstrom Administrative Coordinator Joseph J. Snell Administrative Associate Cynthia E. Butler Program Associate Sheila A. Moore Senior Program Assistants Anthony P. Avery Terri Baker Megan A. Chamberlain Natasha R. Donawa Thu M. Le Daniel J. Magnolia Danna Powell Charlotte Thomas Program Assistant Stephanie L. Campbell Director of Publications Eileen P. Delaney Senior Editors Natalie Barnes Hilary Freer Editors Ellen M. Chafee Maria Sabin Crawford Doug English Margaret B. Hagood Scott E. Hitchcock Sharon Lamberton Sreyashi Roy Senior Editorial Assistant Theresa C. Crean Systems Analyst Roy N. Mesler
CONTENTS Annual Report of Progress, 1 Introduction, 1 How TCRP Programs Are Formulated, 1 Research Program, 3 Financing the Program, 4 How TCRP Is Organized to Administer Research Programs, 4 Project Panels, 6 How Projects Are Placed Under Contract, 7 Monitoring Research in Progress, 8 Promoting Dissemination and Application of Research Results, 8 Current Status, 9 Accomplishments in 2015, 10 FY 2016 Program, 12 Policies on Bias and Conflict of Interest, 12 Summary, 14 Publications of the Transit Cooperative Research Program, 15 Summary of Project Status, 34 Summary of Project D-7 Status, 69 Summary of Project J-4 Status, 71 Summary of Project J-5 Status, 77 Summary of Project J-6 Status, 82 Summary of Project J-7 Status, 88 Summary of Project J-9 Status, 99 Summary of Project J-10 Status, 100 Summary of Project J-11 Status, 102 New Projects and Continuations, 104 Notice to Readers, 106 How to Order, 106
