National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Chapter 9 - Conclusions and Suggested Research
Page 50
Suggested Citation:"Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22091.
×
Page 50
Page 51
Suggested Citation:"Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22091.
×
Page 51
Page 52
Suggested Citation:"Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22091.
×
Page 52
Page 53
Suggested Citation:"Glossary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22091.
×
Page 53

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

50 SMS-relevant Terms Causes Actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a combination thereof, that led to the acci- dent or incident. Events that result in a hazard or failure are causes; causes can occur by them- selves or in combinations. Consequence(s) The projected end result(s) or outcome(s) of a hazard, including their likeli- hood and severity. A consequence is presented numerically as a position within a risk matrix. The end result provides the user with a current-state indicator of wildlife management. The projection takes into account number of operations, abundance, size, and other factors. In some industries, consequence can be used as a synonym for severity; however, ICAO and FAA have not used the term consequence as a standard for severity. Control Anything that mitigates the risk of a hazard’s effect. As with safety requirements, all controls must be written in requirements language. The three types of controls are: (1) validated controls, which are unambiguous, correct, complete, and verifiable; (2) verified controls, which have been objectively determined to meet the design solution; and (3) recommended controls, which have the potential to mitigate a hazard or risk but are not yet validated as part of the system or its requirements. Credible A specific system state and sequence of events, supported by data and expert opin- ion, which clearly describes the outcome. In an SMS, credible implies that it is reasonable to expect the assumed combination of extreme conditions will occur within the operational life- time of the system. Effect A real or credible harmful outcome that has occurred or can be expected to occur if the hazard occurs in the defined system state. A single hazard can have multiple effects. Existing control Something already in place that mitigates the risk of a hazard’s effect. An existing control must be documented with supporting data and a rationale that confirms the control’s use, applicability, and availability related to the hazard. For example, if orders are iden- tified as existing controls, the specific version, paragraph, and/or section number(s) should be cited. Alternatively, if equipment is identified as a control, documentation should discuss how the equipment mitigates or manages the risk. Hazard Any existing or potential condition that can lead to injury, illness, or death to people; damage to or loss of a system, equipment, or property; or damage to the environment. A hazard is a condition that is a prerequisite of an accident or incident. A hazard might or might not result in a situation of high risk. Hazard assessment A systematic, comprehensive evaluation of a change, operation, system, or safety issue. Glossary

Glossary 51 Incident An occurrence, other than an accident, which is associated with the operation of an aircraft and which affects or could affect the safety of operations as defined in 49 CFR 830.2. Likelihood The estimated probability or frequency of a hazard’s effect. Likelihood may be described in quantitative or qualitative terms. National Airspace System (NAS) The common network of U.S. airspace; air navigation facili- ties; equipment and services; airports or landing areas; aeronautical charts and information services; rules, regulations, and procedures; technical information; and labor and material. The NAS includes system components shared with the military. National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) The national airport system plan developed by the office of the U.S. Secretary of Transportation on a biannual basis for the devel- opment of public-use airports to meet national air transportation needs. Risk The composite of predicted severity and likelihood of the potential effect of a hazard in the worst credible system state. The three types of risk are: (1) initial risk, referring to the pre- dicted severity and likelihood of a hazard when it is first identified and assessed, including the effects of preexisting risk controls in the current environment; (2) current risk, referring to the predicted severity and likelihood of a hazard at the current time; and (3) residual risk, referring to the predicted risk that remains after all risk mitigations have been implemented or exhausted and all risk mitigations have been verified. Risk analysis The process during which a hazard is characterized for its likelihood and the severity of its effect or harm. Risk analysis can be either quantitative or qualitative; however, the inability to quantify or the lack of historical data on a particular hazard does not preclude the need for analysis. Risk assessment 1. The process by which the results of risk analysis are used to make decisions. 2. The process of combining the impacts of risk elements discovered in risk analysis and com- paring them against some acceptability criteria. Risk assessment can include consolidating risks into risk sets that can be jointly mitigated, combined, and then used in decision making. Risk matrix (predictive) A graphical depiction of the various levels of severity and likelihood as they relate to the levels of risk (e.g., low, moderate, or high). On a typical risk matrix, severity and likelihood are placed on opposing axes (i.e., x-axis and y-axis) on a grid. A higher severity would be plotted farther to the right on the x-axis, and a higher likelihood would be plotted farther up the y-axis. Risk mitigation Anything that mitigates the risk of a hazard’s effect. Safety A condition in which the risk of harm or damage is limited to an acceptable level. Safety Assessment (SA) A process used to identify, analyze, and document hazards and safety issues, including, as applicable, a formal five-step process culminating in documentation of the findings of a Safety Risk Management (SRM) panel. Also called safety risk assessment (SRA). SA/ SRA documentation describes the identified hazards or current safety issues, presents proposed changes, and presents evidence supporting whether the proposed changes or mitigation strategies are acceptable from a safety risk perspective. Safety Assurance A set of continuous process-management functions used to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented risk mitigation strategies, support the identification of new haz- ards, and systematically provide confidence that an organization meets or exceeds its safety objectives through continuous improvement. Safety Management System (SMS) A formal approach to managing safety through creation and development of (1) an organization-wide Safety Policy; (2) formal methods of Safety Risk Management (SRM) used to identify hazards and analyze and mitigate risk; (3) methods of

52 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Safety Assurance through continuous safety improvement; and (4) strategies for organization- wide Safety Promotion. As the foundational component of the SMS, the Safety Policy documents the airport’s means of deploying the system. SRM and SA are the two operational components of the SMS. Safety Promotion encompasses all three of the other components by ensuring that individuals with a role in SMS are properly trained and that safety issues identified through any of the activities associated with the components are communicated. Working together, the four components of the SMS provide management with a set of decision-making tools with which to plan, organize, direct, and control business activities in a manner that enhances safety and ensures compliance with regulatory standards. These tools are similar to those management already uses to make production or operations decisions. Safety objectives Measurable goals or desirable outcomes related to safety. Safety Policy Safety Policy provides the foundation or framework for the SMS. It outlines the methods and tools for achieving desired safety outcomes. The Safety Policy also details manage- ment’s responsibility and accountability for safety. Safety Promotion Safety Promotion encompasses the processes and procedures used to create an environment in which safety objectives can be achieved. Safety Promotion is essential to a positive safety culture, which is characterized by knowledge and understanding of the organiza- tion’s SMS, effective communications, competency in job responsibilities, ongoing training, and information sharing. Safety Promotion elements include training programs, communication of critical safety issues, and confidential reporting systems. Safety Risk Management (SRM) 1. A generic term that encompasses the assessment and mitiga- tion of the safety risks and the consequences of hazards that threaten the capabilities of an organiza- tion, to a level as low as is reasonably practicable. The objective of SRM is to provide the foundations for a balanced allocation of resources among all assessed safety risks and those safety risks for which control and mitigation are viable. 2. A formal process within the Safety Management System (SMS) composed of (a) describing the system, (b) identifying the hazards, and (c) assessing, analyzing, and controlling the risk. The SRM process is embedded in the operational system; it is not a separate/distinct process. Safety Risk Management Panel (SRMP) A group formed to formalize a proactive approach to system safety using a methodology that ensures hazards are identified and unacceptable risk is mitigated before changes are made. The SRMP provides a framework to ensure that once a change is made, it will be tracked throughout its life cycle. Safety risk mitigation Anything that mitigates the safety risk of a hazard. Safety risk controls necessary to mitigate an unacceptable risk should be mandatory, measurable, and monitored for effectiveness. Safety risk probability The likelihood that a safety consequence or outcome might occur, expressed as an estimated frequency. Severity The measure of how extreme the results of a consequence or outcome are predicted to be. Severity is determined by the worst credible outcome. System An integrated set of constituent pieces that are combined in an operational or support environment to meet a defined objective. These pieces include people, equipment, information, procedures, facilities, services, and other support services. Wildlife-relevant Terms Air operations area (AOA) All airport areas where aircraft can operate, either under their own power or while in tow. The AOA includes runways, taxiways, and apron areas.

Glossary 53 Canid Describes species associated with the dog family, including coyotes, foxes, wolves, and domestic/feral dogs. Felid Describes species associated with the cat family, including mountain lions, lynxes, bob- cats, and domestic/feral cats. Feral animal A domestic animal reverted to living in the wild; also includes strays. Guild Groups of species in a community that exploit the same set of resources in a similar manner, but that are not necessarily closely related taxonomically. Habitat The environment where an animal lives. Lagomorphs Species such as rabbits, hares, and relatives. Mesomammals Intermediate-sized mammals of several unrelated families (e.g., raccoons, skunks, armadillos, opossums). Migratory birds Bird species for which at least part of the population migrates between breed- ing and wintering grounds. Qualified Airport Wildlife Biologists (QAWBs) Airport personnel trained and experienced in biology under the guidelines specified in FAA Advisory Circular 150/5200-36A. Wildlife control personnel Airport personnel trained and equipped to respond to wildlife hazards on the airfield. Wildlife Hazard Assessment (WHA) A formal study conducted to determine baseline wild- life populations on and around airports; a WHA is normally conducted over a 12-month period as per FAA guidelines. Wildlife Hazard Management Plan (WHMP) A document that implements a wildlife miti- gation program at an airport as directed by federal regulations and FAA guidelines. Wildlife Hazard Site Visit (WHSV) A truncated version of a Wildlife Hazard Assessment (WHA), conducted over a shorter period of time to determine if more extensive study is required per FAA guidelines. Wildlife Hazard Working Group (WHWG) A committee formed to monitor and implement the Wildlife Hazard Management Plan (WHMP) and program.

Next: Abbreviations »
Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Get This Book
×
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 145: Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management introduces and guides the application of a risk-based approach to wildlife hazard management (WHM) programs and outlines additional steps for integrating programs into an airport’s Safety Management System (SMS).

This report also provides a customizable tool, which is available as a CD-ROM. The tool includes:

  • A summary of existing database wildlife hazard descriptions
  • Numerical values for hazard severity and likelihood by species, derived from the FAA Wildlife Strike Database
  • An electronic or manual risk analysis template, which includes the incorporation of variables on or off the airport

The CD-ROM is also available for download from TRB’s website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.

Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM Image

Download the .ISO CD-ROM Image

(Warning: This is a large file and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)

CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!