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Page 55
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22091.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22091.
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Page 57
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22091.
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Page 58
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22091.
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55 Airports Council International. Aerodrome Bird Hazard Prevention and Wildlife Management Handbook, 1st ed. Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. Allan, J. R. A Protocol for Bird Strike Risk Assessment at Airports. Presented at Conference of the International Bird Strike Committee, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2000. Allan, J. R. A Heuristic Risk Assessment Technique for Birdstrike Management at Airports. Risk Analysis, Vol. 26, 2006, pp. 723–729. Allan, J., A. Orosz, A. Badham, and J. Bell. The Development of Birdstrike Risk Assessment Procedures, Their Use on Airports, and the Potential Benefits to the Aviation Industry. Presented at Conference of the International Bird Strike Committee, Warsaw, Poland, May 5–9, 2003. Allerton, K., A. Johnson, J. Lengel, M. Knecht, D. Seal, P. Esposito, and G. Griffin. ACRP Report 125: Balancing Air- port Stormwater and Bird Hazard Management. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2015. American Ornithologists’ Union. Checklist of North and Middle American Birds. Available at: http://checklist. aou.org/taxa/ (accessed May, 30 2015). Avibase. Avibase—Bird Checklists of the World North America (US/Can). Available at: http://avibase.bsc-eoc. org/checklist.jsp?region=na1&list=clements (accessed May 30, 2015). Ayres Jr., M., H. Shirazi, S. Cardoso, J. Brown, et al. ACRP Report 1: Safety Management Systems for Airports, Volume 2: Guidebook. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2009. Bannard, D. Y. ACRP Legal Research Digest 19: Legal Issues Related to Developing Safety Management Systems and Safety Risk Management at U.S. Airports. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2013. Beermann, T., M. Bobo, and R. P. DeFusco. Enhancements to the United States Bird Avoidance Model (US BAM). Presented at Conference of the Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 3. Calgary, Alberta, Canada, August 27–30, 2001. Belant, J. L., and C. R. Ayers. ACRP Synthesis 52: Habitat Management to Deter Wildlife at Airports. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2014. Belant, J. L., and J. A. Martin. ACRP Synthesis 23: Bird Harassment, Repellent, and Deterrent Techniques for Use on and Near Airports, A Synthesis of Airport Practice. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2011. Belton, V. A Comparison of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and a Simple Multi-Attribute Value Function. Euro- pean Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 25, 1986, pp. 7–21. Bennett, P. M., and I. P. F. Owens. Evolutionary Ecology of Birds. Oxford University Press, 2008. Bicudo, J. E., W. A. Buttemer, M. A. Chappell, J. T. Pearson, and C. Bech. Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Birds. Oxford University Press, 2010. Biondi, K. M., J. L. Belant, J. A. Martin, T. L. DeVault, and G. Wang. White-tailed Deer Incidents with U. S. Civil Aircraft. Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 35, 2010, pp. 303–309. Blokpoel, H. Bird Hazards to Aircraft. Books Canada, Inc., Buffalo, NY, 1976. Bolen, E. G., and W. L. Robinson. Wildlife Ecology and Management, 5th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA, 2003. Both, I., H. van Gasteren, and A. Dekker. A Quantified Species-Specific Bird Hazard Index. Presented at Confer- ence of the International Bird Strike Committee, Cairns, Australia, September 20–24, 2010. Civil Aviation Authority. Wildlife Hazard Management at Aerodromes (CAP 733), London, UK, 2014. Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Strike One: Wildlife Is it a Bird or a Plane? No, it’s a Flying Fox. Flight Safety Australia, March–April, 2011, pp. 9–14. References

56 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 21.43). Depredation Order for Blackbirds, Cowbirds, Grackles, Crows and Magpies. Available at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2009-title50-vol6/CFR-2009-title50-vol6- sec21-43. Cleary, E. C., and A. Dickey. ACRP Report 32: Guidebook for Addressing Aircraft/Wildlife Hazards at General Aviation Airports. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010. Cleary, E. C., and R. A. Dolbeer. Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports: A Manual for Airport Personnel. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., 1999. Clements, J. F. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th ed., Cornell University Press, NY, 2007. Crossley, R. The Crossley ID Guide, Princeton University Press, NJ, 2010. DeFusco, R. P. Modeling Bird Hazards to Aircraft: A Geographic Information System Application Study. Photo- grammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 59, 1993, pp. 1481–1487. DeFusco, R. P. Environmental Factors Influencing Turkey Vulture Distribution and Abundance: A Geographic Information System Application Study. PhD Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 1994. DeFusco, R. P. Using Geographic Information Systems to Model Bird Distributions and Populations on a Conti- nental Scale. Presented at Conference of the International Bird Strike Committee, London, UK, 1996. DeFusco, R. P. Introducing the New BAM. Flying Safety Magazine, Vol. 54, 1998a, pp. 4–5. DeFusco, R. P. The U.S. Air Force Bird Avoidance Model. Presented at Vertebrate Pest Conference, Costa Mesa, CA, 1998b. DeFusco, R. P. The United States Bird Avoidance Model (BAM), in: Y. Leshem, Y. Mandelik, J. Shamoun-Baranes (eds.). International Seminar on Birds and Flight Safety in the Middle East, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1999, pp. 241–243. DeFusco, R. P. Current Status of the USAF Bird Avoidance Model (BAM). Presented at Conference of the Inter- national Bird Strike Committee, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2000. DeFusco, R. P. Avoiding Birds in the 21st Century. Flying Safety Magazine, Vol. 59, 2003, pp. 16–17. DeFusco, R. P. and W. Ruhe, BAM Comes to Alaska. Flying Safety Magazine, Vol. 60, 2004, pp. 4–7. DeFusco, R. P., and E. T. Unangst, ACRP Synthesis 39: Airport Wildlife Population Management, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2013. DeVault, T. L., J. E. Kubel, D. J. Glista, and O. E. Rhodes. Mammalian Hazards at Small Airports in Indiana: Impact of Perimeter Fencing. Human-Wildlife Conflicts, Vol. 2, 2008, pp. 240–247. Dillingham, G. L. Improved Data Quality and Analysis Capabilities are Needed as FAA Plans a Risk-Based Approach to Safety Oversight. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Washington D.C., 2011. Dillingham, G. L. Additional Oversight Planning by FAA Could Enhance Safety Risk Management. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C., 2014. Dolbeer, R. A. Population Dynamics: The Foundation of Wildlife Damage Management for the 21st Century. Paper 9:1-11 in Proceedings of the Eighteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Costa Mesa, Calif., March 2–5, 1998. Dolbeer, R. A. Height Distribution of Birds Recorded by Collisions with Civil Aircraft. Journal of Wildlife Manage- ment, Vol. 70, 2006, pp. 1345–1350. Dolbeer, R. A. Birds and Aircraft—Fighting for Airspace in Ever More Crowded Skies. Human-Wildlife Conflicts, Vol. 3, 2009, pp. 165–166. Dolbeer, R. A. Increasing Trend of Damaging Bird Strikes with Aircraft Outside the Airport Boundary: Implications for Mitigation Measures. Human-Wildlife Interactions, Vol. 5, 2011, pp. 235–248. Dolbeer, R. A., and S. E. Wright. Safety Management Systems: How Useful Will the FAA National Wildlife Strike Database Be? Human-Wildlife Conflicts, Vol. 3, 2009, pp. 167–178. Dolbeer, R. A., S. E. Wright, and E. C. Cleary. Ranking the Hazard Level of Wildlife Species to Aviation. Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 28, 2000, pp. 372–378. Dolbeer, R. A., S. E. Wright, J. Weller, and M. J. Begier. Wildlife Strikes to Civil Aircraft in the United States, 1990–2013. Office of Airport Safety and Standards, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 2014. Dukiya, J., and V. Gahlot. An Evaluation of the Effect of Bird Strikes on Flight Safety Operations at International Airport. International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, Vol. 3(1), 2012, pp. 1–18. Dunning, J. B. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2d ed. CRC Press, NY, 2008. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. CertAlert No. 97-09, Wildlife Hazard Management Plan Outline, 1997. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. CertAlert No. 98-05, Grasses Attractive to Hazardous Wildlife, 1998. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. CertAlert No. 04-16, Deer Hazard to Aircraft and Deer Fencing, 2004a. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. CertAlert No. 04-09, Relationship between FAA and Wildlife Services, 2004b. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. AC 150/5200-34A, Construction or Establishment of Landfills near Public Airports, 2006a.

References 57 Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. CertAlert No. 06-07, Requests by State Wildlife Agencies to Facilitate and Encourage Habitat for State-Listed Threatened and Endangered Species and Species of Special Concern on Airports, 2006b. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. AC 150/5200-33B, Hazardous Wildlife Attractants on or Near Airports, 2007. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. CertAlert No. 08-01, Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) for Airport Operators, 2008. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. Document Number FAA-2010-0997-0074, Airport Safety Management Systems Pilot Studies, 2010. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. External SMS Efforts, Part 139 Rulemaking, Airport SMS Pilot Studies, 2011a. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Technology Research and Development Branch. Overview of the Wildlife Strike Problem, 2011b. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. AC 150/5200-37A, Draft Introduction to Safety Management Systems for Airport Operators, 2012a. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. AC 150/5200-36A, Qualifications for Wildlife Biologist Conducting Wildlife Hazard Assessments and Training Curriculums for Airport Personnel Involved in Controlling Wildlife Hazards on Airports, 2012b. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. CertAlert No. 13-01, Federal and State Depreda- tion Permit Assistance, 2013a. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. AC 150/5200-32B, Reporting Wildlife Aircraft Strikes, 2013b. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. Draft AC 150/5200-XX Protocol for the Conduct and Review of Wildlife Hazard Site Visits, Wildlife Hazard Assessments, and Wildlife Hazard Management Plans. Available at http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/draft_150_5200_XX_ wildlife.pdf. Federal Aviation Administration. FAA Order 8000.369A, Safety Management System Guidance, 2013c. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Sponsor Assurances. (March 2014). Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C. Available at http://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/grant_assurances/media/airport-sponsor- assurances-aip.pdf. Federal Aviation Administration. Airport Safety and Standards. AC 150/5200-38, Draft Protocol for the Conduct and Review of Wildlife Hazard Site Visits, Wildlife Hazard Assessments, and Wildlife Hazard Management Plans, 2014a. Federal Aviation Administration. FAA Order 5100.38D, Airport Improvement Program (AIP) Handbook, 2014b. Feldhamer, G. A., B. C. Thompson, and J. A. Chapman. Wild Mammals of North America. 2nd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. Felices, H. Overview of the Airport Safety Data Program. Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Hershey, PA, 2009. Halliday, T., and K. Alder. The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Oxford University Press, 2002. Hazel, R., J. Blais, T. Browne, and D. Benzon. ACRP Report 19A: Resource Guide to Airport Performance Indicators. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2011. Hygnstrom, S. E., R. M. Timm, and G. E. Larson. Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. University of Nebraska– Lincoln, 1994. Infrastructure Management Group, Inc., The Performance Institute, and Counter Technology Incorporated. ACRP Report 19: Developing an Airport Performance-Measurement System. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010. International Birdstrike Committee. Recommended Practices No. 1, Standards for Aerodrome Bird/Wildlife Control, Issue 1 (October 2006), pp. 1–19. International Civil Aviation Organization. Safety Management Manual (SMM), 3rd ed., Montreal, QC, Canada, 2013a. International Civil Aviation Organization. Safety Management Annex 19, 1st ed., Montreal, QC, Canada, 2013b. Krausman, P. R. Introduction to Wildlife Management. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2002. Linnell, M. A., M. R. Conover, and T. J. Ohashi. Analysis of Bird Strikes at a Tropical Airport. Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 60, 1996, pp. 935–945. Linnell, M. A., M. R. Conover, and T. J. Ohashi. Biases in Bird Strike Statistics Based on Pilot Reports. Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 63, 1999, pp. 997–1003. Ludwig, D., et al. ACRP Report 1: Safety Management Systems for Airports, Volume 1: Overview. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007. MacDonald, D. W. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Press, NY, 1987. MacDonald, D. W. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals. Princeton University Press, NJ, 2006.

58 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management MacKinnon, B. R., R. Sowden, and S. Dudley. Sharing The Skies, an Aviation Industry Guide to the Management of Wildlife Hazards. Transport Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2001. Martin, J. A., et al. Wildlife Risk to Aviation: A Multi-Scale Issue Requires a Multi-Scale Solution, Human-Wildlife Interactions, Vol. 5, 2011, pp. 198–203. Njå, O., et al. Risk of Bird Strikes, A Discussion of Current Tools and Practices. University of Stavanger, Stavangar, Norway, 2012. Nowak, R. M. Walker’s Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, MD, 1994. Nowak, R. M. Walker’s Mammals of the World, 6th ed., Vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press, MD, 1999a. Nowak, R. M. Walker’s Mammals of the World, 6th ed., Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, MD, 1999b. Ntampakis, D., and T. Biermann. Applying SMS and Sustainability Principles to Airport Wildlife Hazard Manage- ment. Revista Conexão Sipaer, Vol. 5, 2014, pp. 8–21. Paton, D. C. Bird Risk Assessment Model for Airports and Aerodromes, Revision 3. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, 2010. Perrins, C. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Birds. Princeton University Press, NJ, 2009. Peurach, S. C., C. J. Dove, and L. Stepko. A Decade of U.S. Air Force Bat Strikes. Human-Wildlife Conflicts, Vol. 3, 2009, pp. 199–207. Roberts, C. L., et al. Applying GIS and Relative Hazard Scores to Produce a Meaningful Wildlife Hazard Assessment. Presented at Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 12, Salt Lake City, UT, 2010. Root, T. Atlas of Wintering North American Birds: An Analysis of Christmas Bird Count Data. University of Chicago Press, IL, 1988. Ruhe, W. Bird Avoidance Models vs. Realtime Birdstrike Warning Systems—A Comparison. International Birdstrike Committee, IBSC27/WPX-3, 2005. Safety Management International Collaboration Group. Risk Based Decision Making Principles, 2013. Safety Management System for Certificated Airports. Docket No. FAA-2010-0997, Notice No. 10–14, RIN 2120– AJ38. 75 Fed. Reg. 62008 (October 7, 2010). Scott, G. Essential Ornithology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 2010. Shamoun-Baranes, J., W. et al. Avian Information Systems: Developing Web-Based Bird Avoidance Models. Journal of Ecology and Society, Vol. 13, 2008, p. 38. Sibley, D. A. The Sibley Guide to Birds. Audubon Society Nature Guides, Knopf Inc., NY, 2000. Silva, M., and J. A. Downing. CRC Handbook of Mammalian Body Masses. CRC Press, NY, 1995. Sinclair, A. R. E., J. M. Fryxell, and G. Caughley. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management, 2nd ed. Blackwell, Malden, MA, 2006. Sowden, R., T. Kelly, and S. Dudley. Airport Bird Hazard Risk Assessment Process. Presented at 9th Annual Bird Strike Committee, Kingston, ON, Canada, 2007. Stocking, C., et al. ACRP Report 13: Integrating Airport Information Systems. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2009. Transport Canada. Wildlife Control Procedures Manual (TP 11500). Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2002. Transport Canada. AC No. 107-001, § 3.6: Guidance on Safety Management Systems Development. Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2008. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Innovative Solutions to Human-Wildlife Conflicts. USDA/APHIS Miscellaneous Publication No. 1608, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 2011. U.S. Geological Survey. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Available at http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/ (accessed May 30, 2015). Vogt, P. F. Control of Nuisance Birds by Fogging with ReJeX-iT® TP-40. In Proceedings of the Great Plains Wildlife Damage Workshop, Vol. 13, 1997, pp. 63–66. Washburn, B. E., B. N. Haslun, M. S. Lowney, and S. M. Tennis. Shooting Gulls to Reduce Strikes at John F. Ken- nedy International Airport, 1991–2008. Special Report for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, John F. Kennedy International Airport. USDA, National Wildlife Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio, 2009. West, B. C., A. L. Cooper, and J. B. Armstrong. Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide. Human-Wildlife Interactions Monograph, Vol. 1, 2009, pp. 1–5. Wright, S. E., and R. A. Dolbeer. Percentage of Wildlife Strikes Reported and Species Identified Under a Voluntary System, in Proceedings of Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada Meeting. Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2005. Xu, Z. Uncertain Multi-Attribute Decision Making. Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2015.

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 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management
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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 145: Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management introduces and guides the application of a risk-based approach to wildlife hazard management (WHM) programs and outlines additional steps for integrating programs into an airport’s Safety Management System (SMS).

This report also provides a customizable tool, which is available as a CD-ROM. The tool includes:

  • A summary of existing database wildlife hazard descriptions
  • Numerical values for hazard severity and likelihood by species, derived from the FAA Wildlife Strike Database
  • An electronic or manual risk analysis template, which includes the incorporation of variables on or off the airport

The CD-ROM is also available for download from TRB’s website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.

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CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

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