Guidebook for Advancing Collaborative Decision Making (CDM) at Airports (2015)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 137 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation Guidebook for Advancing Collaborative Decision Making (CDM) at Airports Steve Vail Andrew Churchill Mosaic aTM, inc. Leesburg, VA Joakim Karlsson Timothy McInerney McR FedeRal, llc McLean, VA Jessica Domitrovich Tim Phillips cRiTical PaTh, inc. West Fargo, ND

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans­ portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter­ national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon­ sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera­ tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near­term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon­ sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera­ tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro­ gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, main­ tenance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100­Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International­North America (ACI­NA), the American Associa­ tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga­ nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon­ sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden­ tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro­ fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre­ pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper­ ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end­users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other inter­ ested parties, and industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport­industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 137 Project 10­19 ISSN 1935­9802 ISBN 978­0­309­30874­8 Library of Congress Control Number 2015941158 © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not­for­profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not­for­profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national­academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 137 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Marci A. Greenberger, Senior Program Officer Joseph J. Snell, Program Associate Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Maria Sabin Crawford, Editor ACRP PROJECT 10-19 PANEL Field of Operations Steven Habicht, CNA Corporation, Arlington, VA (Chair) Joseph Bertapelle, JetBlue Airways, Washington, DC Timothy W. Butcher, Dane County (WI) Regional Airport, Madison, WI Robert Fletcher, Consultant/Self-employed, Aurora, CO Paul Meyer, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, GA Kent Duffy, FAA Liaison Randy Moseng, FAA Liaison Arturo García-Alonso, ACI World Liaison Christopher J. Oswald, Airports Council International–North America Liaison Thomas Palmerlee, TRB Liaison

F O R E W O R D ACRP Report 137: Guidebook for Advancing Collaborative Decision Making (CDM) at Air- ports provides guidance to airport operators about the value of and how to integrate CDM into operations. CDM, or ACDM to refer to airport collaborative decision making, is the process of data sharing whereby airports, airlines, other stakeholders, and the air navigation service provider (i.e., FAA Air Traffic Control) share information to make operational deci­ sions. While the airlines and the FAA have considerable experience in using CDM, airports have not typically been participants. New technologies that make it easier for airports to obtain information and for other stake­ holders to exchange information with airports, have allowed airports to play a more direct role in CDM. As airports have had an opportunity to participate in CDM activities, they have been able to achieve efficiencies for their daily operations and improve their effectiveness in their IROPS (Irregular Operations) activities. The Guidebook provides a history of CDM, both in the United States and abroad, a back­ ground on the issues, the tools that can be used, when it can be used, and the benefits. The Guidebook discusses the different stakeholders and their role, guides the user for implemen­ tation, and provides lessons learned. Traffic management CDM between flight operators and the FAA has been in existence since the mid­1990s. Recent surface traffic management projects have demonstrated the potential efficiency and environmental benefits that can be realized from including other aviation stakeholders, including airports, into the CDM process. As airports have become active in CDM activities, they have found it useful in managing aircraft movements, gate management, ground service equipment coordination, de­icing operations, special events, tarmac delays, and IROPS. ACDM is thought to be a tool and a means of coordination through technology that is only applicable and attainable by the larger airports; however, it can be used by smaller airports as it assists all size airports with their situational awareness. Smaller airports can be greatly impacted during IROPS and it is their ability to have information quicker that allows them to activate their plan sooner and presumably more effectively with the least amount of impact on the airport’s operations or the affected passengers. Mosaic ATM, Inc., as part of ACRP Project 10­19 “Advancing Collaborative Decision Making (CDM) at Airports” was tasked with conducting research from U.S. airports and European airports that use CDM and to develop a Guidebook for airport operators. This Guidebook will be useful to airport operations staff at all size airports to assist them in integrating ACDM into operations and how to work with stakeholders. By Marci A. Greenberger Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

1 Introduction—Airport Collaborative Decision Making (ACDM) 3 Chapter 1 Overview of CDM 3 Brief Overview of CDM History 3 Historical Development of CDM 6 Current CDM Membership Requirements 7 How Do CDM Activities Relate to Airport Operations? 8 Definition of ACDM 8 ACDM Operations Today 10 International ACDM 13 ACDM in the Future 14 Chapter 2 Terminology, Required Data, and Security 14 Terminology 15 Data Source 15 Required Data 17 Security, Privacy, and Proprietary Information Considerations 18 Chapter 3 Role of the Airport and Other CDM 18 Stakeholders in ACDM 20 ACDM Advantages and Efficiencies 21 Airport Operator Role in ACDM 23 Role of Airport Stakeholders 26 Chapter 4 Implementing CDM at Airports 26 Problem Identification 27 Developing the ACDM Approach 29 ACDM Implementation 30 Scalability in Size and Scope 31 Technology and Interoperability 31 CDM/ACDM Information and Updates 32 Chapter 5 Challenges and Limitations to Implementation 32 Lessons Learned 33 IT Support/Integration 33 Trust between CDM Entities 34 Collaboration Barriers 35 Metrics Usage 36 Proprietary Information 36 Regulatory Issues 36 Scalability and Applicability of CDM 37 Departure Reservoir Coordinator C O N T E N T S

38 Chapter 6 The Case for Quantifying ACDM Benefits 38 Role of Benefit­Cost Analysis 40 Potential ACDM Benefits 51 Chapter 7 Conclusion 52 References 53 Appendix A Acronym Glossary 56 Appendix B ACDM Implementation Checklists 72 Appendix C JFK International Airport Departure Metering Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.