Characterization of Cementitiously Stabilized Layers for Use in Pavement Design and Analysis (2014)

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N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 789 Characterization of Cementitiously Stabilized Layers for Use in Pavement Design and Analysis Haifang Wen Balasingam Muhunthan Jingan Wang Xiaojun Li Washington state University Pullman, WA Tuncer Edil James M. Tinjum University of Wisconsin at Madison Madison, WI Subscriber Categories Geotechnology  •  Pavements TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2014 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

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C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 4-36 by the Washington State University and University of Wisconsin at Madison. The Washington State University was the contractor for this study; the University of Wisconsin served as a subcontractor. Dr. Haifang Wen, Washington State University, was the principal investigator; all work was done under his supervision. The work at University of Wisconsin at Madison was done under the supervision of Dr. Tuncer Edil. Dr. Wen and Dr. Edil would like to acknowledge the efforts of Dr. Ahmet Gocke, Mr. Zhipeng Su, Mr. Tirupan Mandal, and Mr. Jefferey D. Casmer in the sample preparation and testing and other aspects of the experimental work performed in this research. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 789 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Christopher Hedges, Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Amir N. Hanna, Senior Program Officer Andréa Parker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Senior Editor NCHRP PROJECT 04-36 PANEL Field of Materials and Construction—Area of General Materials Jeff Uhlmeyer, Washington State DOT, Tumwater, WA (Chair) Njoroge W. Wainaina, Geosyntec (formerly North Carolina DOT), Raleigh, NC Khaled A. Galal, ERI, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Georgene M. Geary, Georgia DOT, Forest Park, GA Andrew Gisi, Kansas DOT, Topeka, KS (retired) M. Makbul Hossain, New York State DOT, Albany, NY Jorge A. Prozzi, University of Texas–Austin, Austin, TX Susan L. Tighe, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Jim Sherwood, FHWA Liaison G. P. Jayaprakash, TRB Liaison

F O R E W O R D By Amir N. Hanna Staff Officer Transportation Research Board This report presents information on the characterization of cementitiously stabilized lay- ers and the properties that influence pavement performance. It also contains recommended performance-related procedures for characterizing these layers and performance-prediction models for incorporation into the mechanistic–empirical pavement analysis methods. The material contained in the report will be of immediate interest to state materials, pavement, and construction engineers and others involved in the different aspects of pavement design and construction. Cementitiously stabilized materials—such as lean concrete, cement-stabilized aggregate, and soil stabilized with cement, lime, fly ash, or combinations thereof—are often used in subgrade, subbase, and base layers of flexible and rigid pavement structures. The short- and long-term properties of these materials differ substantially depending on factors such as the type and quantity of stabilizing agent, pavement structure, environmental conditions during and after construction, and loading. Although such stabilized materials have been used in highway construction for many years, limited research has dealt with the relation- ship of the properties of these materials to the performance of the pavements in which they are used. The AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design (formerly DARWin-ME) and the AASHTO Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide Manual of Practice (MEPDG) pro- vide a methodology for the analysis and performance prediction of pavements incorporat- ing such layers but do not adequately address the characterization of these materials, the changes of their properties over time, and their distress models. In addition, limited mate- rial properties have been considered in the MEPDG; other properties may have significant influence on the long-term performance and need to be considered. Thus, research was needed to identify properties of cementitiously stabilized materials that significantly influ- ence the design, constructibility, and performance of highway pavements; to recommend methods for measuring these properties; and to develop performance-prediction models for incorporation into the MEPDG. This information allows for rational analysis and design of flexible and rigid pavements constructed with cementitiously stabilized layers. Under NCHRP Project 4-36, “Characterization of Cementitiously Stabilized Layers for Use in Pavement Design and Analysis,” Washington State University of Pullman, Washing- ton, worked with the objective of recommending performance-related procedures for char- acterizing cementitiously stabilized pavement layers for use in pavement design and analy- sis and incorporation in the MEPDG. To accomplish this objective, the research reviewed available information on the characterization of cementitiously stabilized layers, identified the properties that influence pavement performance and should be considered in pavement design and analysis, proposed test methods for measuring those properties for which test

methods are not readily available, and conducted an experimental investigation to quantify the influence of these properties on performance. Based on the findings of this work, the research proposed (1) performance models for incorporation into the mechanistic–empirical pavement analysis methods, and possibly the MEPDG, and (2) test methods for measuring several relevant material properties of cementitiously stabilized materials (presented as an attachment to the report) to allow better consideration of cementitiously stabilized layers in pavement structures. The recom- mended performance models would be particularly useful in improving the performance- prediction ability of the mechanistic–empirical pavement design and analysis procedures and the recommended test methods will facilitate measuring those material properties and their use as inputs into the design and analysis procedures. Appendixes A through F contained in the research agency’s final report provide elabo- rations and detail on several aspects of the research; they are not published herein but are available by searching for NCHRP Report 789 on the TRB website (www.trb.org). These appendixes are: A. Literature Review and Survey Results B. Mix Design and Test Procedure Evaluation C. Development of Experiments and Findings for Distress Models D. FWD Backcalculation Error Analysis E. Reasonableness Analysis of Field-Calibrated Models F. Bibliography

C O N T E N T S Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions. 1  Summary  3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Background 3 Research Objective 3 Organization of Report 4 Chapter 2 Pavement Distresses 4 Distresses of Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavement 5 Distresses of Concrete Pavements 7 Chapter 3 Laboratory Tests and Model Development 7 Materials and Mixture Design 8 Tests and Model Development 19 Chapter 4 Model Calibration 19 Data for Model Calibration 21 Calibration Procedures 23 Calibration Results 26 Chapter 5 Findings and Recommendations for Research 26 Findings 30 Recommendations for Future Research 31  References 33 Attachment Proposed Test Methods 72 Appendixes