National Academies Press: OpenBook

Bridge System Safety and Redundancy (2014)

Chapter: Front Matter

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Bridge System Safety and Redundancy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22365.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 776 Bridge System Safety and Redundancy Michel Ghosn Jian Yang Department of Civil engineering City College City University of new york New York, NY w i t h c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m David Beal Hingham, MA Bala Sivakumar HntB Corporation New York, NY Subscriber Categories Bridges and Other Structures TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2014 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 776 Project 12-86 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 978-0-309-28408-0 Library of Congress Control Number 2014940562 © 2014 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 776 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Christopher Hedges, Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Waseem Dekelbab, Senior Program Officer Danna Powell, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Hilary Freer, Senior Editor NCHRP PROJECT 12-86 PANEL Field of Design—Area of Bridges Bijan Khaleghi, Washington State DOT, Tumwater, WA (Chair) Hussam Z. “Sam” Fallaha, Florida DOT, Tallahassee, FL Jeffrey Ger, Federal Highway Administration, Tallahassee, FL John S. Hastings, Tennessee DOT, Nashville, TN Susan E. Hida, California DOT, Sacramento, CA David J. Kiekbusch, Wisconsin DOT, Madison, WI Norman L. McDonald, Iowa DOT, Ames, IA Sheila Rimal Duwadi, FHWA Liaison Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison

F O R E W O R D By Waseem Dekelbab Staff Officer Transportation Research Board This report provides proposed revisions to Section 1.3—Design Philosophy of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications with detailed examples of the application of the proposed revisions. The proposed revisions include system factors that can be used during the design and safety assessment of bridges subjected to distributed lateral load being evaluated using the displacement-based approach specified in the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design or the traditional force-based approach. Also, the report presents system factors calibrated for application with bridge systems subjected to vertical vehicular loads. The material in this report will be of immediate interest to highway design engineers. Quantification of redundancy is not fully formulated for bridge engineers. Redundancy can be considered during design by using load modifiers (i.e., design factors on the load side of the LRFD equation that reflect the ductility, redundancy, and operational importance of the structure) from the AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications. However, the value of load modifiers is determined by judgment rather than through a calibration process. To ensure uniform system performance for different bridge configurations, geometrical arrangements, and material and structure types, system fac- tors were proposed in NCHRP Report 406: Redundancy in Highway Bridge Superstructures and NCHRP Report 458: Redundancy in Highway Bridge Substructures. These past efforts developed superstructure and substructure redundancy independently. A new approach was needed to focus on a combined system including superstructure and substructure interaction. Research was performed under NCHRP Project 12-86 by the City College of the City Uni- versity of New York to (1) develop a methodology to quantify bridge system reliability for redundancy; (2) recommend revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications; and (3) provide illustrative applications based on the recommended revisions. A number of deliverables are provided as appendices. These are not published herein but are available on the TRB website by searching for NCHRP Report 776. These appendices are titled as follows: • APPENDIX A.1—Specifications • APPENDIX A.2—Commentary • APPENDIX A.3—Implementation examples • APPENDIX B.1—Redundancy Analysis of Truss Bridge Example • APPENDIX B.2—Redundancy Analysis of Steel Tub Bridge • APPENDIX B.3—Redundancy Analysis of Prestressed Multi-cell Prestressed Concrete Bridge • APPENDIX C—Review of the States of the Art and Practice

• APPENDIX D.1—Redundancy Analysis of Composite Spread Box Girder Superstructures • APPENDIX D.2—Redundancy Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridges • APPENDIX D.3—Redundancy Analysis of Steel I-Girder Bridges under Vertical Load • APPENDIX D.4—Analysis of Steel I-Girder Bridges under Lateral Point Load

C O N T E N T S 1 Summary 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Background 10 1.2 Research Objectives 10 1.3 Report Outline 11 References 12 Chapter 2 General Concepts of Bridge Redundancy 12 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Bridge System Behavior 14 2.3 Measures of Bridge Redundancy 16 2.4 Overview of Structural Reliability 21 2.5 Reliability Calibration of System Factors 29 2.6 Summary 29 References 31 Chapter 3 Displacement-Based System Safety and Redundancy of Bridges 31 3.1 Behavior of Bridge Systems under Distributed Lateral Load 32 3.2 Redundancy of Bridge Systems under Lateral Load 36 3.3 Calibration of System Factors for Displacement-Based Approach 38 References 39 Chapter 4 Force-Based System Safety and Redundancy of Bridges 39 4.1 Redundancy of Bridge Systems under Lateral Load 40 4.2 Summary of Bridge Analyses and Results 60 4.3 Calibration of System Factors 64 4.4 Additional Verifications of Model 80 4.5 Conclusions 80 References 81 Chapter 5 Calibration of System Factors for Bridges under Vertical Load 81 5.1 Measures of System Safety and Redundancy 83 5.2 Summary of Bridge Analysis and Results for Originally Intact Systems 96 5.3 Calibration of System Factors for Bridges under Vertical Loads 99 5.4 System Factors for Ultimate Limit State of Originally Intact Bridges 103 5.5 Summary of Bridge Analysis and Results for Damaged Bridges 113 5.6 System Factors for Damaged Bridges 114 5.7 Conclusions 115 References 116 Chapter 6 Conclusions Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.

AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A project of this scope required the input of many colleagues who contributed in various ways to the success of this study. The project’s principal investigator, Professor Michel Ghosn, is especially grateful for the selfless dedication of the graduate students who spent long hours helping move this project forward and specifically acknowledges the following contributions: Research team: • David Beal for his reviews, helpful comments, and suggestions. • Bala Sivakumar from HNTB, for his reviews, advice, and valuable comments and for leading the HNTB team including O. Murat Hamutcuoglu and Feng Miao who performed the analysis of example bridges. • Professor Dan Frangopol from Lehigh University for performing the sensitivity analysis for reliability index calculations. • Professor Gongkang Fu from Illinois Institute of Technology for providing models for bridge foundations. Research assistants: • Jian Yang, research assistant at the City College of New York/City University of New York (CUNY). • Feng Miao, research assistant at CUNY. • Giorgio Anitori, research assistant at the Technical University of Catalonia, Spain. • Graziano Fiorillo, research assistant at the City College of New York/CUNY. • Alexandre Beregeon, exchange student at the City College of New York/CUNY. • Tuna Yelkikanat, research assistant at the City College of New York/CUNY. Special contributors: • Professor Joan Ramon Casas, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain, who pro- vided financial support during the PI’s fellowship stay at UPC in 2010, and for providing additional support through the help of a research assistant. Professor Casas also provided technical expertise, assistance, and advice. • Professor Yongming Tu from Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, China, and Lennart Elfgren, pro- fessor emeritus of the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, for developing and providing the model for the Åby bridge truss bridge example.

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