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43 REFERENCES Branch, P., National Bus Spare Ratio Study, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C., 1993. Iskander, W. and M. Jaraiedi, Evaluation of the Spare Ratio Concept in the Management of Transit Rolling Stock, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washing- ton, D.C., 1988. Iskander, W., M. Jaraiedi, and S. Niaki, âSimulation Study to Evaluate Spare Ratios in Bus Transit Systems,â Transportation Research Record 1221, Transportation Research Record, National Research Council, Washing- ton, D.C., 1989, pp. 77â87. Jaraiedi, M. and W. Iskander, âStatistical Evaluation of Spare Ratio in Transit Rolling Stock,â Transportation Research Record 1221, Transportation Research Record, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1989, pp. 88â90. Li, T., A. Gan, and F. Cevallos, âCharacteristics of Bus Transit Vehicles in the United States: How They Have Changed Over a Quarter Century,â presented at the 53rd Annual Transportation Research Forum, Tampa, Fla., Mar. 15â17, 2012. Minkoff, M., Bus Fleet Management in an Era of Increasing Technical Complexity: Analysis of Bus Fleet Spare Ratios, TCRP Project J-06, Task 73, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2009. Pierce, J. and E. Moser, TCRP Synthesis 11: System-Specific Spare Bus Ratios, Transportation Research Record, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1995. Schiavone, J. and X. Wang, Method and Processes for Transit Training Metrics and Return on Investment, Transporta- tion Learning Center, Silver Spring, Md., 2011.