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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 102 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2014 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation ⢠Construction ⢠Environment Guidance for Estimating Airport Construction Emissions Brian Kim Kazumi Nakada Wyle, Inc. Arlington, VA John Trendowski c&S engIneerS, Inc. Syracuse, NY Mary Vigilante Synergy conSultantS, Inc. Seattle, WA Virginia Raps envIronmental reSearch ScIenceS Whitney, TX Adrian Jones envIronmental ScIence aSSocIateS, Inc. San Francisco, CA David Stonefield Cary, NC
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter national commerce. They are where the nationâs aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative nearÂterm solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100ÂCentury of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council InternationalÂNorth America (ACIÂNA), the American Associa tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended endÂusers of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airportÂindustry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 102 Project 02Â33 ISSN 1935Â9802 ISBN 978Â0Â309Â28376Â2 Library of Congress Control Number 2013956409 © 2014 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and notÂforÂprofit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and notÂforÂprofit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.nationalÂacademies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academyâs purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 102 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Christopher Hedges, Manager, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Theresia H. Schatz, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Scott E. Hitchcock, Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-33 PANEL Field of Environment M. Kristoffer Russell, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Little Elm, TX (Chair) John K. Duval, Austin Commercial, L.P., Los Angeles, CA Aimee Fenlon, (formerly) Denver International Airport (DIA), Denver, CO Sam A. Mehta, San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, CA Teresa J. Raine, ERM, Boston, MA David C. Reynolds, Liesch Associates, Inc., Plymouth, MN Aimee Fisher, FAA Liaison Dana Perkins, FAA Liaison David J. Brzezinski, US Environmental Protection Agency Liaison Tim A. Pohle, Airlines for America Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
ACRP Report 102: Guidance for Estimating Airport Construction Emissions provides guidance and an interactive electronic tool [Airport Construction Emissions Inventory Tool (ACEIT), available on the CD accompanying this report: CRPÂCDÂ142] to assist airports and other stakeholders in developing airport construction emissions inventories accurately and consistently. As airports continue to expand and modify their infrastructure to meet the growing demand for air travel, they need to configure this growth within environmental constraints. Many airport projects, such as new or changes to existing runways, taxiways, aprons, ter minal buildings, and parking facilities require construction activities. Airport projects that rely on federal funding are required to conduct National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) studies to assess their environmental impact. Although emissions from construction equip ment and associated activities are temporary in nature, they still must be accounted for, along with other applicable emissions sources in order to meet regulatory requirements. While the understanding of emissions from various airport sources is improving, the methodology for calculating construction emissions remains highly variable. The FAAâs Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS), soon to be replaced by the Avia tion Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), currently does not explicitly account for airport construction emissions, and few resources offer guidance for estimating such emissions. As such, there is inconsistency in determining estimated emissions levels based on what emis sion factors are used, how the construction equipment is characterized, and what activity data are used. This research was conducted under ACRP Project 02Â33 by Wyle, Inc., in association with C&S Engineers, Inc.; Synergy Consultants, Inc.; Environmental Research Sciences; Envi ronmental Science Associates, Inc.; and David Stonefield. As part of the research, the team conducted literature reviews, developed and evaluated emission factors as well as activity data, and developed an electronic tool that underwent validation assessments. A separate contractorâs final report, which provides background on the research con ducted in support of this guidebook and tool, has been posted on the ACRP Project 02Â33 web page that can be found by searching the TRB website (www.trb.org) for ACRP Report 102. F O R E W O R D By Theresia H. Schatz Staff Officer Transportation Research Board
1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Project Overview and Purpose 2 1.2 Overview of ACEIT 3 1.3 Reasons for Developing Airport Construction Emissions Inventories 3 1.3.1 Compliance with NEPA 4 1.3.2 General Conformity Applicability Analyses/Conformity Determinations 5 1.3.3 FacilityÂWide Inventories for SIP Purposes 6 1.3.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories 6 1.4 Guidebook Organization 7 Chapter 2 Concepts and Considerations 7 2.1 Air Pollutants Associated with Construction Activities 9 2.2 Key Sources of Construction Emissions 13 2.3 Emissions Factors/Rates and Modeling 14 2.4 Project Types and Their Associated Activity Data 15 2.4.1 Site/Civil Project Categories and Activity Data 16 2.4.2 Vertical Construction Projects and Activity Data 17 2.5 Data Requirements and the Use of Defaults 18 2.5.1 Minimum Data Requirements 19 2.5.2 Resources to Improve Upon the Use of Defaults 23 Chapter 3 Emissions Calculations and Inventory Development 23 3.1 Levels of Analysis 23 3.2 Airport Construction Emissions Data 31 3.3 ACEIT Software Overview 32 3.4 ACEIT Software Features and Functionality 32 3.4.1 Setup (Minimum Required Data) 34 3.4.2 Project (Minimum Required Data) 37 3.4.3 Overall Size (Minimum Required Data) 37 3.4.4 Size Details 38 3.4.5 Activity: NonÂRoad 39 3.4.6 Activity: OnÂRoad 41 3.4.7 Emission Factors: NonÂRoad 41 3.4.8 Emission Factors: OnÂRoad 42 3.4.9 Fugitive 43 3.4.10 Menus 44 3.4.11 Running the Tool and Viewing the Outputs 46 3.5 ACEIT Tutorials 46 3.5.1 Example Level 1 Assessment 50 3.5.2 Example Level 2 Assessment 53 3.5.3 Example Level 3 Assessment C O N T E N T S
59 References 61 Acronyms 63 Appendix A Selected Construction Equipment Pictures 71 Appendix B Project, Activity, and Equipment 121 Appendix C Minimum Data Requirements for ACEIT 127 Appendix D ACEIT Assumptions List Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.