City Logistics Research: A Transatlantic Perspective (2013)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

C o n f e r e n C e P r o C e e d i n g s 5 0 City Logistics Research A Transatlantic Perspective Summary of the First EU-U.S. Transportation Research Symposium Andrea Meyer and Dana Meyer, Working Knowledge Rapporteurs May 30–31, 2013 The National Academy of Sciences Building Washington, D.C. Organized by the European Commission Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Transportation Research Board Washington, D.C. 2013 www.TRB.org

Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 50 ISSN 1073- 1652 ISBN 978-0-309-29487-4 Subscriber Categories Freight transportation; planning and forecasting Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB.org or national-academies.org/trb, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334- 2519; or e-mail TRBsales@nas.edu). Printed in the United States of America. NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the project were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This project was organized by the European Commission; the Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation; and the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Planning Committee for European-U.S. Transportation Research Symposium 1: Urban Freight Transport—The Last Mile C. Michael Walton, University of Texas at Austin, USA, Chair Alan C. McKinnon, Kühne Logistics University, Germany, Vice Chair Christopher Caplice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Laetitia Dablanc, Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development, and Networks, France Genevieve Giuliano, University of Southern California, USA Marcel Huschebeck, PTV AG, Germany Lanfranco Senn, Bocconi University, Italy Chelsea C. White III, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Liaisons Alessandro Damiani, Marcel Rommerts, Frank Smit, Maria-Cristina Marolda, European Commission Kevin C. Womack, Thomas G. Bolle, Alasdair Cain, Research and Innovative Technology Administration Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Mark R. Norman, Thomas M. Palmerlee, Martine A. Micozzi, Jaclyn Hubersberger, Transportation Research Board Transportation Research Board Staff Martine A. Micozzi, Senior Program Officer–Management, Policy, and International Relations Scott Babcock, Senior Program Officer, Rail and Freight Jaclyn Hubersberger, Senior Program Associate TRB Publications Office Elaine Eldridge, Editor Javy Awan, Production Editor Kristin C. Sawyer, Proofreader Jennifer J. Weeks, Manuscript Preparation Juanita L. Green, Production Manager Cover design by by Beth Schlenoff, Beth Schlenoff Design Typesetting by Carol Siegel

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. (Dan) Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. (Dan) Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation inno- vation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

vPreface In 2012, a unique international consortium con-sisting of the European Commission, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Research and Innovative Technology Administration, and the Transportation Research Board (TRB) was created to support and conduct a series of four symposia from 2013 through 2016, with each symposium focused on a selected transportation topic. The symposia provide forums for the exploration of opportunities for trans- atlantic collaboration in transportation research. The first of these symposia, titled “City Logistics Research: A Transatlantic Perspective,” was conducted May 30–31, 2013, at the National Academy of Sciences building in Washington, D.C. A planning committee of four European and four American delegates was appointed by the National Research Council to organize and develop the sympo- sium program, which included four plenary sessions: • Demand Patterns and Trends; • Schemes and Technologies for Enhancing Urban Distribution; • Terminals and Hubs: Impacts and Strategies; and • Logistics Efficiency in Urban Areas. These Proceedings follow the symposium format and plenary sessions in chronological order. All research topics that speakers identified in the course of their pre- sentations are included in the summary. The symposium participants included 25 European and 25 American subject matter experts, researchers, academicians, and industry practitioners. The speakers reflected on the challenges of “last mile” cargo deliv- ery in major metropolitan areas and the global supply chain and offered myriad examples of innovative uses of technology to increase throughput efficiency and reduce cost, traffic congestion, and vehicle emissions. This report, prepared by the symposium rappor- teurs, is a compilation of the presentations and a factual summary of the ensuing discussions at the event. The planning committee’s role was limited to planning and convening the conference. The views contained in the report are those of individual symposium participants and do not necessarily represent the views of all par- ticipants, the planning committee, TRB, the European Commission, the U.S. Department of Transportation, or the National Research Council. This symposium summary was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review was to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published sum- mary as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the project charge. The review com- ments and draft manuscript remain confidential to pro- tect the integrity of the process. TRB thanks the following individuals for their review of the summary: C. Michael Walton of the University of Texas at Austin, Kumares Sinha of Purdue University,

vi Alan C. McKinnon of Kühne Logistics University, and Theodore K. Dahlburg of the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the symposium summary before its release. The review of this summary was overseen by Susan Hanson of Clark University. Appointed by the National Research Council, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this summary was performed in accordance with established procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this summary rests entirely with the authors and the institution. The symposium planning committee also thanks Genevieve Giuliano, Laetitia Dablanc, Michael Browne, and Anne V. Goodchild for their contribu- tions as white paper authors and Andrea Meyer and Dana Meyer of Working Knowledge for serving as rapporteurs and preparing this summary report. Spe- cial appreciation is extended to the TRB project imple- mentation team—Martine Micozzi, Scott Babcock, and Jaclyn Hubersberger—and to Suzanne Schneider and Karen Febey for managing the review of the report draft. The symposium would not have been possible without the leadership and support of Alessandro Damiani and Frank Smit of the European Commission; Kevin Womack, Thomas Bolle, and Alasdair Cain of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Research and Innovative Technology Administration; and Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Mark Norman, and Thomas Palmerlee of TRB. C I T y L O G I S T I C S R E S E A R C H : A T R A N S A T L A N T I C P E R S P E C T I V E

Contents WELCOME AND INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ................................................................................ 1 PRESENTATION OF COMMISSIONED WHITE PAPERS ................................................................... 2 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................2 Alan C. McKinnon Approaches to Managing Freight in Metropolitan Areas ......................................................................2 Genevieve Giuliano and Laetitia Dablanc Modeling Approaches to Address Urban Freight’s Challenges: A Comparison of the United States and Europe ......................................................................................................................5 Michael Browne and Anne V. Goodchild Discussion of the Commissioned White Papers .....................................................................................7 DEMAND PATTERNS AND TRENDS ................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................9 Christopher Caplice French Cities’ Urban Freight Surveys ....................................................................................................9 Jean-Louis Routhier U.S. Cities’ Urban Freight Surveys ......................................................................................................11 Miguel Jaller Questions and Answers with Jean-Louis Routhier and Miguel Jaller ..................................................12 Shifts and Trends in Urban Retailing and Buying Behavior ................................................................14 Robert Chumley Questions and Answers with Robert Chumley ....................................................................................16 Synthesis and Summary .......................................................................................................................17 Laetitia Dablanc SCHEMES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCING URBAN DISTRIBUTION ......................... 18 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................18 Marcel Huschebeck Case Studies of Innovation ..................................................................................................................18 Cathy Macharis

Questions and Answers with Cathy Macharis .....................................................................................19 Impact Evaluation ...............................................................................................................................20 Martin Ruesch Implementation Aspects: UPS’s Road to Optimization ........................................................................23 Jack Levis Implementation Aspects: Wal-Mart’s Urban Small-Format Strategies .................................................25 Chris Kozak Session Questions and Answers ...........................................................................................................26 OPEN FORUM ON CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES .................................................................................. 28 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................28 Alan C. McKinnon Open Forum Discussion ......................................................................................................................28 TERMINALS AND HUBS: IMPACTS AND STRATEGIES ................................................................. 34 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................34 Lanfranco Senn Part 1: Impacts of Terminals and Hubs on Metropolitan Areas ..........................................................34 Jean-Paul Rodrigue Part 2: Strategies for Mitigating Impacts of Terminals and Hubs .......................................................36 Consolidation Hubs and Freight Villages ............................................................................................36 Thierry Vanelslander Environmental Regulation ...................................................................................................................37 Clarence Woudsma Operational Strategies .........................................................................................................................38 Thomas O’Brien Session Summary .................................................................................................................................41 Genevieve Giuliano Session Questions and Answers ...........................................................................................................41 LOGISTICS EFFICIENCY IN URBAN AREAS: PART 1 ..................................................................... 44 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................44 Alan C. McKinnon Measuring Efficiency and Inefficiency in Urban Freight Transport .....................................................44 Téodor Gabriel Crainic Opportunities for Improving Efficiency ...............................................................................................46 José Holguín-Veras Questions and Answers .......................................................................................................................49 LOGISTICS EFFICIENCY IN URBAN AREAS: PART 2 ..................................................................... 50 Barriers and Constraints .....................................................................................................................50 Birgit Hendriks

Opportunities for Public Policy Intervention .......................................................................................52 Ian Wainwright Session Summary .................................................................................................................................54 Chelsea (Chip) White Questions and Answers .......................................................................................................................55 REVIEW OF SESSIONS: AREAS FOR POSSIBLE RESEARCH ........................................................... 57 Andrea Meyer and Dana Meyer Scope of Research ...............................................................................................................................57 Understanding Performance ................................................................................................................57 Understanding Stakeholder Behavior ..................................................................................................58 Cross-Sectional Studies ........................................................................................................................58 Longitudinal Studies............................................................................................................................58 Data Sources .......................................................................................................................................58 Open Questions ..................................................................................................................................59 OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLLABORATION: CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ............................ 60 Robert E. Skinner, Jr. APPENDICES A. COMMISSIONED WHITE PAPERS ................................................................................................ 63 Approaches to Managing Freight in Metropolitan Areas ....................................................................63 Genevieve Giuliano and Laetitia Dablanc Modeling Approaches to Address Urban Freight’s Challenges: A Comparison of the United States and Europe ....................................................................................................................77 Michael Browne and Anne V. Goodchild B. FINAL PROGRAM ........................................................................................................................... 93 C. SYMPOSIUM ATTENDEES ............................................................................................................ 96