Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units, Tires, and Brakes (2013)

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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 97 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2013 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Environment Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units, Tires, and Brakes Prem Lobo Philip D. Whitefield Donald E. Hagen Missouri university of science and technology center of excellence for aerospace particulate eMissions reduction research Rolla, MO i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h Richard C. Miake-Lye Scott C. Herndon Jonathan P. Franklin Edward C. Fortner Michael T. Timko aerodyne research, inc. Billerica, MA W.B. Knighton Montana state university Bozeman, MT Sandy Webb environMental consulting group, llc Annapolis, MD Raymond J. Hoffelt city of chicago Chicago, IL

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C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under ACRP Project 02­17 by the Missouri University of Science and Technology Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research; Aerodyne Research, Inc.; Montana State University; and Environmental Consulting Group, LLC. The Missouri University of Science and Technology served as the primary contractor. The project team gratefully acknowledges the assistance of United Airlines staff, including Roger E. Peterson, the Senior Manager of Operations Technical Support, and Harold H. Roehrich. For the coor­ dination of the APU measurements the assistance of David Nosek was vital. The project team would also like to thank “Jonathan, Jim, and Gus” for helping with the B767 and B777 despite the cold, and “Perry, Scott, and Billy” for lining up the series of A320s at the hangar. The project team is grateful to Dieter “DJ” Holz for chaperoning the truck through the terminal area tests. Special thanks to Alfonso Perez with O’Hare Airport Operations Staff for securing permission to bring the personnel and instruments to the airport. CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 97 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Joseph D. Navarrete, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Kami Cabral, Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-17 PANEL Field of Environment Brian Y. Kim, Wyle, Arlington, VA (Chair) Giday A. Girmay, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle, WA Michael Kenney, KB Environmental Sciences, Inc., St. Petersburg, FL Mark Kunugi, Unicircuit, Denver, CO Todd H. Welty, Reno-Tahoe Airport Authority, Reno, NV Chowen Chou Wey, Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD Carl Ma, FAA Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison

F O R E W O R D By Joseph D. Navarrete Staff Officer Transportation Research Board ACRP Report 97: Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units, Tires, and Brakes presents the results of a comprehensive test program designed to measure particu­ late matter (PM) emissions from auxiliary power units (APUs) and from tires and brakes during the landing phase of operation of in­service commercial aircraft. While significant emissions data exist for aircraft main engines, only limited data have been available for APUs, and no data existed for PM emissions produced during landing by tires and brakes. The research results, therefore, provide a significant contribution to the characterization of emissions from these sources. The data obtained from the test program were used to develop PM emission indices for APUs and tires. Providing such data will allow airports to improve the accuracy of their PM emissions inventories. Assessment of PM emissions from aircraft operations at airports is growing in impor­ tance as demand for air travel increases, and modeling is often used to estimate emissions due to aviation activity. Although there is increasing information on aircraft main engine PM emissions, little or no PM data are available for on­aircraft APU emissions, or tire and brake emissions during landing operations. To address this lack of data, a measure­ ment campaign for quantifying and characterizing PM emissions from these sources was undertaken. The research, led by the Missouri University of Science and Technology Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, began with develop­ ing sampling and measurement techniques. These techniques were then applied at a large commercial airport that was selected based on several factors, including access to a repre­ sentational aircraft fleet mix, varied meteorology, and airfield accessibility. Two measure­ ment campaigns, one conducted in late winter and one conducted in the summer, allowed the researchers to evaluate the impact of weather on these emissions sources. Emissions fac­ tors were then computed based on the data. The resulting factors, presented in this report, are now available for use in air quality models. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the study. A description of the research plan, including the sampling protocol, instrumentation, measurement, and analysis is provided in Chapter 2. Conclusions and suggestions for future research are provided in Chapter 3. A bibliography and a glossary are also provided. Appendix A describes related literature and includes an annotated bibliography. Appendix B describes the process for selecting the study airport and airline. Notable findings show that new technology APUs produce lower PM emissions com­ pared with older models and that, on a mass basis, less than 1 percent of total PM emis­ sions during landing come from the aircraft tires (i.e., the traditional puff of smoke seen at

touchdown). While it was not feasible to compute a PM emissions index for aircraft brakes, the data suggest that the contribution of brake PM to overall PM at the study airport is negligible. These findings represent a significant contribution to the current state of the art in airport emissions assessment.

C O N T E N T S 1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Project Work Plan 3 1.2 Report Organization 4 Chapter 2 Research Approach 4 2.1 Test Site Description 4 2.1.1 Winter 2011 Study at Chicago O’Hare International Airport 4 2.1.2 Summer 2011 Study at Chicago O’Hare International Airport 7 2.2 Sampling, Measurement, and Analysis Plan 7 2.2.1 Sampling Protocol: APU PM Emissions Measurements 7 2.2.2 Sampling System 7 2.2.3 Probe Design: APU Emissions 8 2.2.4 Probe Design: Tire and Brake Emissions 8 2.2.5 Instrumentation Suite 10 2.3 Calculation of APU EIs 10 2.3.1 APU PM Emissions Measurements 11 2.4 APU PM Observations 11 2.4.1 Size Distributions 11 2.4.2 Number­Based EI 13 2.4.3 BC Mass­Based EI 13 2.4.4 Organic Mass EI 13 2.4.5 Summary of Findings on APUs 14 2.5 Tire and Brake PM Emissions Measurements 14 2.5.1 Tire and Brake Emissions (Advected Plume) 15 2.5.2 Tire PM Emissions Measurements 20 2.5.3 Brake PM Emissions Measurements 25 Chapter 3 Conclusions and Suggested Research 25 3.1 Conclusions 25 3.2 Suggested Research 25 3.2.1 APUs 25 3.2.2 Tires 26 3.2.3 Brakes 27 Bibliography 29 Glossary of Terms, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 31 Appendix A Literature Survey and Bibliography 41 Appendix B Airport Selection Process Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.