Performance Measurement of Transportation Systems: Summary of the Fourth International Conference (2013)

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C o n f e r e n C e P r o C e e d i n g s 4 9 Performance Measurement of Transportation Systems Summary of the Fourth International Conference KATHERINE TURNBULL, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Rapporteur May 18–20, 2011 Irvine, California Sponsored by Federal Highway Administration Federal Transit Administration Transportation Research Board Washington, D.C. 2013 www.TRB.org

Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 49 ISSN 1073- 1652 ISBN 978-0-309-28669-5 Subscriber Categories Administration and management; planning and forecasting; policy Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB.org or national-academies.org/trb, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334- 2519; or e-mail TRBsales@nas.edu). Printed in the United States of America. NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the project were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This project was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Transit Administration, and the Transportation Research Board. Committee for Performance Measurement of Transportation Systems: Fourth International Conference Daniela Bremmer, Washington State Department of Transportation, Cochair Sue McNeil, University of Delaware, Cochair Jerry R. Benson, Utah Transit Authority Mara K. Campbell, Missouri Department of Transportation Gary L. Cowger, GLC Ventures, LLC Joseph Crossett, High Street Consulting Group, LLC Jane Hayse, Atlanta Regional Commission Lisa Klein, Metropolitan Transportation Commission Timothy Lomax, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Lance A. Neumann, Cambridge Systematics Thomas Jeffrey Price, Virginia Department of Transportation Shintaro Terabe, Tokyo University of Science Ramkumar Venkatanarayana, University of Virginia Johanna Zmud, RAND Corporation Liaisons Arthur L. Guzzetti, American Public Transportation Association Harlan W. Miller, Federal Highway Administration Gloria M. Shepherd, Federal Highway Administration Egan R. Smith, Federal Highway Administration James Garland, Federal Transit Administration Keith Gates, Federal Transit Administration Charles R. Goodman, Federal Transit Administration John Sprowls, Federal Transit Administration Richard Weaver, American Public Transportation Association Transportation Research Board Staff Martine A. Micozzi, Senior Program Officer, Management, Policy, and International Relations Matthew A. Miller, Senior Program Associate Hae-in Lim, Senior Program Assistant TRB Publications Office Janet M. McNaughton, Senior Editor Jennifer Correro, Proofreader Jennifer J. Weeks, Manuscript Preparation Juanita L. Green, Production Manager Cover design by by Beth Schlenoff, Beth Schlenoff Design Typesetting by Carol Siegel

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation inno- vation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................... xi Opening Plenary Session WINNINg PERFoRMANCE MANAgEMENT STRATEgIES FoR ThE ChANgE gAME ............. 1 Lance A. Neumann, Daniela Bremmer, Sue McNeil, Steve Heminger, Carlos M. Braceras, and Lawrence D. Burns Conference Welcome ................................................................................................................................1 Making Performance Count ......................................................................................................................2 Linking Transportation Performance and Accountability .........................................................................4 Reinventing the Automobile ......................................................................................................................6 Breakout Session 1-A PREPARINg YouR PERFoRMANCE MANAgEMENT PRogRAM FoR REAuThoRIzATIoN .................................................................................................................. 8 Mara K. Campbell, Joshua L. Schank, and Mary Lynn Tischer Discussion of Reports from the Bipartisan Policy Center ..........................................................................8 Performance Management: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly ..................................................................9 Breakout Session 1-B AdjuSTINg YouR PERFoRMANCE MANAgEMENT PRogRAM FoR ChANgES IN VEhICLE ANd FuEL TEChNoLogY ......................................................................................... 11 Gary L. Cowger and Paul Sorensen Performance Management in the Context of Evolving Vehicle and Fuel Technology .............................11 Breakout Session 1-C IMPLICATIoNS oF CLIMATE ChANgE ANd SuSTAINABILITY FoR PERFoRMANCE MANAgEMENT PRogRAMS ............................................................................... 13 Josias Zietsman, Tara Ramani, Cris B. Liban, and Carel van der Merwe Generally Applicable Framework for Sustainability Performance Measurement for Transportation Agencies ....................................................................................................................13

Climate Change and Sustainable Transit Performance ............................................................................14 Gautrain: Sustainable Transportation on Track ......................................................................................15 Plenary Session 2 PERFoRMANCE-BASEd dECISIoN MAkINg: ThE BuCkS START hERE! ................................. 17 Thomas Jeffrey Price, Debra Miller, Cheri Fulginiti, and Shintaro Terabe Performance-Based Decision Making: The Bucks Start Here ..................................................................17 Driving Change at UPS ...........................................................................................................................19 Japanese Experience with Performance-Based Management ...................................................................20 Breakout Session 2-A CLASh oF PRIoRITIES ....................................................................................................................... 22 Timothy Lomax, Randall S. Blankenhorn, and Ryoichi Watanabe Development and Implementation of Long-Range Plan at Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning ................................................................................................................................22 Traffic Safety Management .....................................................................................................................22 Breakout Session 2-B LEVELS oF dECISIoN MAkINg ....................................................................................................... 25 Keith Gates, Ernest F. Wittwer, Mark Pisano, and Arthur L. Guzzetti Levels of Decision Making in Freight Projects ........................................................................................25 Transformational Leadership and Institutional Design ...........................................................................26 Performance Measurement and Reauthorization ....................................................................................26 Breakout Session 2-C LESSoNS LEARNEd ............................................................................................................................ 28 Lance A. Neumann, Patricia G. Hendren, Daniela Bremmer, Lisa Klein, Thomas Jeffrey Price, Mara K. Campbell, and Shintaro Terabe Open Discussion .....................................................................................................................................30 Plenary Session 3 ThE FuTuRE IS NoW! ....................................................................................................................... 31 Daniela Bremmer, Rick Schuman, Terry C. Bills, and Alexander Sohr The Future Is Now ..................................................................................................................................31 Emerging Trends in Spatial Technology ..................................................................................................33 Current and Future Use of Floating Car Data .........................................................................................34 Breakout Session 3-A dIgITAL BREAdCRuMBS: MoBILITY dATA CAPTuRE WITh SoCIAL MEdIA ....................... 36 Johanna Zmud, A. J. Brush, and Munmun De Choudhury Digital Breadcrumbs and Trajectory Prediction with the Global Positioning System ..............................36

Exploring the Social Media Landscape to Streamline Everyday Experiences ...........................................37 Breakout Session 3-B TRANSFoRMINg ExPERIENCES: FRoM dATA To MEASuRES, MEASuRES To INFoRMATIoN, ANd INFoRMATIoN To dECISIoNS WITh dATA FuSIoN ANd VISuALIzATIoN ........................................................................................................................ 39 Robert M. Winick, William Bachman, Yoshihide Sekimoto, and Patricia S. Hu Terabytes to Decisions: The Increasing Potential of Location-Based Analytics for Transportation Planning .........................................................................................................................39 Transforming Experiences in Transportation Systems in Japan ..............................................................40 Enhancing Performance Measurement and Decision Making with Visualization Tools ..........................41 Breakout Session 3-C ASkINg ThE RIghT QuESTIoNS: TIMELY AdVICE FoR EMERgINg TooLS, BETTER dATA, ANd APPRoAChES FoR SYSTEMS PERFoRMANCE MEASuRES .................... 42 Michael Pack Factors Limiting the Use of Performance Measurement in Transportation .............................................42 Technical Challenges ...............................................................................................................................43 Political Challenges .................................................................................................................................43 Plenary Session 4 TooLS ANd METhodS: WhAT ARE WE doINg ANd hoW ARE WE doINg IT? ................. 44 Sue McNeil, Jeffrey F. Paniati, Paula J. Hammond, and Jenne van der Velde Moving Toward a Performance-Based Federal-Aid Highway Program ...................................................44 Measuring Transportation System Performance: Examples of Applying Performance Management Tools and Strategies ..........................................................................................................45 Asset Management in the Netherlands at Rijkswaterstaat ......................................................................47 Breakout Session 4-A MEASuRINg REgIoNAL ANd CoMMuNITY ouTCoMES ......................................................... 49 Sue McNeil, Peter Hurley, and Keith A. Bartholomew Performance Measures in the Sustainable Transportation Analysis and Rating System .........................49 Scenario Assessment: Inputs, Processes, and Outputs .............................................................................50 Breakout Session 4-B MEASuRINg TRANSPoRTATIoN SYSTEM ANd ModE PERFoRMANCE ................................ 52 Jerry R. Benson, Richard Perrin, and Steven M. Pickrell Integrating System and Mode Performance into Planning and Programming ..........................................52 System-Level Performance Measurement ................................................................................................53

Breakout Session 4-C MEASuRINg SERVICE QuALITY, EFFECTIVENESS, ANd EFFICIENCY AT ThE PRogRAM, PRojECT, oR SERVICE LEVELS ................................................................................... 56 Shintaro Terabe, Lacy Bell, and Willem Ebersöhn FasTracks: Quality of Life Study .............................................................................................................56 Measuring Amtrak’s Train Service Performance: Management Information System Design ...................57 Plenary Session 5 MEASuRINg ThE IMMEASuRABLE: PITFALLS ANd oPPoRTuNTIES FoR gAugINg LIVABILITY, ECoNoMIC PRoSPERITY, ANd TRANSIT STATE oF good REPAIR .................................................................................................................. 59 Joseph Crossett, Allen D. Biehler, Susanne Trimbath, and Patricia G. Hendren Smart Transportation: The Pennsylvania Experience ..............................................................................59 Measuring the Immeasurable: Transportation Infrastructure Performance .............................................62 Bringing Performance-Based Management to Transit .............................................................................66 Breakout Session 5-A BREAkINg doWN BouNdARIES FoR TRANSPoRTATIoN, LANd uSE, ANd ThE ENVIRoNMENT: hoW To ChooSE ANd uSE LIVABILITY METRICS ................... 70 Angela Dluger, Mike Hoglund, and John S. Miller Federal Transit Administration and the Partnership for Sustainable Communities .................................70 Breaking Down Boundaries for Transportation, Land Use, and the Environment: How to Choose and Use Livability Metrics ............................................................................................72 Lessons Learned from Trying a Jobs–Housing Balance Indicator for Virginia Regional Planning...........73 Breakout Session 5-B INCoRPoRATINg ECoNoMIC IMPACT YARdSTICkS INTo TRANSPoRTATIoN INVESTMENT dECISIoN MAkINg ANd PERFoRMANCE MANAgEMENT .............................. 75 Joseph Crossett, Julie Lorenz, and Jeffrey Short Yardsticks for Transportation Investments and Performance ..................................................................75 Truck Data and Performance Measurement ............................................................................................76 Breakout Session 5-C STATE-oF-good-REPAIR dATA, PERFoRMANCE MEASuRES, ANd CAPITAL PRogRAM dECISIoN MAkINg ........................................................................................................ 78 Keith Gates, Michael S. Tanner, and Naomi Renek Capital Programming at the Bay Area Rapid Transit ..............................................................................78 Capital Program and Performance Measurement at the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority ........................................................................................................................78

CoNCLudINg REMARkS ................................................................................................................. 81 Sue McNeil, Daniela Bremmer, and Katherine F. Turnbull Driving Change and Being Driven by Change .........................................................................................81 Future Research, Technology Transfer, and Training Needs ...................................................................82 Appendix A PoSTER SuMMARIES ..........................................................................................................................86 data Collection and Analysis ..................................................................................................................86 Regional Mobility Corridor Atlas ...........................................................................................................86 Mike Hoglund, Deena Platman, and Matthew Hampton Aggregated Performance Measures for Interdependent Assets.................................................................87 Mohammadsaied Dehghanisanij and Gerardo Flintsch Measures of Effectiveness and Collection in the Simulated IntelliDrive Environment .............................87 Ramkumar Venkataranya, Noah Goodall, and Brian Smith Performance-Based decision Making ..................................................................................................... 87 Using Risk as a Basis for Project Prioritization and Performance Target Setting .....................................87 John Patrick O’Har, Adjo Amekudzi, and Michael D. Meyer New Approaches to Livability and Economic Transit Performance ...................................................... 89 Applying Sustainability Through Performance Measurement ..................................................................89 Tara Ramani, Josias Zietsman, Virginia Reeder, and Joanne Potter Measuring the Impact and Performance of Transport Research Programs ..............................................90 David E. Kuehn Sustainable Communities: Measurement for Management ......................................................................92 Frank Gallivan, Jeffrey Ang-Olson, and John V. Thomas Performance-Based Metrics: The Rider’s Perspective ..............................................................................93 Janice S. Wells and Ellyn Shannon Economics of Return on Investment: Evaluating the Life Cycle to Drive Performance ...........................94 Nathaniel D. Coley, Jr. Evaluating Investment Needs and Projecting System Performance with the Highway Economic Requirements System ..............................................................................................................94 David M. Luskin Tools and Methods .................................................................................................................................95 Jamie M. Fischer, Adjo Amekudzi, and Michael D. Meyer Use of a Maintenance Investment Needs Assessment Tool to Incorporate Performance Measures into Budget Decision Making at the Virginia Department of Transportation .........................................96 Thomas Jeffrey Price, Wenling Chen, and Larrie Henley Measuring Transportation Infrastructure Performance for the United States ..........................................98 Sue McNeil, Qiang Li, Michelle Oswald, and Susanne Trimbath Freeway Performance Initiative Traffic Analysis States ...........................................................................99 Jim Wang, Guillaume Shearin, and Brad Lane

Freight .................................................................................................................................................... 99 Performance Measures for Evaluating Multistate Freight Projects ..........................................................99 Ernest F. Wittwer, Robert Gollnik, Jason J. Bittner, and Teresa M. Adams Developing and Applying Fluidity Performance Indicators in Canada to Evaluate Freight System Efficiency ..................................................................................................................................100 William L. Eisele, Juan Carlos Villa, David Schrank, and Louis-Paul Tardif Appendix B PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................................................................. 101

xi Preface A Transportation Research Board (TRB) confer-ence on U.S. and international approaches to performance measurement for transportation systems was conducted May 18 through 20, 2011, at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies in Irvine, California. The theme for the fourth in a series of international conferences, driving change and being driven by change, captured the chang- ing environment in which transportation services are delivered as well as the role of performance measure- ment in delivering these services. TRB assembled a committee appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to organize and develop the conference program, which included five tracks: • Driving forces for change; • Performance-based decision making: the bucks start here; • Data collection and analysis technologies; • Drivers and applications; and • Capturing system performance: new measures for difficult-to-measure topics. Each track consisted of a plenary session followed by three concurrent breakout sessions. These proceedings follow the conference format, with the plenary sessions and the breakout sessions for each of the five tracks presented in chronological order. The breakout sessions and the closing session gave partici- pants the opportunity to provide ideas and suggestions on further research, technology transfer, and training. Research topics identified for potential consideration are listed in the section on concluding remarks. The conference also featured an interactive poster session. Summaries provided by the poster authors are presented in Appendix A. The conference attracted 130 participants from Can- ada, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa, and the United States, and featured transportation spe- cialists who offered real-world expertise on the applica- tion of performance metrics and case studies. This range of experiences provided attendees with a comprehen- sive overview of the techniques and approaches being applied to transportation systems both in the United States and abroad. The speakers reflected on the significant evolution of performance measures since the first conference was held in 2000 as well as the increase in their use throughout the transportation industry. As a key tool for delivering results and establishing accountability for transportation systems worldwide, performance mea- surement is being applied to gauge and evaluate a wide range of transportation activities, from the efficacy of transit operations and congestion management to orga- nizational excellence, program budgeting, and customer satisfaction. The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transpor- tation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), the previous federal surface transportation spending bill, expired on September 30, 2009. In July 2012, after having renewed SAFETEA-LU’s funding formulas 10 times, Congress passed the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), the new funding and authorization bill. Before MAP-21’s passage, however,

xii there had been a heightened interest in and awareness of the possibility of including performance measures in funding considerations. This report was prepared by the conference rapporteur as a factual summary of what occurred at the conference. The planning committee’s role was limited to planning and convening the conference. The views contained in the report are those of individual conference participants and do not necessarily represent the views of all conference participants, the planning committee, TRB, or NRC. This conference summary was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and tech- nical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical com- ments that will assist the institution in making the pub- lished conference summary as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the project charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confiden- tial to protect the integrity of the process. TRB thanks the following individuals for their review of this conference summary: Daniela Bremmer of the Washington State Department of Transportation, Sue McNeil of the University of Delaware, Michael D. Meyer of Meyer Consulting, LLC, Brendan Nugent of Transport for New South Wales, Australia, and Lance A. Neumann of Cambridge Systematics. Although these reviewers provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the sum- mary before its release. The review of this summary was overseen by C. Michael Walton of the University of Texas at Austin. Appointed by NRC, he was respon- sible for ensuring that an independent examination of this summary was conducted in accordance with insti- tutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. The conference planning committee thanks Kath- erine F. Turnbull for her work in preparing this con- ference summary and extends a special thanks to the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Tran- sit Administration for providing the funding support that made the conference possible. Thanks are also due to the members of the TRB Committee on Performance Measurement for their many contributions to planning this event. P E R F O R M A N C E M E A S U R E M E N T O F T R A N S P O R T A T I O N S Y S T E M S