Environmental Management System Development Process (2013)

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31 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Developing and Implementing an Environmental Management System in a State Depart- ment of Transportation (DOT), AASHTO Practitioner’s Handbook, AASHTO, Washington, D.C., Sep. 2007. This guide outlines the basic concepts of an environ- mental management system and how it can be applied to many DOT activities, including suggestions on how to develop and implement an EMS at facilities. Keywords: environmental management system, department of transportation, Center for Environ- mental Excellence, development, implementation Berry, F., S. Gillhespy, and J. Rogers, ACRP Synthesis 10: Airport Sustainability, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2008. This synthesis report targeted sustainability efforts and practices by airports from around the country and related those practices to other airport operators, stake- holders, and policymakers. It identifies a triple bottom line of environmental, economic, and social issues in reference to the overall sustainability practices. Keywords: environmental management system, sustainability, reporting, triple bottom line, airports, stakeholders Boiral, O., “Corporate Greening Through ISO 14001: A Rational Myth?” Organizational Science, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan.–Feb. 2007, pp. 127–146. This synthesis studied nine Canadian firms that have ISO 14001 systems in place and the bureaucratic and procedural aspects of the audit process that legitimize practices but do not always reflect the true adoption of the system throughout the organization. Keywords: ISO 14001, compliance, integration, envi- ronmental performance Chicago Department of Aviation 2011 Sustainability Report, 2011 [Online]. Available: http://ohare.com/PDF/ Environment/2011sustainreport.pdf. This report is an evaluation and provides recommen- dations for O’Hare and Midway International Air- ports for potential applicability of sustainable initia- tives. The Chicago Department of Aviation has made a concerted effort to embrace environmental, social, and economically responsible standards and practices at their airports. Keywords: O’Hare International Airport, Midway International Airport, Chicago Department of Aviation, Sustainable Evaluation and Recommendation Team (SERT), planning, operations and maintenance, conces- sions, and tenants Corbett, C. and M. Russo, “ISO 14001: Irrelevant or Invalu- able?” ISO Management Systems, Dec. 2001. This is an analysis of industry impacts on imple- menting the ISO 14001 system. The authors study the impacts on policymakers and businesses to infer how the ISO 14001 will mature and related impacts to certi- fied entities. Keywords: ISO 14001, certification incentives, reg- istration process Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Order 13423, “Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Trans- portation Management,” Jan. 24, 2007, Federal Register, Vol. 72, No. 17. This Executive Order lays out more challenging goals than those established by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and superseded by E.O. 13123 and E.O. 13149. This Order has specific quantitative goals and correspond- ing dates for the reduction of energy intensity and increase of renewable energy sources throughout fed- eral agencies. Keywords: Executive Order 13423, Executive Order 13123, Executive Order 13149, Energy Policy Act 2005, Energy Intensity, Renewable Energy, Federal Fleets Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Order 13514, “Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy and Eco- nomic Performance,” Oct. 5, 2009, Federal Register, Vol. 74, No. 194 This Executive Order is an expansion of the energy reduction and environmental performance require- ments of Executive Order 13423. It requires federal agencies to be more accountable, transparent, and specifies reporting requirements for all environmental and energy related issues. It outlines a Strategic Sus- tainability Performance Plan based on life-cycle return on investment actions. Keywords: Executive Order 13514, Executive Order 13423, CEQ, GHG management, federal government, federal agencies, sustainability DeLeon, B., Program Guidance Letter 07-06—Guidance for Funding Sponsor-Prepared Environmental Management Systems, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., Sep. 28, 2007. The Advisory Circular outlines the information on eligibility and grant procedures for the development of environmental management systems at airports. Keywords: environmental management system, FAA, Airport Improvement Program, ISO 14001 Delmas, M., “Stakeholders and Competitive Advantage: The Case of ISO 14001,” Production and Operations Manage- ment, Vol. 10, No. 3, Fall 2001, pp. 343–358. This is an examination of how stakeholders’ involve- ment in a firm’s operational management can become a valuable organizational tool when implementing ISO 14001. Keywords: ISO 14001, competitive advantage, envi- ronmental management, resource-based view ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

32 Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), European Commission, 1995 [Online]. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/emas/index_en.htm. EMAS is a management tool for companies and other organizations to evaluate, report, and improve their envi- ronmental practices. It was originally designed for com- panies in the industrial sector, but has since expanded its coverage to all sectors. Key words: environmental management system, European Commission Environmental Systems Update, Preliminary Findings Point to Green for ISO 14001 Certification, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2006. The publication is a preliminary report on a survey administered by ANSI on the internal and external ben- efits of implementing the ISO 14001 EMS. Keywords: ISO 14001, environmental management systems, 3rd party audits, compliance, certification, environmental performance, due diligence, integration Epelbaum, M., Time and Cost Analysis on ISO 14001 Imple- mentation, Bureau Veritas, Brazil [Online]. Available: http://www.elluxconsultoria.com.br/time.pdf. Identifies the time and cost management factors, including cultural, organizational, and technological, that affect the implementation of an ISO 14001 system. Keywords: ISO 14001, environmental management systems, time and cost structure, cost management, implementation, cultural factors, organizational factors, technological factors Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), What Is an Envi- ronmental Management System (EMS)? FAA, Wash- ington, D.C. This official framework of EMS is provided by the FAA, which explains the cyclical fashion of the Plan- Do-Check-Act approach. Keywords: Environmental Management Systems, Federal Aviation Administration, Plan-Do-Check-Act Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Environmental Management Systems for Airport Sponsors, Report FAA AC150/5050-8, FAA, Washington, D.C., Sep. 26, 2007 [Online]. Available: http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_ and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/0/0cd6ac 84837de1a086257370004c405c/$FILE/150_5050_8.pdf. This official guidance issued by the FAA to airport sponsors that develop EMS outlines the needed parts of an EMS. Keywords: Environmental Management Systems, Federal Aviation Administration, ISO 14001 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Key Elements of an EMS, FAA, Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: http:// www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/apl/ environ_policy_guidance/nextgen_ems/media/Key%20 elements%20of%20an%20EMS.pdf. This FAA outline covers all components necessary to construct a successful EMS. Keywords: Environmental Management System, FAA, scope, implementation and operation Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Useful EMS Defini- tions, FAA, Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: http:// www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ apl/environ_policy_guidance/nextgen_ems/media/ Useful%20EMS%20definitions.pdf. This defines the EMS framework components as provided by the FAA. Keywords: Environmental Management System, FAA, definitions Global Reporting Initiative, Sustainability Reporting Guide- lines, Version 3.0, 2006. This report is a framework for sustainability report- ing and the practice of measuring, disclosing, and being held accountable to both internal and external stake- holders for an organization’s performance. All report- ings are subject to testing and continuous improvement and have impact on an organization’s economic, envi- ronmental, and social performances. Keywords: sustainability, reporting guidelines, con- tinuous improvement, indicators, stakeholders Gonzalez-Benito, J. and O. Gonzalez-Benito, An Analysis of the Relationship Between Environmental Motivations and ISO 14001 Certification, University of Salamanca (Spain). Investigators looked into why companies decide to implement the ISO 14001 environmental management system and motivations and experiences they undergo once certification is obtained. Keywords: ISO 14001, certifications, motivations, competitive motivations, environmental motivations Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Annual Environmental Report 2010 Progress Report, City of Atlanta–Department of Aviation, 2010. This is a background and progress update on the envi- ronmental compliance and management effort initia- tives started in 2009 at the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. The report breaks down specific environmental and sustainable standards pursued by the airport and effects of these initiatives on the overall operation of the airport. Keywords: Annual Environmental Report (AER), Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, sus- tainability, environmental compliance, air quality man- agement, solid waste management, recycling Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Sustainable Management Plan, Department of Aviation and Federal Aviation Administration, 2010. The FAA’s sustainability planning pilot program for the aviation industry helped in developing a long- range sustainability planning document and prioritized the airport’s sustainability efforts. Keywords: Sustainability Management Plan, City of Atlanta, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Department of Aviation, airport tenants, environmental management policy, environmental ini- tiatives, compliance Hillary, R. and P. Burr, Evidence-based Study into the Benefits of EMS for SMEs, WYG Environment Report for Depart- ment of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Sep. 2011.

33 This study is an analysis of the qualitative and quanti- tative components of environmental management sys- tems in small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the United Kingdom. The survey polled 31 self-selected SMEs. Though not statistically significant of the approx- imately 2.9 million in the United Kingdom, the com- mercial and marketing opportunities were a dominant initial trigger for the implementation of EMS for the firms, and legal compliance was a main driver behind the retention of the EMS over the years. Keywords: Environmental Management System, ISO 14001, marketing opportunities, small to medium- sized enterprises, legal compliance, cost savings ISO 14001 environmental management systems—Require- ments with Guidance for Use, 2nd ed., Nov. 15, 2004 [Online]. Available: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/ management-standards/iso14000.htm This is the second edition of the ISO 14001 standard that replaces that first edition that was published in 1996. This was developed by the Technical Commit- tee ISO/TC 207. This ISO standard lays out the specific requirements of an environmental management system that can be objectively audited and sets up a process of continual enhancement in order to achieve environmen- tal performance goals. Keywords: Environmental Management System, ISO 14001 Standard, continual improvement, unified structure, certification, audits, procedures Rivera, J. and M. Delmas, “Business and Environmental Pro- tection: An Introduction,” Research in Human Ecology, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2004, pp. 230–234. This synthesis outlines research and empirical studies completed on the link between environmental and financial performance, their conflicting results, and the effectiveness of voluntary environmental man- agement systems. Keywords: voluntary environmental programs, envi- ronmental management, emerging market economies, environmental protection and competitiveness, environ- mental regulations U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guidance on EMS, EPA, Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: www. epa.gov/ems/. This is EPA’s official definition of an Environmental Management System, described as both a basic EMS and an EMS under ISO 14001. Keywords: EPA, environmental management system, ISO 14001, Plan-Do-Check-Act, costs and benefits U.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Aviation Admin- istration), Environmental Management Systems: Order 1050.21 National Policy, Oct. 30, 2007 This order highlights the requirements of EMS for the FAA by the DOT, which is in accordance with E.O. 13423. It was established to ensure efficiency and effective management of environmental issues in U.S. national airspace systems. Keywords: Environmental Management System, FAA, DOT, E.O. 13423 Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc., San Francisco International Airport 2011 Environmental Sustainability Report, Dec. 2011. This report is an outline of SFO’s eight strategic near-term goals and objectives in relation to recent planning initiatives to reduce the environmental impacts of the activities at the airport. It incorporates its five-year strategic plan with the industry “firsts” while continually improving upon technology used, setting new efficiency standards, and reducing waste generated. Keywords: San Francisco International Airport, envi- ronmental sustainability report, greenhouse gas emis- sions, carbon footprint, customers/passengers, non- airline revenue, climate change, awards Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc., Stewart International Airport Environmental Sustainability Plan, Sep. 2010. This “living document” is intended to help local plan- ning officials, members of the local community, and SWF Airport staff to implement sustainability concepts to support and protect the regional community and achieve specific goals. Keywords: Stewart International Airport, environ- mental sustainability report, sustainability policy, eco- nomic viability, operational efficiency, natural resource conservation, social responsibility Yin, H. and P.J. Schmeidler, “Does ISO 14001 Certifica- tion Enhance Environmental Performance? Conditions Under Which Environmental Performance Improve- ment Occurs,” Risk Management and Decision Process Center, The Wharton School, Working Paper, revised Sep. 2007. This study proposes a different approach to the analysis of the impacts of the ISO 14001 management system on facilities. It incorporates the importance of regulatory flexibility and its residual effect on envi- ronmental performance. It also relates different per- formance management elements to the success of the ISO 14001 system and daily management of facilities. Keywords: ISO 14001, regulatory flexibility, envi- ronmental performance, certification, daily operations, performance management Yiridoe, E.K. and G.E. Marett, “Mitigating the High Cost of ISO 14001 EMS Standard Certification: Lessons from Agribusiness Case Research,” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2004, pp. 37–62. This looks at integrating environmental and business objectives, with environmental stewardship as a core decision in corporate business objectives including what power is derived from the decision. Keywords: ISO 14001, costs, certifications, compli- ance process, implementation, accreditation