Guidebook for Preparing Airport Emissions Inventories for State Implementation Plans (2013)

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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 84 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2013 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Administration and Management • Environment Guidebook for Preparing Airport Emissions Inventories for State Implementation Plans KB EnvironmEntal SciEncES, inc. St. Petersburg, FL EnvironmEntal SciEncE aSSociatES, inc. San Francisco, CA SynErgy conSultantS, inc. Seattle, WA StonEfiEld EnvironmEntal conSulting Cary, NC

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans­ portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter­ national commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon­ sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera­ tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near­term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon­ sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera­ tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro­ gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte­ nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera­ tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100­Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International­North America (ACI­NA), the American Associa­ tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga­ nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon­ sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden­ tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro­ fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre­ pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper­ ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended end­users of the research: airport operating agencies, service providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work­ shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport­industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 84 Project 02­21 ISSN 1935­9802 ISBN 978­0­309­25906­4 Library of Congress Control Number 2013936256 © 2013 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not­for­profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not­for­profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national­academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This Guidebook was prepared pursuant to ACRP Project 02­21 “Evaluation of Airport Emissions within State Implementation Plans” by KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. (KBE), Environmental Science Associates, Inc. (ESA), Synergy Consultants, Inc., and Stonefield Environmental Consulting. Michael Kenney was the Principal Investigator. Carrol Fowler was the Project Administrator. Contrib­ uting authors for this Guidebook include the following: Michael Ratte and Paul Sanford, both with KBE; Adrian Jones and Michael Arnold with ESA; Mary Vigilante of Synergy Consultants; and David Stonefield with Stonefield Environmental Consulting. The research team would like to express its gratitude to the members of the ACRP Project Panel for their input throughout this research project. The research team would also like to thank the various air­ port representatives who participated in this research, including Hartsfield­Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Denver International Airport (DEN), Las Vegas McCarran International Airport (LAS), and Seattle­Tacoma International Airport (SEA). CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 84 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Lawrence D. Goldstein, Senior Program Officer Gail R. Staba, Senior Program Officer Anthony P. Avery, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Scott E. Hitchcock, Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-21 PANEL Field of Environment Robert D. Freeman, Los Angeles World Airports, South Pasadena, CA (Chair) Aimee Fenlon, Denver International Airport (DIA), Denver, CO Matthew Gates, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, Philadelphia, PA Pamela S. Keidel-Adams, Landrum & Brown, Gilbert, AZ Sara D. McCook, United Airlines, Denver, CO M. Kristoffer Russell, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Little Elm, TX John Zamurs, Slingerlands, NY James B. Byers III, FAA Liaison Ralph J. Iovinelli, FAA Liaison Carey Fitzmaurice, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Liaison Chris Oswald, Airports Council International–North America Liaison Nancy N. Young, Air Transport Association of America, Inc. Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison

ACRP Report 84 combines a Guidebook with an accompanying interactive tool designed for airport operators and air quality regulators as they prepare the airport emissions inventory component of a State Implementation Plan (SIP). In particular, this Guidebook includes an assessment of the current state of the practice combined with suggestions on how to improve airport emissions inventories, emphasizing key data inputs for aircraft, auxiliary power units (APUs), and ground support equipment (GSE). Consideration is also given to application of future­year forecasts of airport operational levels. The research that led to this Guidebook focused on civilian airports, both commercial service and general aviation (GA). The Guide­ book offers three approaches (Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced) for preparation of an air­ port emissions inventory. Each approach is progressively more complex, requiring increasingly detailed input data that generates greater airport specificity and accuracy. The choice of a par­ ticular approach is up to the user as a function of the level of response appropriate to a specific airport, the demands of the facility and the surrounding community, and data availability. For non­hub and GA airports, the accompanying CRP­CD­131 provides an Airport Emissions Estimator Tool that applies to the Basic Approach. In addition, CRP­CD­131 includes the appendixes that accompany this report as well as other project­specific material. Regulatory agencies, airports, and their consultants will find this Guidebook especially help­ ful for complying with the Federal Clean Air Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, and other regulations that require documenting air emissions at airports. To meet that objective, the Guidebook provides clear and concise descriptions and procedures on how to compute airport­related emissions for SIPs, ensuring that these emissions are accounted for properly. Aviation continues to be a growth industry in the United States, and this growth has resulted in an increase in traffic at the nation’s major airports accompanied by a corresponding increase in emissions. In addition, as EPA’s emission control strategies for other non­aviation sectors take effect, aviation emissions sources could become more pronounced and, as a result, a more significant component of future SIPs. Regulations require that all federal actions be in confor­ mance with applicable SIPs, with the understanding that non­conformance could affect the potential for federal funding of future airport development projects. Improving the ability to generate airport emissions inventories may help improve the process of preparing SIPs and aid in the consideration of future airport improvements. Guidebook users will find the information particularly useful as they prepare these airport­ related emissions inventories for incorporation into SIPs. The proposed procedures apply to airports of every size (small, medium, large) and function (commercial, GA) and to users of every skill level. This Guidebook and accompanying Airport Emissions Estimator Tool can help to assure users that their airport emissions inventories are up to date and in a form that is appro­ priate for SIPs. As a result, both airports and regulatory agencies will benefit. F O R E W O R D By Lawrence D. Goldstein Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

1 Chapter 1 Why Use This Guidebook? 1 1.1 Why A Guidebook? 1 1.2 What Is the Association between Airports and Air Quality? 2 1.3 What Is the Purpose of the Guidebook? 2 1.4 Who Should Use This Guidebook? 2 1.5 Problems Solved by Using This Guidebook 4 1.6 Benefits of Using the Guidebook 5 1.7 Contents of This Guidebook 8 Chapter 2 What Are the SIP Requirements and General Conformity Processes? 8 2.1 Air Quality Regulatory Overview 8 2.1.1 Federal Clean Air Act 8 2.1.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 9 2.1.3 Attainment, Nonattainment, and Maintenance Areas 10 2.2 State Implementation Plans 10 2.2.1 Types and Purpose 10 2.2.2 SIP Components and Milestones 12 2.3 General Conformity Rule 13 2.3.1 Applicability and General Conformity Process 16 2.3.2 Applicability to Airports 16 2.3.3 Roles and Responsibilities 16 2.4 Transportation Conformity 17 Chapter 3 How to Choose an Approach for Computing an Airport Emissions Inventory for an SIP 17 3.1 Alternative Approaches 17 3.1.1 Basic Approach 17 3.1.2 Intermediate Approach 18 3.1.3 Advanced Approach 18 3.2 Factors to Consider When Choosing an Approach 18 3.2.1 Expertise of the Preparer 19 3.2.2 Nonattainment Area Designation 19 3.2.3 Airport Type, Function, and Activity Level 20 3.2.4 Data Needs and Availability 21 3.2.5 Level of Accuracy 22 3.2.6 Preparation Time and Costs 22 3.2.7 Other Factors 22 3.3 Selecting an Approach 23 3.3.1 Benefits Versus Costs 24 3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 25 3.3.3 Making a Selection C O N T E N T S

26 Chapter 4 How to Prepare an Airport Emissions Inventory for an SIP 26 4.1 Identify Pollutants of Concern (Step 1) 26 4.2 Identify and Name Airports (Step 2) 27 4.3 Identify Sources of Emissions (Step 3) 28 4.3.1 Aircraft 28 4.3.2 Ground Support Equipment (GSE) 29 4.3.3 Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) 29 4.3.4 Other Sources of Emissions 29 4.4 Identify Emissions Inventory Timeframes (Step 4) 30 4.5 Select an Emissions Inventory Approach (Step 5) 31 4.6 Collect/Develop Input Data (Step 6) 31 4.6.1 Basic Approach Data Needs 32 4.6.2 Intermediate Approach Data Needs 34 4.6.3 Advanced Approach Data Needs 36 4.7 Conduct Emissions Inventory (Step 7) 37 4.8 Conduct QA/QC of Input and Output Data (Step 8) 38 4.9 Document and Report Results (Step 9) 39 Chapter 5 SIP Coordination Strategies and Best Practices 39 5.1 SIP Development Process 39 5.1.1 SIP Planning Phase 40 5.1.2 SIP Preparation Phase 41 5.1.3 SIP Adoption Phase 41 5.1.4 SIP Approval Phase 42 5.2 Airport and Agency Coordination Best Practices 42 5.2.1 Purpose and Benefits of Coordination 43 5.2.2 Introductory Meetings 43 5.2.3 Topics for Discussion 44 5.2.4 Airport Emissions Inventory Protocol 45 5.2.5 Dispersion Modeling 45 5.3 Documentation and Reporting 46 References 48 Appendixes A through E 49 Glossary 53 Abbreviations and Acronyms 55 Frequently Asked Questions Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.