Guide to Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into the Transportation Planning and Programming Processes (2013)

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Guide to Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into the Transportation Planning and Programming Processes S2-L05-RR-2 Anne Spine = .194 G uide to Incorporating R eliability P erform ance M easures into the Transportation P lanning and P rogram m ing P rocesses S H R P 2 TR B 028341 SHRP2 L05 Guide no Mailer.indd 1 8/5/14 3:00 PM

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2014 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* OFFICERS Chair: Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing Vice Chair: Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board MEMBERS Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center, and Visiting Professor, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C. Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia (Past Chair, 2013) James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, Texas Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento A. Stewart Fotheringham, Professor and Director, Centre for Geoinformatics, School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom John S. Halikowski, Director, Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, California Chris T. Hendrickson, Duquesne Light Professor of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Jeffrey D. Holt, Managing Director, Bank of Montreal Capital Markets, and Chairman, Utah Transportation Commission, Huntsville, Utah Gary P. LaGrange, President and CEO, Port of New Orleans, Louisiana Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island Department of Transportation, Providence Joan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany Abbas Mohaddes, President and CEO, Iteris, Inc., Santa Ana, California Donald A. Osterberg, Senior Vice President, Safety and Security, Schneider National, Inc., Green Bay, Wisconsin Steven W. Palmer, Vice President of Transportation, Lowe’s Companies, Inc., Mooresville, North Carolina Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor, University of Texas, Austin (Past Chair, 2012) Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, Texas Paul Trombino III, Director, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames Phillip A. Washington, General Manager, Regional Transportation District, Denver, Colorado EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Thomas P. Bostick, (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. Alison J. Conway, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, City College of New York, New York, and Chair, TRB Young Members Council Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation David J. Friedman, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D.C. Michael P. Huerta, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Paul N. Jaenichen, Sr., Acting Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Therese W. McMillan, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, D.C. Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, and Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of Transportation Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Peter M. Rogoff, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation Craig A. Rutland, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California Gregory D. Winfree, Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Transportation Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. Paul F. Zukunft, (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security * Membership as of July 2014. TRB OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE FOR SHRP 2* Chair: Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation MEMBERS H. Norman Abramson, Executive Vice President (retired), Southwest Research Institute Alan C. Clark, MPO Director, Houston–Galveston Area Council Frank L. Danchetz, Vice President, ARCADIS-US, Inc. Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation Stanley Gee, Executive Deputy Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation Mary L. Klein, President and CEO, NatureServe Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island Department of Transportation John R. Njord, Executive Director (retired), Utah Department of Transportation Charles F. Potts, Chief Executive Officer, Heritage Construction and Materials Ananth K. Prasad, Secretary, Florida Department of Transportation Gerald M. Ross, Chief Engineer (retired), Georgia Department of Transportation George E. Schoener, Executive Director, I-95 Corridor Coalition Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University Paul Trombino III, Director, Iowa Department of Transportation EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Transportation Safety Administration Frederick “Bud” Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials LIAISONS Ken Jacoby, Communications and Outreach Team Director, Office of Corporate Research, Technology, and Innovation Management, Federal Highway Administration Tony Kane, Director, Engineering and Technical Services, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Jeffrey F. Paniati, Executive Director, Federal Highway Administration John Pearson, Program Director, Council of Deputy Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety, Canada Michael F. Trentacoste, Associate Administrator, Research, Development, and Technology, Federal Highway Administration * Membership as of March 2014. RELIABILITY TECHNICAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE* Chair: Carlos Braceras, Deputy Director and Chief Engineer, Utah Department of Transportation Vice Chair: John Corbin, Director, Bureau of Traffic Operations, Wisconsin Department of Transportation Vice Chair: Mark F. Muriello, Assistant Director, Tunnels, Bridges, and Terminals, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey MEMBERS Malcolm E. Baird, Consultant Mike Bousliman, Chief Information Officer, Information Services Division, Montana Department of Transportation Kevin W. Burch, President, Jet Express, Inc. Leslie S. Fowler, ITS Program Manager, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Bureau of Transportation Safety and Technology, Kansas Department of Transportation Steven Gayle, Consultant, Gayle Consult, LLC Bruce R. Hellinga, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Sarath C. Joshua, ITS and Safety Program Manager, Maricopa Association of Governments Sandra Q. Larson, Systems Operations Bureau Director, Iowa Department of Transportation Dennis Motiani, Executive Director, Transportation Systems Management, New Jersey Department of Transportation Richard J. Nelson, Nevada Department of Transportation Richard Phillips, Director (retired), Administrative Services, Washington State Department of Transportation Mark Plass, District Traffic Operations Engineer, Florida Department of Transportation Constance S. Sorrell, Chief of Systems Operations, Virginia Department of Transportation William Steffens, Vice President and Regional Manager, McMahon Associates Jan van der Waard, Program Manager, Mobility and Accessibility, Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis John P. Wolf, Assistant Division Chief, Traffic Operations, California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) FHWA LIAISONS Robert Arnold, Director, Transportation Management, Office of Operations, Federal Highway Administration Joe Conway, SHRP 2 Implementation Director, National Highway Institute Jeffrey A. Lindley, Associate Administrator for Operations, Federal Highway Administration U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION LIAISON Patricia S. Hu, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation AASHTO LIAISON Gummada Murthy, Associate Program Director, Operations CANADA LIAISON Andrew Beal, Manager, Traffic Office, Highway Standards Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation * Membership as of July 2014. 028341 SHRP2 L05 Guide no Mailer.indd 2 8/5/14 3:00 PM

THE SECOND STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Cambridge Systematics, Inc. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Washington, D.C. 2014 www.TRB.org Guide to Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into the Transportation Planning and Programming Processes SHRP 2 Report S2-L05-RR-2

SUBSCRIBER CATEGORIES Highways Operations and Traffic Management Planning and Forecasting

THE SECOND STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM America’s highway system is critical to meeting the mobility and economic needs of local communities, regions, and the nation. Developments in research and technology—such as advanced materials, communications technology, new data collection technologies, and human factors science—offer a new opportunity to improve the safety and reliability of this important national resource. Breakthrough resolution of significant transportation problems, however, requires concentrated resources over a short time frame. Reflecting this need, the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) has an intense, large-scale focus, integrates mul- tiple fields of research and technology, and is fundamentally different from the broad, mission-oriented, discipline-based research programs that have been the mainstay of the high- way research industry for half a century. The need for SHRP 2 was identified in TRB Special Report 260: Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life, pub- lished in 2001 and based on a study sponsored by Congress through the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). SHRP 2, modeled after the first Strategic High- way Research Program, is a focused, time-constrained, management-driven program designed to complement existing highway research programs. SHRP 2 focuses on applied research in four areas: Safety, to prevent or reduce the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behavior; Renewal, to address the aging infrastructure through rapid design and construction methods that cause minimal disruptions and produce lasting facilities; Reli- ability, to reduce congestion through incident reduction, management, response, and mitigation; and Capacity, to integrate mobility, economic, environmental, and commu- nity needs in the planning and designing of new transporta- tion capacity. SHRP 2 was authorized in August 2005 as part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The pro- gram is managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) on behalf of the National Research Council (NRC). SHRP 2 is conducted under a memorandum of understand- ing among the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the National Academy of Sci- ences, parent organization of TRB and NRC. The program provides for competitive, merit-based selection of research contractors; independent research project oversight; and dissemination of research results. SHRP 2 Report S2-L05-RR-2 ISBN: 978-0-309-27318-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014946505 © 2014 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from pub- lishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The second Strategic Highway Research Program grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, or FHWA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing material in this document for educa- tional and not-for-profit purposes will give appropriate ac- knowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from SHRP 2. Note: SHRP 2 report numbers convey the program, focus area, project number, and publication format. Report num- bers ending in “w” are published as web documents only. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the second Strategic Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to moni- tor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical commit- tee and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the Na- tional Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the re- search and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the pro- gram sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Acad- emies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the second Strategic Highway Research Program do not en- dorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered es- sential to the object of the report. SHRP 2 REPORTS Available by subscription and through the TRB online bookstore: www.TRB.org/bookstore Contact the TRB Business Office: 202.334.3213 More information about SHRP 2: www.TRB.org/SHRP2

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol- ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni- cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advis- ing the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the ser- vices of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sci- ences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sci- ences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdis- ciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transpor- tation departments, federal agencies, including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

SHRP 2 STAFF Ann M. Brach, Director Stephen J. Andrle, Deputy Director Neil J. Pedersen, Deputy Director, Implementation and Communications Cynthia Allen, Editor Kenneth Campbell, Chief Program Officer, Safety JoAnn Coleman, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability Eduardo Cusicanqui, Financial Officer Richard Deering, Special Consultant, Safety Data Phase 1 Planning Shantia Douglas, Senior Financial Assistant Charles Fay, Senior Program Officer, Safety Carol Ford, Senior Program Assistant, Renewal and Safety Jo Allen Gause, Senior Program Officer, Capacity James Hedlund, Special Consultant, Safety Coordination Alyssa Hernandez, Reports Coordinator Ralph Hessian, Special Consultant, Capacity and Reliability Andy Horosko, Special Consultant, Safety Field Data Collection William Hyman, Senior Program Officer, Reliability Linda Mason, Communications Officer Reena Mathews, Senior Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Matthew Miller, Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Michael Miller, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability David Plazak, Senior Program Officer, Capacity Rachel Taylor, Senior Editorial Assistant Dean Trackman, Managing Editor Connie Woldu, Administrative Coordinator

vii This work was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It was con- ducted in the second Strategic Highway Research Program, which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. The project was man- aged by William Hyman, Senior Program Officer for SHRP 2 Reliability. The authors would like to acknowledge the many useful contributions of the project panel members and of staff at several transportation agencies who supported the research by providing data and information for several case studies, including the Knoxville Metropolitan Planning Organization, the Florida Department of Trans- portation, the Washington State Department of Transportation, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, the Colorado Department of Transportation, and the Denver Regional Council of Governments. Cambridge Systematics, Inc., supported by Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Sharp & Company, Inc., PB Americas, and Arun Chatterjee performed the research reported. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ix FOREWORD The Guide to Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into the Transportation Planning and Programming Processes is an easy-to-read explanation aimed at man- agers and others about how to incorporate travel time reliability into planning and programming through a collaborative process. The guide introduces the concept of travel time reliability, identifies various reliability measures, explains how to incor- porate reliability in policy statements, describes how to evaluate reliability needs and deficiencies, and, finally, offers suggestions on how to incorporate reliability measures into program and project investment decisions. Virtually all transportation agencies have a strong customer orientation. An important concern of road users is congestion that is both recurring and nonrecurring. Recurring congestion is periodic in nature, such as rush hour or holiday travel. Non- recurring congestion is unexpected and is due to crashes, weather, unfamiliar work zones, special events, failure of traffic control devices, surges in demand, and the inter- action of inadequate base capacity with these factors. All these sources of congestion affect travel time reliability. In the past decade or two, agencies have begun to collect data and measure reli- ability; in other words, they are measuring how travel time varies over time. A critical question is, how should agencies use their limited funds to achieve more cost-effective outcomes, such as improved congestion, and consequently reduce delay and less reli- able travel times? A related, critical question is, can greater collaboration both within and outside their agencies result in better programs and projects that achieve agency objectives, including improving travel time reliability? With the enactment of Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century ( MAP-21), state and metropolitan transportation agencies must adopt performance- based planning and programming that embraces measures and targets for travel time reliability along with safety, infrastructure condition, congestion reduction, William Hyman SHRP 2 Senior Program Officer, Reliability

xGUIDE TO INCORPORATING RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE MEASURES INTO THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING PROCESSES sustainability, freight movement and economic vitality, and reduced project delivery delays. Performance-based planning and programming is expected to address future highway and other transportation needs and how to obtain better results, provide a feedback mechanism for assessing progress, and provide a framework for undertaking expenditure decisions—in particular, steering resources toward improving an agency’s performance. Over many decades transportation decision making has become increasingly chal- lenging and complex for reasons ranging from technological change to growing envi- ronmental concerns. Erosion in gas tax revenues has exacerbated the problem. Many transportation agencies continue to emphasize major highway construction, either new construction or large reconstruction projects. Other transportation agencies give the highest priority to maintaining the transportation system they now have, both its physical condition and operational functionality. Whatever their posture and priorities, transportation agencies will need to carry out their work within the context of MAP-21. To do this will often require revised policy, more foresight, organizational change, and a willingness to determine the best use of money, to the extent that laws and regulations allow, across stovepipes as opposed to sticking with customary divisions of resources. Also, agencies will need a process for allocating their limited funds across the huge number of competing demands on the transportation network. It will be imperative to identify and illuminate for all key stakeholders trade-offs among the key goal areas, including those of MAP-21, as well as to account for ben- efits that should be monetized. The categories of benefits that have been monetized and compared to costs have historically consisted of avoidable accidents, avoidable vehicle operating costs, avoidable travel time, and sometimes avoidable emissions. As a result of research from many parts of the world, including SHRP 2 in the United States, it appears that drivers on many types of trips value improvements equal to a substantial fraction of improvements in average travel time. It is likely that improvements in travel time reliability will increasingly be included among the benefits expressed in terms of money. While the benefits of all types of improvements, including major projects, will increase, overall operational improvements will be more cost-effective. SHRP 2 Project L05 has resulted not only in a report but also in this guide; a tech- nical reference; a case studies report; and three spreadsheets. The guide is an easy-to- read explanation aimed at managers and others about how to incorporate travel time reliability into planning and programming through a collaborative process. The technical reference amplifies the information in the guide and is aimed at analysts. Highlights include tools and methods for estimating reliability suitable for planning, conducting a reliability analysis, incorporating reliability into benefit-cost analysis, and improving an agency’s planning and programming capability. If an agency can climb the ladder to higher levels of organizational capability and maturity, operations is then likely to be treated in an even-handed manner alongside construc- tion, maintenance, safety, and other modes.

xi GUIDE TO INCORPORATING RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE MEASURES INTO THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING PROCESSES The L05 case studies report, Case Studies in Using Reliability Performance Mea- sures in Transportation Planning, depicts much of the process for incorporating reli- ability into planning and programming and also serve to validate portions of the material in the guide and in the technical reference. The L05 researchers also prepared three simple spreadsheets for several of the case studies. These spreadsheets are instructive regarding how to incorporate reliability into sketch planning methods. The guide is an informative, high-level introduction to the topic of incorporating travel time reliability into planning and programming, while the technical reference and other materials provide valuable supporting detail.

xiii CONTENTS xv Acronym List 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 What Do We Mean by Reliability? 3 Incorporating Reliability into Planning and Programming 7 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 7 Background: Reliability Is an Important Aspect of Traveler Experience 8 Framework: Performance-Based, Collaborative Planning 14 How to Use This Guide 16 References 17 CHAPTER 2 Measuring and Tracking Reliability 17 Key Questions 17 Selecting a Performance Measure 21 Selecting a Method to Estimate Reliability 23 Communicating Reliability Performance 28 References 29 CHAPTER 3 Incorporating Reliability in Policy Statements 29 Key Questions 30 Identify the Appropriate Level for Incorporation 30 Incorporate Reliability into Vision and Mission Statements

xiv 31 Incorporate Reliability into Goals and Objectives 33 Incorporate Reliability into Complementary Planning Efforts 35 References 37 CHAPTER 4 Evaluating Reliability Needs and Deficiencies 38 Key Questions 38 Setting Reliability Thresholds 42 Defining Reliability Deficiencies 42 Describing Reliability Needs 47 References 49 CHAPTER 5 Incorporating Reliability Measures into Program and Project Investment Decisions 51 Key Questions 52 How to Use Reliability Performance Measures to Support Program Trade-Offs 56 How to Use Reliability Measures to Support Project Prioritization 66 Programming and Budgeting 66 References 69 CHAPTER 6 Conclusion Color versions of the figures in this guide are available online: www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/168855.aspx.

xv AHP analytical hierarchy process CMP congestion management process FHWA Federal Highway Administration FITSEval Florida ITS Evaluation FTA Federal Transportation Administration GRTA Georgia Regional Transportation Authority HERS-ST Highway Economic Requirements System—State Version IBC incremental benefit-cost IDAS ITS Deployment Analysis System ITS intelligent transportation systems LRP long range plan MAG Maricopa Association of Government MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act MOE measure of effectiveness MPO metropolitan planning organization NBIAS National Bridge Investment Analysis System NHS National Highway System NPV net present value OMB Office of Management and Budget PTI planning-time index SEMCOG Southeast Michigan Council of Government STIP state or statewide transportation improvement program TCAPP Transportation for Communities—Advancing Projects Through Partnerships Project, now known as PlanWorks ACRONYM LIST

xvi GUIDE TO INCORPORATING RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE MEASURES INTO THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING PROCESSES TDM travel demand management TIP transportation improvement program TOPS-BC tool for operations benefit/cost TPO transportation planning organization TSM&O transportation systems management and operations TTI travel time index VMT vehicle miles traveled