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28 SpecieS-LeveL and GuiLd-LeveL WiLdLife popuLation controL MethodS The following is a listing of potential direct and indirect wild- life population control measures used on airports as part of an integrated wildlife management strategy. Information is provided for several individual âhigh-riskâ species followed by both avian and mammalian guilds. Guilds are defined as groups of different species that generally occupy similar habitats or niches and behave similarly, but do not necessar- ily follow traditional taxonomic relationships. Thus, wildlife control measures are similar for different species within the same guild. As previously discussed, the appropriate lethal and live traps in trapping operations and the appropriate fire- arms in live-ammunition shooting must be used, although not all methods are necessary for all species and not all species pose risks to aviation operations. Although habitat modification is considered an indirect control method, it is included within this section because it is a critical component of integrated wildlife population control. Active harassment is not specifically detailed, but is appropriate for virtually all species and guilds. Species Level Canada Geese Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Agricultural management Egg and nest manipulation Live trapping (includes roundups) (see Figure 29) Live-ammunition shooting. Cattle Egrets (see Figure 30) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Roost removal Prey reduction (insects) Falconry/canines Live-ammunition shooting. Bald Eagles (see Figure 31) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Solid waste management Removal of nests and nest trees Prey reduction (fish, rodents, rabbits, mesomammals). White-tailed Deer (see Figure 32) Habitat modification Turf management Forest management Water/drainage management Agricultural management Exclusion (fencing) Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Coyotes (see Figure 33) Habitat modification Turf management Forest management Water/drainage management Solid waste management Exclusion (fencing) Prey reduction (rodents, rabbits, mesomammals, eggs) Lethal trapping Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting Chemical euthanasia (den fumigation). avian Guild Level Waterfowl (ducks, geese, swans) (see Figure 34) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Agricultural management Prey reduction (fish for piscivorous species) Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Pelicans and cormorants (see Figures 35 and 36) Habitat modification Water/drainage management Prey reduction (fish) Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Grebes and coots (see Figure 37) Habitat modification Water/drainage management Prey reduction (fish for grebes) Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Wading birds (egrets, herons, cranes) (see Figure 38) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management chapter five controL MethodS for individuaL SpecieS and WiLdLife GuiLdS
29 FIGURE 29 Canada Geese roundup (Source: SLC) and nesting Canada Goose at SLC (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 30 Cattle Egrets in flight over airport and foraging during mowing operations (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 31 Bald Eagle taking off at MSN (Source: MSN). FIGURE 32 White-tailed Deer (Source: BASH Inc.).
30 FIGURE 33 Coyotes (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 34 Snow Geese outside Klamath Falls International Airport (LMT) (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 35 American White Pelicans and Brown Pelican (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 36 Double-crested Cormorant loafing on canal bor- dering airport (Source: BASH Inc.).
31 FIGURE 37 American Coots and Least Grebe (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 38 Various wading birds on airports (Source: BASH Inc.).
32 Roost removal Prey reduction (fish, rodents, insects) Live trapping Live ammunition shooting. Gulls (see Figure 39) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Solid waste management Nesting site management Prey reduction (earthworms, insects) Chemical avicides Lethal trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Shorebirds (sandpipers, plovers, avocets, and others) (see Figure 40) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Prey reduction (insects, other invertebrates) Egg/nest removal Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Raptors (hawks, falcons, eagles, owls, osprey, vultures) (see Figures 41 and 42) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Roost removal Nest destruction Prey reduction (rodents, insects, rabbits, mesomammals, fish for eagles and ospreys, carrion for vultures) Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Doves and pigeons (see Figures 43 and 44) Habitat modification Turf management Forest management Water/drainage management Agricultural management Reducing bare areas, gravel, and grit Facilities/buildings management Prey reduction (seeds) Chemical avicides Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Blackbirds and starlings (see Figures 45 and 46) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Roost site management Agricultural management Prey reduction (insects, seeds) Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting Chemical avicides Surfactant treatment at roost sites. Corvids (crows and ravens) (see Figure 47) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Roost site management Solid waste management Agricultural management Prey reduction (insects, rodents, rabbits, mesomammals, eggs) Chemical avicides Live trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Aerial foragers (swallows, flycatchers, and nighthawks) (see Figure 48) Habitat modification Turf management Forest management Water/drainage management Nest site management Facilities/buildings management Prey reduction (insects) Nest and egg manipulation. Grassland passerines (meadowlarks, sparrows) (see Figure 49) Habitat modification Turf management Nest removal Prey reduction (insects, seeds) Live trapping. Woodland birds (songbirds, woodpeckers) (see Figure 50) Habitat modification Forest management Prey reduction (insects, seeds, fruits, berries) Live trapping. Mammalian Guild Level Predators (foxes, bobcats, badgers, bears, etc.) and feral animals (dogs, cats, pigs, etc.) (see Figure 51) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Solid waste management Agricultural management Exclusion (fencing) Prey reduction (rodents, rabbits, mesomammals, eggs) Burrow system fumigants Live trapping Lethal trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Mesomammals (skunks, raccoons, opossums, etc.) (see Fig- ure 52) Habitat modification Turf management Forest management
33 FIGURE 39 Gulls loafing on airport parking ramp and Ring-billed Gull detail (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 40 Killdeer on taxiway shoulder and American Avocets foraging on airport wetlands (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 41 Red-tailed Hawks perched on airport lighting structures at Jack Brooks Regional Airport (BPT) (left) (Source: BASH Inc.) and Dane County Regional Airport (MSN) (right) (Source: MSN).
34 FIGURE 42 Turkey Vultures at Orlando International Airport (MCO) (left) (Source: MCO) and Snowy Owl at MSN (right) (Source: MSN) perched on airport structures. FIGURE 43 Mourning Doves loafing on airport perimeter fence and gritting behavior (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 44 Rock Pigeons near airport terminals (Source: BASH Inc.).
35 FIGURE 45 European Starlings loafing on telephone wires and returning to roost sites just outside airports (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 46 Blackbird flock dispersal on airport (Source: Peloton Land Solutions). FIGURE 47 Common Raven scavenging on rabbit (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 48 Cliff Swallows nesting on hangar (left), Common Nighthawk (middle), and Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (right) (Source: BASH Inc.).
36 FIGURE 49 Eastern Meadowlark on airport utility box, sparrow on airfield light (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 50 Representative woodland birds: Northern Mockingbird (left), Northern Cardinal (middle), Black-throated Green Warbler (right)(Source: BASH Inc.). Water/drainage management Solid waste management Prey reduction (rodents, rabbits, eggs) Live trapping Lethal trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Lagomorphs (rabbits, hares) (see Figure 53) Habitat modification Turf/shrub management Forest management Water/drainage management Fencing (exclosures) Live trapping Lethal trapping Live-ammunition shooting. Rodents (mice, rats, voles, gophers, moles, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, etc.) (see Figure 54) Habitat modification Turf management Water/drainage management Exclusion with barrier fences for colonial rodents Prey reduction (insects, seeds) Chemical rodenticides Burrow-system fumigants Live trapping Lethal trapping Live-ammunition shooting.
37 FIGURE 51 Predators and feral animals on and near airports (Source: BASH Inc.). FIGURE 52 Opossum live trapped at Daytona Beach International Airport (DAB) (left); badger (middle); striped skunk (right) (Source: BASH Inc.).
38 FIGURE 53 Jackrabbits near airport taxiway and under radar structure at JFK (Source: JFK). FIGURE 54 Black-tailed Prairie Dogs and Uintah Ground Squirrel on airports (Source: BASH Inc.).
