Development of Left-Turn Lane Warrants for Unsignalized Intersections (2013)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

R-1 REFERENCES 1 Harmelink, M., “Volume Warrants for Left-Turn Storage Lanes at Unsignalized Grade Intersections,” Highway Research Record 211, Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1967). 2 Harwood, D.W., K.M. Bauer, I.B. Potts, D.J. Torbic, K.R. Richard, E.R. Kohlman Rabbani, E. Hauer, and L. Elefteriadou, Safety Effectiveness of Intersection Left- and Right-Turn Lanes, Report No. FHWA-RD-02-089, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (July 2002). 3 Harwood, D., and C. Hoban, Low Cost Methods for Improving Traffic Operations on Two- Lane Roads: Informational Guide, Report No. FHWA/IP-87/2, Midwest Research Institute (January 1987). 4 Fitzpatrick, K., M.A. Brewer, H.S. Levinson, J.S. Gluck, M.R. Lorenz, and W.L. Eisele, Design Guide on Left-Turn Accommodations at Unsignalized Intersections, draft NCHRP Report, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2011). 5 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (2004). 6 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (2001). 7 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (1994). 8 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (1990). 9 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (1984). 10 Neuman, T., Intersection Channelization Design Guide, NCHRP Report 279, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (November 1985). 11 Oppenlander, J.C., and J.C. Bianchi, “Guidelines for Left-Turn Lanes,” ITE Compendium of Technical Papers, 60th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida (August 1990). 12 Bonneson, J., and M. Fontaine, Engineering Study Guide for Evaluating Intersection Improvements, NCHRP Report 457, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2001). http://trb.org/publications/nchrp/esg/esg.pdf. 13 Fitzpatrick, K., and T. Wolff, “Left-Turn Lane Installation Guidelines,” 2nd Urban Street Symposium, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (July 2003). 14 Van Schalkwyk, I., and V. Stover, “Revisiting Existing Warrants for Left-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections on Two-Way Roadways,” Transportation Research Board 2007 Annual Meeting CD-ROM, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (January 2007). 15 Koepke, F.J., and H.S. Levinson, Access Management Guidelines for Activity Centers, NCHRP Report 348, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1992). 16 Modur, S., R. Machemehl, and C. Lee, Criteria for the Selection of a Left-Turn Median Design, Research Report 1138-1F, The University of Texas, Austin, TX (January 1990).

R-2 17 Hawley, P., and V. Stover, “Guidelines for Left-Turn Bays at Unsignalized Access Locations,” Second National Access Management Conference, Colorado Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1996). 18 Ranade, S., A.W. Sadek, and J.N. Ivan, “A Decision Support System for Predicting the Benefits of Left-Turn Lane Installations at Unsignalized Intersections,” TRB 2007 Annual Meeting CD-ROM, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (January 2007). 19 Kikuchi, S., and P. Chakroborty, “Analysis of Left-Turn-Lane Warrants at Unsignalized T-intersections on Two-Lane Roadways,” Transportation Research Record 1327, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1991), pp. 80– 88. 20 Alaska Highway Preconstruction Manual, Chapter 11: Highway Design, Alaska Department of Transportation (January 2005). http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/dcsprecon/assets/pdf/preconhwy/ch11/chapter11.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2008. 21 DelDOT Road Design Manual, Chapter 7—Intersections, Delaware Department of Transportation (November 2006). http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/manuals/road_design/pdf/07_intersections.p df. Accessed December 3, 2008. 22 Indiana Design Manual, Road Design, Part 5, Chapter 46 Intersections At-Grade (2008). http://www.state.in.us/dot/div/contracts/standards/dm/english/Part5Vol1/ECh46/ch46.htm, Accessed December 3, 2008. 23 Nevada Access Management System and Standards, Nevada Department of Transportation (1999). http://www.nevadadot.com/business/forms/pdfs/TrafEng_AccesMgtSysStandards.pdf. Accessed January 3, 2009. 24 The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Highway Design Guidebook, Chapter 6: Intersection Design, Massachusetts Highway Department (January 2006). http://www.vhb.com/mhdGuide/pdf/CH_6_a.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2008. 25 New York Highway Design Manual, Chapter 5—Basic Design, New York State Department of Transportation (August 23, 2006). https://www.nysdot.gov/divisions/engineering/design/dqab/hdm/hdm- repository/chapt_05.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2008. 26 Texas Roadway Design Manual, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX (October 2006). http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/rdw/rdw.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2008. 27 Virginia Road Design Manual, Appendix C: Section C-1—Design Features, Virginia Department of Transportation (July 2008). http://www.extranet.vdot.state.va.us/locdes/Electronic%20Pubs/2005%20RDM/appendc.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2008. 28 Washington Design Manual, Washington State Department of Transportation (January 2006). http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Publications/Manuals/M22-01.htm. Accessed December 3, 2008.

R-3 29 ConnDOT Highway Design Manual, Chapter 11: Intersections At-Grade (December 2006). http://www.conndot.ct.gov/publications/hdm/Chapter%2011.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2008. 30 Bureau of Design and Environment Manual, Chapter 36: Intersections, Illinois Department of Transportation (2002). http://dot.state.il.us/desenv/BDE%20Manual/BDE/pdf/chap36.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2008. 31 Roadway Design Manual, Mississippi Department of Transportation (January 2001). http://www.gomdot.com/business/roadwaydrawings/manual.htm. Accessed February 18, 2003. 32 Missouri Engineering Policy Guide, 949.9 Auxiliary Acceleration and Turning Lanes, Missouri Department of Transportation (August 2007). http://epg.modot.mo.gov/index.php?title=940.9_Auxiliary_Acceleration_and_Turning_Lanes . Accessed December 4, 2008. 33 Road Design Manual, Chapter 13: Intersections At-Grade, Montana Department of Transportation (December 2004). http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/roaddesign/external/montana_road_design_manual/13_intersec tion_at-grade.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 34 TDOT Roadway Design Guidelines, Tennessee Department of Transportation (March 2006). http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/Chief_Engineer/assistant_engineer_design/design/DGpdf/ENGLI SH%20GUIDELINES.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 35 Roadway Design Manual, Nebraska Department of Roads (July 2006). http://www.dor.state.ne.us/roadway-design/pdfs/rwydesignman.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 36 Colorado Design Guide 2005, Chapter 9 Intersections, Colorado Department of Transportation (2005). http://www.dot.state.co.us/DesignSupport/Design%20Guide%2005/DG05%20Ch%2009%20 Intersections.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 37 KYTC Highway Design, Intersections Chapter, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (January 2006). http://transportation.ky.gov/design/designmanual/chapters/12Chapter%200900%20AS%20P RINTED%202006.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 38 Colorado’s State Highway Access Code, Volume 2, Code of Colorado Regulations 601-1 (March 2002). http://www.dot.state.co.us/AccessPermits/PDF/601_1_AccessCode_March2002_.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 39 Location and Design Manual, Ohio Department of Transportation (July 2006). http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ProdMgt/Roadway/roadwaystandards/Location%20and %20Design%20Manual/400_jul06.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 40 New Jersey Roadway Design Manual, Section 6: At-Grade Intersections, State of New Jersey, Department of Transportation (December 27, 2002). http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/documents/RDME/sect6E2001.shtm. Accessed December 4, 2008.

R-4 41 New Jersey, Title 16, Department of Transportation, Chapter 47, State Highway Access Management Code, New Jersey Administrative Code. http://www.nj.gov/transportation/about/rules/pdf/chapter47.pdf. Accessed January 3, 2009. 42 Florida Driveway Information Guide, Florida Department of Transportation (September 2008). http://www.dot.state.fl.us/planning/systems/sm/accman/pdfs/driveway2008.pdf. Accessed January 3, 2009. 43 Roadway Design Procedures and Details, Louisiana Department of Transportation (July 2002). http://www.dotd.louisiana.gov/highways/project_devel/design/road_design/road_design_man ual/Road_Design_Manual_(Full_Text).pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 44 Design Manual, Part 2 Highway Design, Chapter 1: General Design, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (June 2007). ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/Bureaus/design/Pub13M/Chapters/Chap01.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 45 Regulations for Driveway and Encroachment Control, Georgia Department of Transportation, Atlanta, GA (March 2004). http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/roads/Documents/DesignPolicies/Dri vewayFull.pdf. Accessed September 2008. 46 State Access Management Manual, New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department, Albuquerque, NM (September 2001). http://nmshtd.state.nm.us/main.asp?secid=11703. Accessed September 2010. 47 Iowa Design Manual, Iowa Department of Transportation, Des Moines, IA (August 2008). ftp://165.206.203.34/design/dmanual/00_START percent20HERE_TOC.pdf. Accessed September 2008. 48 Road Design Manual, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN (June 2000). http://www.dot.state.mn.us/design/rdm/english/5e.pdf. Accessed September 2008. 49 Highway Design Manual, 2003 English Manual, Chapter 9: Intersection and Interchange Design, Oregon Department of Transportation (2003). ftp://ftp.odot.state.or.us/techserv/roadway/web_drawings/HDM/Rev_E_2003Chp09.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 50 Road Design Manual, Chapter 12: Intersections, South Dakota Department of Transportation (2007). http://www.sddot.com/pe/roaddesign/docs/rdmanual/rdmch12.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 51 Roadway Design Manual of Instruction, Utah Department of Transportation (May 2007). http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/f?p=100:pg:4147010608516685::::V,T:,1498. Accessed December 4, 2008. 52 Mn/DOT Access Management Manual, Chapter 3, Minnesota Department of Transportation (January 2, 2008). http://www.oim.dot.state.mn.us/access/pdfs/Chapter%203.pdf. Accessed January 3, 2009. 53 Arizona Roadway Design Guidelines, Arizona Department of Transportation (July 2008). http://www.azdot.gov/highways/Roadway_Engineering/Roadway_Design/Guidelines/Manua ls/PDF/RoadwayDesignGuidelines.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008. 54 California Highway Design Manual, Chapter 400: Intersections at Grade, California Department of Transportation (September 2006). http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/hdm/pdf/english/chp0400.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2008.

R-5 55 Yang, J., “Risk-Based Volume Warrants for Free Right-Turn Lanes on Two-Lane Roadways,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers (April 2008), pp. 155–162. 56 Glennon, J.C., J.J. Valenta, B.A. Thorson, and J.A. Azzeh, Technical Guidelines for the Control of Direct Access to Arterial Highways, Volume II: Detailed Description of Access Control Techniques, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-87, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (1975). 57 McCoy, P.T., J.A. Bonneson, S. Ataullah, and D.S. Eitel, “Guidelines for Right-Turn Lanes on Urban Roadways,” Transportation Research Record 1445, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1994), pp. 130–137. 58 Potts, I.B., J.F. Ringert, D.W. Harwood, and K.M. Bauer, “Operational and Safety Effects of Right-Turn Deceleration Lanes on Urban and Suburban Arterials,” Transportation Research Record 2023, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2007), pp. 52–62. 59 Hadi, M.A., and J. Thakkar, “Speed Differential as a Measure to Evaluate the Need for Right-Turn Deceleration Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 1847, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2004), pp. 58–65. 60 Kikuchi, S., M. Kii, and P. Chakroborty, “Lengths of Double or Dual Left-Turn Lanes,” Transportation Research Record 1881, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2004), pp. 72–78. 61 Gard, J.T., “Estimation of Maximum Queue Lengths at Unsignalized Intersections,” Compendium of Papers, Institute of Transportation Engineers Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL (2001). 62 Lertworawanich, P., and L. Elefteriadou, “Determination of Storage Lengths of Left-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections Using M/G2/1 Queuing,” Transportation Research Record 1847, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2003), pp. 20–28. 63 Fitzpatrick, K., M.D. Wooldridge, and J.D. Blaschke, Urban Intersection Design Guide: Volume 1—Guidelines and Volume 2—Applications, Report No. FHWA/TX-05/0-4365-P2, Texas Transportation Institute, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX (2005). http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-4365-P2.pdf. Accessed September 2008. 64 Connecticut Highway Design Manual, Chapter 11-5.06, Connecticut Department of Transportation (January 1999). http://www.dot.state.ct.us/bureau/eh/ehen/desserv/hdm/index.htm. Accessed March 2002. 65 Staplin, L., K.W. Gish, L.E. Decina, K.H. Lococo, D.L. Harkey, M.S. Tarawneh, R. Lyles, D. Mace, and P. Garvey, Synthesis of Human Factors Research on Older Drivers and Highway Safety, Volume II: Human Factors and Highway Safety Research Synthesis, Report No. FHWA-RD-97-095, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (1997). 66 Tarawneh, M.S., and P.T. McCoy, “Guidelines for Offsetting Opposing Left-Turn Lanes on Divided Roadways,” Transportation Research Record 1579, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1997), pp. 43–52. 67 McCoy, P.T., G. Pesti, P.S. Byrd, and V.A. Singh, “Guidelines for Opposing Left-Turn Lane-Line Widths,” Transportation Research Record 1751, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2001), pp. 26–34.

R-6 68 Yan, X., and E. Radwan, “Geometric Models to Calculate Intersection Sight Distance for Unprotected Left-Turn Traffic,” Transportation Research Record 1881, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2004), pp. 46–53. 69 Jagannathan, R., and J.G. Bared, “Design and Operational Performance of Crossover Displaced Left-Turn Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 1881, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2004), pp. 1–10. 70 Rodegerdts, L., M. Blogg, E. Wemple, E. Meyers, M. Kyte, M. Dixon, G. List, A. Flannery, R. Troutbeck, W. Brilon, N. Wu, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, D. Harkey, and D. Carter, Roundabouts in the United States, NCHRP Report 572, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2007). 71 Miscky, R.J., and J.M. Mason, Jr., “Sight Distance for Vehicles Turning Left Off Major Roadway,” 1996 National Conference on Access Management, Vail, CO, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1996). 72 Raff, M.S., and J. W. Hart, A Volume Warrant for Urban Stop Signs, The Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Control, Westport, CT (1950). 73 Radwan, A.E., K.C. Sinha, and M.L. Michael, Development and Use of a Computer Simulation Model for the Evaluation of Design and Control Alternatives for Intersections of Minor Roads with Multilane Rural Highways: Selection of the Simulation Model, Report No. FHWA-IN-79-8, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (1979). 74 Solberg, P., and J.C. Oppenlander, “Lag and Gap Acceptance at Stop-Controlled Intersections,” Highway Research Record 188, Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1966), pp. 48–67. 75 Alexander, J., P. Barham, and I. Black, “Factors Influencing the Probability of an Incident at a Junction: Results from an Interactive Driving Simulator,” Accident Analysis Prevention 34 (2002), pp. 779–792. 76 Yan, X., E. Radwan, and D. Guo, “Effects of Major-Road Vehicle Speed and Drive Rage and Gender on Left-Turn Gap Acceptance,” Accident Analysis Prevention 39 (2007), pp. 843–852. 77 Highway Safety Manual, 1st Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (2010). 78 Schrank, D., and T. Lomax, 2009 Urban Mobility Report, Texas Transportation Institute, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX (2009). http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility_report_2009_wappx.pdf. or http://mobility.tamu.edu/ums/. Accessed May 17, 2010. 79 Duvall, T.D., and D.J. Gribbin, “Treatment of the Economic Value of a Statistical Life in Departmental Analyses,” Memorandum to Secretarial Officers, Modal Administrators (2008). http://ostpxweb.dot.gov/policy/reports/080205.htm. Accessed May 17, 2010. 80 Council, F.M., E. Zaloshnja, T. Miller, and B. Persaud, Crash Cost Estimates by Maximum Police Reported Injury Severity within Selected Crash Geometries, Report No. FHWA-HRT-05-051, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (October 2005). 81 Consumer Price Index—All Urban Consumers, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?cu. Accessed May 25, 2010. 82 Employment Cost Index—Total Compensation, All Workers, Not Seasonally Adjusted, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/web/eci/echistrynaics.pdf. Accessed May 25, 2010.

R-7 83 Bonneson, J., K. Zimmerman, and C. Quiroga, Review and Evaluation of Enforcement Issues and Safety Statistics Related to Red-Light Running, Report No. FHWA/TX-04/4196- 1, Texas Transportation Institute, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX (2003). 84 Harwood, D.W., K.M. Bauer, K.R. Richard, D.K. Gilmore, J.L. Graham, I.B. Potts, D.J. Torbic, and E. Hauer, Methodology to Predict the Safety Performance of Urban and Suburban Arterials, NCHRP Web-Only Document 129: Phases I and II, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2007). 85 TxDOT Expressway, Detailed Letting, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX (2010). http://www.dot.state.tx.us/insdtdot/orgchart/cmd/cserve/let/2010/bastrop.htm#032103017. Accessed June 22, 2010. 86 “Projects to Be Let in the Next 6 Months—By Parish,” Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (2010). http://www.dotd.louisiana.gov/lettings/lets8220.asp. Accessed June 22, 2010. 87 “District 10 2010 Construction Brochure,” Ohio Department of Transportation (2010). http://www.dot.state.oh.us/districts/D10/2009construction/Documents/2010%20Construction %20Brochure.pdf. Accessed June 22, 2010. 88 “D-3 Preliminary Estimates Section Transportation Costs,” Florida Department of Transportation (2009). http://www.dot.state.fl.us/planning/policy/costs/costs-D3.pdf. Accessed June 22, 2010. 89 Harwood, D.W., J. M. Mason, R.E. Brydia, M.T. Pietrucha, and G.L. Gittings, Intersection Sight Distance, NCHRP Report 383, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1996). 90 TRB Special Report 209: Highway Capacity Manual, 3rd Edition, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1994). 91 Access Management Manual, TRB Committee on Access Management, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2003). 92 Highway Capacity Manual, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (2000). 93 At-Grade Intersections: Planning and Design Guide, Jack E. Leisch and Associates, Evanston, IL (undated). 94 Chakroborty, P., S. Kikuchi, and M. Luszcz, “Length of Left-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 1500, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC (1995).