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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2014. Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22611.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Non-profit Org. U.S. Postage PAID Washington, DC Permit No. 8970 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED Anne Spine = .162 S2-R03-RR-2 Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects G uide to Identifying and R educing W orkforce Fatigue in R apid R enew al P rojects S H R P 2 TR B 028313 SHRP2 R03 Cover Final with Mailer.indd 1 3/11/14 9:55 AM

THE SECOND STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Thomas Sanquist, J. Elizabeth Jackson, John L. Campbell, and Marvin C. McCallum Battelle E. B. Lee EBL Consulting Hans P. A. Van Dongen and Peter McCauley Washington State University Hollis Minor The Minor Group TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Washington, D.C. 2014 www.TRB.org Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects SHRP 2 Report S2-R03-RR-2

SUBSCRIBER CATEGORIES Administration and Management Construction Highways Safety and Human Factors

THE SECOND STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM America’s highway system is critical to meeting the mobility and economic needs of local communities, regions, and the nation. Developments in research and technology—such as advanced materials, communications technology, new data collection technologies, and human factors science—offer a new opportunity to improve the safety and reliability of this important national resource. Breakthrough resolution of significant transportation problems, however, requires concentrated resources over a short time frame. Reflecting this need, the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) has an intense, large-scale focus, integrates mul- tiple fields of research and technology, and is fundamentally different from the broad, mission-oriented, discipline-based research programs that have been the mainstay of the high- way research industry for half a century. The need for SHRP 2 was identified in TRB Special Report 260: Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life, pub- lished in 2001 and based on a study sponsored by Congress through the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). SHRP 2, modeled after the first Strategic High- way Research Program, is a focused, time-constrained, management-driven program designed to complement existing highway research programs. SHRP 2 focuses on applied research in four areas: Safety, to prevent or reduce the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behavior; Renewal, to address the aging infrastructure through rapid design and construction methods that cause minimal disruptions and produce lasting facilities; Reli- ability, to reduce congestion through incident reduction, management, response, and mitigation; and Capacity, to integrate mobility, economic, environmental, and commu- nity needs in the planning and designing of new transporta- tion capacity. SHRP 2 was authorized in August 2005 as part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The pro- gram is managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) on behalf of the National Research Council (NRC). SHRP 2 is conducted under a memorandum of understand- ing among the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the National Academy of Sci- ences, parent organization of TRB and NRC. The program provides for competitive, merit-based selection of research contractors; independent research project oversight; and dissemination of research results. SHRP 2 Report S2-R03-RR-2 ISBN: 978-0-309-27301-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014931774 © 2014 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from pub- lishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The second Strategic Highway Research Program grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, or FHWA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing material in this document for educa- tional and not-for-profit purposes will give appropriate ac- knowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from SHRP 2. Note: SHRP 2 report numbers convey the program, focus area, project number, and publication format. Report num- bers ending in “w” are published as web documents only. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the second Strategic Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to moni- tor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical commit- tee and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the Na- tional Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the re- search and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the pro- gram sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Acad- emies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the second Strategic Highway Research Program do not en- dorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered es- sential to the object of the report. SHRP 2 REPORTS Available by subscription and through the TRB online bookstore: www.TRB.org/bookstore Contact the TRB Business Office: 202.334.3213 More information about SHRP 2: www.TRB.org/SHRP2

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol- ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni- cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advis- ing the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initia- tive, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sci- ences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdis- ciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transpor- tation departments, federal agencies, including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

SHRP 2 STAFF Ann M. Brach, Director Stephen J. Andrle, Deputy Director Neil J. Pedersen, Deputy Director, Implementation and Communications Cynthia Allen, Editor Kenneth Campbell, Chief Program Officer, Safety JoAnn Coleman, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability Eduardo Cusicanqui, Financial Officer Richard Deering, Special Consultant, Safety Data Phase 1 Planning Walter Diewald, Senior Program Officer, Safety Shantia Douglas, Senior Financial Assistant Charles Fay, Senior Program Officer, Safety Carol Ford, Senior Program Assistant, Renewal and Safety Jo Allen Gause, Senior Program Officer, Capacity Rosalind Gomes, Accounting/Financial Assistant James Hedlund, Special Consultant, Safety Coordination Alyssa Hernandez, Reports Coordinator Ralph Hessian, Special Consultant, Capacity and Reliability Andy Horosko, Special Consultant, Safety Field Data Collection William Hyman, Senior Program Officer, Reliability Linda Mason, Communications Officer Reena Mathews, Senior Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Matthew Miller, Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Michael Miller, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability David Plazak, Senior Program Officer, Capacity Rachel Taylor, Senior Editorial Assistant Dean Trackman, Managing Editor Connie Woldu, Administrative Coordinator

vii This work was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi cials. It was con- ducted in the second Strategic Highway Research Program, which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. The project was man- aged by Jerry DiMaggio, Senior Program Offi cer for SHRP 2 Renewal. The research reported on herein was performed by Battelle, supported by EBL Consulting, Washington State University, The Minor Group, and Anderson Con- sulting. Thomas Sanquist, Battelle, was the principal investigator. The other authors of this report are J. Elizabeth Jackson, John L. Campbell, and Marvin McCallum, Battelle; E. B. Lee, EBL Consulting; and Hans P. A. Van Dongen and Peter McCauley, Washington State University. The authors acknowledge the contributions to this research from Glenna Redmond-Wolf, Jean Busto, and Diane Williams, Battelle; Melinda Jackson, Washington State University; Hollis Minor, The Minor Group; and Stuart Anderson, Anderson Consulting. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ix FOREWORD This guide, Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects, describes a 3-year research project and results performed as SHRP 2 Project R03. The research scope involved studying factors associated with workforce fatigue and stress in the rapid renewal environment and the risks to worker safety and con- struction productivity. The study team developed an integrated fatigue management toolkit, including work scheduling and work practice guidance based on fatigue models, organizational practice guidance, fatigue management reference material, and training materials for managers and workers. This suite of products was prepared with the goal of integrating applicable components into existing safety management systems for highway projects, thereby reducing fatigue risk and increasing safety. Worker and manager fatigue is a problem on highway construction projects and is exacerbated by the rapid renewal or accelerated construction practices that involve longer shifts, night work, and weekend closures. This problem is widely acknowledged by both management and labor, although current methods that address fatigue tend to be informal and are widely variable. Working conditions associated with rapid renewal approaches include conducting work during off-peak hours, continuous weekend con- struction, extended nighttime operations, and conducting work in zones adjacent to traffi c. Fatigue countermeasures and their effectiveness have been studied extensively and are already practiced in other industries. Countermeasures include strategic man- agement interventions (e.g., fatigue training, work scheduling aids, incident reporting) as well as individual interventions (e.g., sleep hygiene, napping, appropriate use of caffeine, self-monitoring, and peer-monitoring). A comprehensive description of factors contributing to workforce fatigue and stress in the rapid renewal environment was developed as part of this study. These fac- tors were examined in a range of scenarios and in the ways in which different segments of the highway construction workforce are affected. Jerry A. DiMaggio D.GE, PE, SHRP 2 Senior Program Offi cer, Renewal

xGUIDE TO IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING WORKFORCE FATIGUE IN RAPID RENEWAL PROJECTS An integrated set of workforce fatigue risk factor definitions, fatigue risk manage- ment practices and techniques, and specific tools and procedures was developed into a toolkit that can be applied to comprehensively manage workforce fatigue. This toolkit complements the broader efforts of rapid renewal performance specifications, rapid renewal risk management, and rapid renewal project management. Training and out- reach materials were also produced to support future workforce fatigue management efforts in the highway construction industry. Finally, an implementation strategy was prepared that identifies recommended activities to increase awareness of the potential risks and costs associated with workforce fatigue and stress, and to foster and reward industry members in adopting practices that manage these risks and costs.

xi CONTENTS 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 Background 2 Main Strategies Identifi ed for Successful Fatigue Management 5 CHAPTER 2 Organizational Practices Guidance 5 Assess Corporate Approach 6 Build In Fatigue Management 7 Dispel Erroneous Beliefs 8 Analyze Fatigue Risk Trajectory 9 Assess Schedule Risks 10 Formalize Risk Assessment Process 10 Implement Countermeasures 11 Report, Investigate, Evaluate 12 Summary of Organizational Practices 15 CHAPTER 3 Technical Reference Material 15 Sleep Basics 23 Fatigue Countermeasures

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TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-R03-RR-2: Guide to Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects is designed to help in the development and implementation of fatigue risk management in rapid renewal highway construction environments.

The guide includes organizational practices guidance, technical reference materials, fatigue training materials, and work scheduling aids and guidance. This suite of products may be integrated into existing safety management systems for highway construction environments, thereby reducing fatigue risk and increasing safety.

An e-book version of this guide is available for purchase at Amazon, Google, and iTunes.

The same project that developed Report S2-R03-RR-2 also produced a report titled Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects that documents worker fatigue impacts during rapid renewal operations in the highway construction industry and describes development of the Fatigue Risk Management Guide for Rapid Renewal Highway Construction Projects.

In addition, SHRP 2 Renewal project R03 created two slide presentations on fatigue risk managementone for general highway workers and the other is for managers.

Slide Presentations Disclaimer: These training materials are offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind, either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively “TRB”) be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of these materials. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

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