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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22645.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22645.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22645.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22645.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22645.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22645.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22645.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22645.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2013 www.TRB.org RepoRt S2-R21-RR-3 The Second S T R A T E G I C H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M Composite Pavement Systems Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements Shreenath rao Applied Research Associates, Inc. Littleton, Colorado Michael Darter Applied Research Associates, Inc. Tucson, Arizona Derek toMpkinS, Mary Vancura, anD leV khazanoVich University of Minnesota Minneapolis JiM Signore University of California Berkeley erDeM coleri, rongzong Wu, anD John harVey University of California Davis Julie VanDenboSSche University of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania

Subscriber Categories Construction Design Highways Pavements

SHRP 2 Reports Available by subscription and through the TRB online bookstore: www.TRB.org/bookstore Contact the TRB Business Office: 202-334-3213 More information about SHRP 2: www.TRB.org/SHRP2 SHRP 2 Report S2-R21-RR-3 ISBN: 978-0-309-12946-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2013936446 © 2013 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Copyright Information Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copy- right to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The second Strategic Highway Research Program grants permission to repro- duce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Per- mission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, or FHWA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing material in this document for educational and not-for-profit purposes will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from SHRP 2. Note: SHRP 2 report numbers convey the program, focus area, project number, and publication format. Report numbers ending in “w” are published as web documents only. Notice The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the second Strategic Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical committee and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the second Strategic Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. The Second Strategic Highway Research Program America’s highway system is critical to meeting the mobility and economic needs of local communities, regions, and the nation. Developments in research and technology—such as advanced materials, communications technology, new data collection tech- nologies, and human factors science—offer a new opportunity to improve the safety and reliability of this important national resource. Breakthrough resolution of significant transportation problems, however, requires concentrated resources over a short time frame. Reflecting this need, the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) has an intense, large-scale focus, integrates multiple fields of research and technology, and is fundamentally different from the broad, mission-oriented, discipline-based research programs that have been the mainstay of the highway research industry for half a century. The need for SHRP 2 was identified in TRB Special Report 260: Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life, published in 2001 and based on a study sponsored by Congress through the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). SHRP 2, modeled after the first Strategic Highway Research Program, is a focused, time- constrained, management-driven program designed to com- plement existing highway research programs. SHRP 2 focuses on applied research in four areas: Safety, to prevent or reduce the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behavior; Renewal, to address the aging infrastructure through rapid design and construction methods that cause minimal disruptions and produce lasting facilities; Reliability, to reduce congestion through incident reduction, management, response, and mitigation; and Capacity, to integrate mobility, economic, environmental, and community needs in the planning and designing of new trans- portation capacity. SHRP 2 was authorized in August 2005 as part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The program is managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) on behalf of the National Research Council (NRC). SHRP 2 is conducted under a memo- randum of understanding among the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the National Academy of Sciences, parent organization of TRB and NRC. The program provides for competitive, merit-based selection of research contractors; independent research project oversight; and dissemination of research results.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci- plinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

SHRP 2 STAFF Ann M. Brach, Director Stephen J. Andrle, Deputy Director Neil J. Pedersen, Deputy Director, Implementation and Communications James Bryant, Senior Program Officer, Renewal Kenneth Campbell, Chief Program Officer, Safety JoAnn Coleman, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability Eduardo Cusicanqui, Financial Officer Walter Diewald, Senior Program Officer, Safety Jerry DiMaggio, Implementation Coordinator Shantia Douglas, Senior Financial Assistant Charles Fay, Senior Program Officer, Safety Carol Ford, Senior Program Assistant, Renewal and Safety Elizabeth Forney, Assistant Editor Jo Allen Gause, Senior Program Officer, Capacity Rosalind Gomes, Accounting/Financial Assistant Abdelmename Hedhli, Visiting Professional James Hedlund, Special Consultant, Safety Coordination Alyssa Hernandez, Reports Coordinator Ralph Hessian, Special Consultant, Capacity and Reliability Andy Horosko, Special Consultant, Safety Field Data Collection William Hyman, Senior Program Officer, Reliability Michael Marazzi, Senior Editorial Assistant Linda Mason, Communications Officer Reena Mathews, Senior Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Matthew Miller, Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Michael Miller, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability David Plazak, Senior Program Officer, Capacity Onno Tool, Visiting Professional Dean Trackman, Managing Editor Connie Woldu, Administrative Coordinator Patrick Zelinski, Communications/Media Associate ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the American Association of State Highway and Trans- portation Officials. It was conducted in the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2), which is administered by the Transporta- tion Research Board of the National Academies. The project was man- aged by James Bryant, Senior Program Officer for SHRP 2 Renewal. The R21 research team thanks the SHRP 2 Renewal project panel for directing the team through this research and helping us focus our research activities. We especially thank Dr. James Bryant for his encour- agement and guidance throughout 4 years of this project. We are grateful to the staff at Minnesota Department of Transporta- tion for their role in developing, constructing, instrumenting, and test- ing the field sections constructed at MnROAD. We would specifically like to mention Ben Worel, Tim Clyne, Mark Watson, Maureen Jensen, and Len Palek. We also acknowledge Stewart Krummen and others at C. S. McCrossan for their flexibility in dealing with several issues that arose during the design and construction phases. We are especially grateful to FHWA and to the Mobile Concrete Labo- ratory for collecting extensive field data during MnROAD construction. In particular, we acknowledge Jagan Gudimettla and Gary Crawford for providing this opportunity and working closely with the team. We thank the Illinois State Tollway Highway Authority and particu- larly Steve Gillen and Ross Bentsen for their roles in the construction of test sections at the Illinois Tollway. We also thank the State Highway Agencies in the United States and the Ministries of Transportations in Canada for responding to surveys; providing us with access to field sections; and providing traffic, materi- als, and performance information for these field sections. We acknowledge Walter Fleischer with HEILIT+WOERNER Con- struction of Munich, Germany, Dr. John Bolander from the Univer- sity of California at Davis, Dr. Mihai Marasteanu from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and Dr. Susanne Aref of Aref Consulting Group, LLC for their contributions. We also acknowledge Harold Von Quintus, Dr. William Vavrik, Jag Mallela, Dr. Alex Gotlif, Dr. Suri Sadasivam, Biplab Bhattacharya, Gregg Larson, Dr. Frank Fang, Leslie Titus-Glover, Paul Littleton, and Carmine Dwyer from Applied Research Associates, Inc., for their con- tributions to various parts of this research, and Robin Jones for edito- rial review. Our sincere thanks to several graduate students at the University of Minnesota, the University of California at Davis, and the University of Pittsburgh who helped through various phases of field data collec- tion and analysis. They include Kyle Hoegh, Priyam Saxena, and Luke Johanneck from the University of Minnesota and Matthew Geary, Miguel Luis, Thomas Adams, Manik Barman, Zichang Li, Feng Mu, and Somayeh Nassiri at the University of Pittsburgh.

Volumes 1 and 2 of the R21 project present the state of the practice and guidelines for designing and constructing new composite pavements. Volume 1 provides the tools needed to design and construct new hot-mix asphalt (HMA) concrete over a portland cement concrete (PCC) composite pavement that takes full advantage of using differing materials. Volume 2 provides guidance on the design and construction of two-layer, wet-on-wet PCC pavements where the upper layer is a thin high-quality layer (hard nonpolishing aggregate, higher cement content, higher quality binder) and excellent surface characteristics with the lower layer containing a higher percentage of local aggregates and recycled materials. Both volumes detail performance data on existing composite pavement systems and provide step-by-step guidance on the design of composite pavements using mechanistic-empirical design methods for both types of new composite pavements. Composite pavements have proved in Europe and the United States to have long service life with excellent surface characteristics, structural capacity, and rapid renewal when needed. Based on statistics compiled in 2000, approximately 30% of the urban interstate system and just over 20% of the rural interstate system is classified as “composite” pavement. In most cases the composite pavements are the result of maintenance and rehabilitation activities and not intentionally designed new composite pavement systems. This project developed the guidance needed to design and construct new composite pave- ment systems. The research determined the behavior, properties, and performance for both HMA/PCC and the PCC/PCC composite pavements under many climate and traffic condi- tions. Experimental composite pavements were constructed at MnROAD in Minnesota and the University of California Pavement Research Center at Davis, where the pavements were instrumented and monitored under climate and heavy traffic loadings. A composite pavement consisting of HMA over jointed plain concrete also was constructed in the field by the Illinois Tollway north of Chicago. At the Tollway, extensive field surveys were performed on 64 sections of the two types of composite pavements. This project also evaluated, improved, and further validated applicable structural, climatic, material, and performance prediction models, and design algorithms that are included in the AASHTO MEPDG and DARWin-ME, CalME, NCHRP 1-41 reflection cracking, NCHRP 9-30A rutting, and the Lattice bonding model. The current DARWin-ME overlay design pro- cedure for HMA/PCC and a special R21 version of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG [v. 1.3000:R21]) can be used for new PCC/PCC composite pavements. The key to the sustainable features of new composite pavements is the ability to use higher levels of recycled materials in the lower concrete layer. Additionally, the thickness of the lower concrete layer can be reduced when considering the insulating effect of the top pavement sur- face. Intentionally designed and constructed composite pavements will help highway agencies meet the goal of building economical, sustainable pavement structures that use higher levels of recycled materials and locally available materials. F O R EWO R D James W. Bryant, Jr., PhD, PE, SHRP 2 Senior Program Officer, Renewal

C O n t E n t s 1 Executive Summary 14 CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Background 14 Research Objectives and Overview 15 Overview of Report 15 Definitions 15 History 16 Agency Survey 17 Summary of European Practices 18 Distress Mechanisms 19 Use of PCC/PCC Composite Pavements 21 CHAPTER 2 PCC/PCC Test Sections 21 Introduction 22 Test Sections at MnROAD 39 Field Survey Sections 47 CHAPTER 3 PCC/PCC Analysis and Performance Modeling 47 Introduction 47 Analysis of Test Section Laboratory Data 55 Analysis of Field Data at MnROAD 62 PCC/PCC Interface Tensile Bond Strength Test 64 MEPDG JPCP Transverse Cracking Models for PCC/PCC 65 Longitudinal Cracking Models for PCC/PCC 65 MEPDG JPCP Faulting Model for PCC/PCC 66 MEPDG Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model (EICM) for PCC/PCC 67 EICM Calculation of Subgrade Response for Single-Layer and Composite Two-Layer Rigid Pavement Systems 70 Overall MEPDG Performance Modeling 70 Lattice Modeling of PCC/PCC Interface Behavior (Debonding) 82 CHAPTER 4 PCC/PCC Design Guidelines 82 Note on Versions of the MEPDG 82 Guidelines and Design Procedure Using AASHTO MEPDG 84 Illustrative Designs 85 MEPDG Design Comparisons 87 Sensitivity Analysis 88 PCC Surface Material and Texture Design Options 89 Cost Analysis and Pavement Type Selection

96 CHAPTER 5 PCC/PCC Construction Guidelines 96 Introduction 96 Construction Details 103 CHAPTER 6 PCC/PCC Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research 103 Conclusions 104 Intended Audience, Usage, Value Added to State of the Practice and State of the Art, Potential Benefits of Acceptance and Implementation 106 Recommendations for Additional Development or Refinement of the Products 108 References 110 Appendices A-V Online version of this report: www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/168533.aspx.

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Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements Get This Book
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TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-R21-RR-3: Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 2: PCC/PCC Composite Pavements investigates the structural and functional performance of placing a relatively thin, high-quality PCC surface atop a thicker PCC layer.

The first report in the series, Composite Pavement Systems, Volume 1: HMA/PCC Pavements, explores the structural and functional performance of surfacing a new portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement layer with a high-quality hot mix asphalt (HMA) layer.

Both of these new composite pavement systems have shown great promise for providing strong, durable, safe, smooth, and quiet pavements that need minimal maintenance.

The appendices to the two-volume report provide additional detail, understanding, and history on HMA/PCC and PCC/PCC pavements.

The project that produced this report also produced SHRP 2 Report S2-R21-RW-1: 2008 Survey of European Composite Pavements.

SHRP 2 Renewal Project R21 has also produced sample specifications related to three experimental composite pavement sections in Minnesota, as well as proposed revisions to AASHTO’s Mechanistic-Empirical Design Guide, Interim Edition: A Manual of Practice, which address newly constructed composite pavements.

​Software Disclaimer: This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

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