Technical Assessment of Dry Ice Limits on Aircraft (2013)

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52 References 1. For example, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Seventh Edition, Claus Borgnakke and Richard E. Sonntag. p. 53. 2. “The Growing Industry—Dry Ice,” D. B. Killeffer, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 22, 1087 (1930). 3. The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Susan Budavari, Editor (1996). p. 1859. 4. Calculated from the ideal gas law. 5. The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Susan Budavari, Editor (1996). p. 1859. 6. The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Susan Budavari, Editor (1996). p. 1859. 7. Dry Ice, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ice (accessed June 2010). 8. The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Susan Budavari, Editor (1996). p. 1859. 9. The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Susan Budavari, Editor (1996). p. 1859. 10. Gas Data Book, Sixth Edition, William Braker and Allen L. Mossman (1980), p. 120. 11. Data from NIST database. Note that these data are for carbon dioxide as a real gas, not an ideal gas. 12. Forms of Dry Ice, Continental Carbonic Products, Inc., www. continentalcarbonic.com/index.php (accessed June 2010). 13. “Typical Thermal Conductivity (k factor),” http://www.texasfoam. com/table2.htm (accessed March 22, 2011). 14. “Chemical Sampling Information, Carbon Dioxide,” United States Department of Labor, http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/ data/CH_225400.html (accessed June 2010). 15. “Chemical Sampling Information, Carbon Dioxide,” United States Department of Labor, http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/ data/CH_225400.html (accessed June 2010). 16. “Allowable Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Transport Category Airplane Cabins, Final Rule,” 61 FR 63951, Dec. 2, 1996. 17. “Allowable Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Transport Category Airplane Cabins, Final Rule,” 61 FR 63951, Dec. 2, 1996. See com- ments section in this document. 18. OSHA Technical Manual, Section III, Chapter 2. Found at http:// www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_2.html/. 19. “Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air,” International Civil Aviation Organization, 2009–2010 Edi- tion, ICAO Doc. 9284 AN/905. 20. “Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air,” International Civil Aviation Organization, 2009–2010 Edi- tion, ICAO Doc. 9284 AN/905. p. A3-2-9. 21. “Hazard Associated with Sublimation of Solid Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) Aboard Aircraft,” FAA, AC 103-4, May 1, 1974. 22. “Hazard Associated with Sublimation of Solid Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) Aboard Aircraft,” FAA, AC 91-76, Sept. 30, 2004. 23. “Hazard Associated with Sublimation of Solid Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) Aboard Aircraft,” FAA, AC 91-76A, May 22, 2009. 24. “Certification of Transport Airplane Mechanical Systems,” FAA, AC 25-22, March 14, 2000. 25. NTSB Safety Recommendation, Carol J. Carmody, May 25, 2001. 26. “Sublimation Rate of Dry Ice Packaged in Commonly Used Quan- tities by the Air Cargo Industry,” Douglas C. Caldwell, Russell J. Lewis, Robert M. Shaffstall, and Robert D. Johnson, DOT/FAA/ AM-06/19, Aug. 2006. 27. “Dry Ice Transportation,” Airbus document SIL 00-081, June 11, 2007. 28. “Commercial Airliner Environmental Control Systems,” Elwood H. Hunt, Don H. Reid, David R. Space, and Fred E. Tilton, Aerospace Medical Association meeting paper, May 1995. 29. “The Airplane Cabin Environment,” Elwood H. Hunt and David R. Space, Boeing paper, 1994. 30. “Carriage of Dry Ice in Aircraft,” Brian T. Imada, Boeing presenta- tion to SAE AGE-2 Committee, April 13, 1994. 31. “Service Letter: Recommended Allowable Dry Ice Carriage Lim- its,” 707-SL-006-E, 727-SL-020-E, 737-SL-033-E, 747-SL-055-E, 757-SL-036-E, 767-SL-044-E, 777-SL-001-E, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Aug. 1, 2008. 32. “Preparing Hazardous Materials for Military Air Shipment,” Air Force Interservice Manual 24-204, Dec. 11, 2001. (Also designated TRM-38-250.) 33. “Standard Test Method for Thermal Insulation and Performance of Distribution Packages,” ASTM D3103, 2007. 34. “Guide to Shipping Dry Ice,” Northwestern University document, 2006. 35. “UNH Guide to Shipping with Dry Ice,” Andy Glode, University of New Hampshire document, April 9, 2007. 36. “Shipment of Perishable Products and Dry Ice Usage,” Russ J. Bragg, University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension publication, Dec. 2003. 37. “Practical Thermal Resistance and Ice Requirements for Insulating Packages,” Gary Burgess, Packaging Technology and Science, Vol. 12, 75 (1999). 38. “Modeling of Temperature Fluctuations in Frozen Fish,” Satyam Kumar and Subhendu Panigrahi, Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference, 2009. 39. Heat Transfer, Third Edition, McAdams, p. 181. 40. Heat Transfer, Third Edition, McAdams. p. 180 ff.

53 52. “Dry Ice Transportation,” Airbus Service Information Letter 00-081, June 11, 2007. 53. “Hazard Associated with Sublimation of Solid Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) Aboard Aircraft,” FAA AC 91-76, Sept. 30, 2004. 54. “Carbon Dioxide Levels in Commercial Airliner Cabins,” Noreen L. Nagda, M. D. Koon, A. G. Sondheim, ASHRAE J., Aug. 1991. p. 35. 55. “Air Quality, Ventilation, Temperature, and Humidity in Air- craft,” Anne O’Donnell, Giovanni Donning, and Van Hip Nguyen, ASHRAE J., April 1991. p. 42. 56. “Air Quality on Commercial Aircraft,” W. Mark Pierce, Yolanda N. Janczewski; Brian Roethlisberger and Mark G. Janczewski, ASHRAE J., Sept. 1999. p. 26. 57. “Trends in Air Quality of Commercial Aircraft,” Martin B. Hocking, Reviews on Environmental Health, 17, 1 (2002). 58. “Indoor Air Quality Investigation on Commercial Aircraft,” Shun- Cheng Lee et al., Indoor Air, 9, 180 (1999). 59. “Measurement of Physical Environmental Parameters and Appar- ent Ventilation Rates Aboard Passenger Aircraft,” Michael J. Murphy, J. ASTM International, May 5, 2008. 60. “Live Animal Carriage in 777 Cargo Compartments,” Boeing docu- ment, June 1, 1995. p. 6. 61. http://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/ Activity-Categories/occupation (accessed May 18, 2012). 62. “Measurement of Physical Environmental Parameters and Appar- ent Ventilation Rates Aboard Passenger Aircraft,” Michael J. Murphy, J. ASTM International, May 5, 2008. 63. “Live Animal Carriage in 777 Cargo Compartments,” Boeing docu- ment, June 1, 1995. 41. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st Edition, W. M. Haynes, Editor, p. 14.21. 42. “Seasonal Variations of CO2 near the Tropopause Observed by Commercial Aircraft,” Yousuke Sawa, Toshinobu Machida, and Hidekazu Matsueda, J. Geophysical Research, 113, D23301, 2008. 43. “Chemical Digital Atlas—NASA Airborne Field Missions,” http:// www-air.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/datlas (accessed Feb. 9, 2011). 44. “CO2 Weather Maps,” http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbon tracker/co2weather.php?region=nam&date=2009-07-10 (accessed Feb. 9, 2011). 45. “Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation,” ASTM, ASTM D6245, 2007. 46. “Evaluating Building IAQ and Ventilation with Indoor Carbon Dioxide,” A. K. Persily, ASHRAE J., Vol. 33 (1991). p. 35. 47. “Sublimation Rate of Dry Ice Packaged in Commonly Used Quan- tities by the Air Cargo Industry,” Douglas C. Caldwell, Russell J. Lewis, Robert M. Shaffstall, and Robert D. Johnson, DOT/FAA/ AM-06/19, Aug. 2006. 48. “Live Animal Carriage in 777 Cargo Compartments,” Boeing docu- ment, June 1, 1995. 49. “Allowable Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Transport Category Airplane Cabins; Final Rule,” FAA, 61 FR 63951, Dec. 2, 1996. 50. “Sublimation Rate of Dry Ice Packaged in Commonly Used Quan- tities by the Air Cargo Industry,” Douglas C. Caldwell, Russell J. Lewis, Robert M. Shaffstall, and Robert D. Johnson, DOT/FAA/ AM-06/19, Aug. 2006. 51. “Carriage of Dry Ice in Aircraft,” Brian T. Imada, Boeing Commer- cial Airplane Group document, April 13, 1994.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation