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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22699.
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NAT IONAL COOPERAT IVE H IGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNTHESIS 433 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 www.TRB.org Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration SubScriber categorieS Aviation  •  Highways  •  Materials  •  Pavements Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing A Synthesis of Highway Practice conSultant WYNAND JvdM STEYN University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP SYNTHESIS 433 Project 20-05, Topic 42-08 ISSN 0547-5570 ISBN 978-0-309-22366-9 Library of Congress Control No. 2012934394 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. NOTE: The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American  Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and  the  individual  states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do  not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear  herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol- ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni- cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad- emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad- emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci- plinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Wynand JvdM Steyn Pr Eng, PhD, University of Pretoria, was responsible for the collection and preparation of this synthesis. The assistance, comments, and support of the Topic Panel is acknowledged. This study was managed by Jon Williams, Program Director, IDEA and Synthesis Studies, who worked with the consultant, the Topic Panel, and the Project 20-05 Committee in the development and review of the synthesis. NCHRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT 20-05 CHAIR CATHERINE NELSON, Oregon DOT MEMBERS KATHLEEN S. AMES, Michael Baker, Jr., Inc. STUART D. ANDERSON, Texas A&M University BRIAN A. BLANCHARD, Florida DOT CYNTHIA J. BURBANK, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. LISA FREESE, Scott County (MN) Community Services Division MALCOLM T. KERLEY, Virginia DOT RICHARD D. LAND, California DOT JOHN M. MASON, JR., Auburn University ROGER C. OLSON, Minnesota DOT ROBERT L. SACK, New York State DOT FRANCINE SHAW-WHITSON, Federal Highway Administration LARRY VELASQUEZ, JAVEL Engineering, Inc. FHWA LIAISON JACK JERNIGAN MARY LYNN TISCHER TRB LIAISON STEPHEN F. MAHER COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative Research Programs CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs NANDA SRINIVASAN, Senior Program Officer EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications SYNTHESIS STUDIES STAFF STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and Special Programs JON M. WILLIAMS, Program Director, IDEA and Synthesis Studies JO ALLEN GAUSE, Senior Program Officer GAIL R. STABA, Senior Program Officer DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Officer TANYA M. ZWAHLEN, Consultant DON TIPPMAN, Senior Editor CHERYL KEITH, Senior Program Assistant DEMISHA WILLIAMS, Senior Program Assistant DEBBIE IRVIN, Program Associate TOPIC PANEL NICHOLAS I. BURMAS, California Department of Transportation BOUZID CHOUBANE, Florida Department of Transportation AMY EPPS MARTIN, Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University NAVNEET GARG, Federal Aviation Administration, Atlantic City, NJ AMIR N. HANNA, Transportation Research Board STEPHEN F. MAHER, Transportation Research Board TOMMY E. NANTUNG, Indiana Department of Transportation BENJAMIN JAMES WOREL, Minnesota Department of Transportation NELSON H. GIBSON, Federal Highway Administration, McLean,VA (Liaison) Cover figure: Asphalt rut APT Test.

FOREWORD PREFACE By Jon M. Williams Program Director Transportation Research Board Highway administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which infor- mation already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and prac- tice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviat- ing the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to highway administrators and engineers. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful information and to make it available to the entire highway commu- nity, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials—through the mechanism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program—authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, NCHRP Proj- ect 20-5, “Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Problems,” searches out and syn- thesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP report series, Synthesis of Highway Practice. This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. Full-scale accelerated pavement testing (f-sAPT) is the controlled application of a wheel loading, at or above the appropriate legal load limit, to a pavement system to determine pavement response in a compressed time period. The acceleration of damage is achieved by means of increased repetitions, modified loading conditions, imposed climatic conditions (e.g., temperature and/or moisture), the use of thinner pavements with a decreased structural capacity, and thus shorter design lives or a combination of these factors. This synthesis study has the objective of expanding the foundation provided by NCHRP Syntheses 325 and 235 on f-sAPT by adding information generated between the years 2000 and 2011 and identify- ing gaps in knowledge and future research needs. This synthesis is based on two major sources of information. A questionnaire was distrib- uted to 43 known U.S. and international operators and owners of f-sAPT devices, the 50 U.S. state departments of transportation representatives, and a group of specialists active in the field of pavement engineering. The second source of information is the conference and journal papers published from 2000 to 2011. Wynand JvdM Steyn, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, collected and syn- thesized the information and wrote the report. The members of the topic panel are acknowl- edged on the preceding page. This synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand.

CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY 5 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background, 5 Definition of Full-scale Accelerated Pavement Testing, 6 Study Objective, 6 Study Scope, 7 Impacts and Benefits of Accelerated Pavement Testing, 7 Summary of Previous Syntheses, 7 Available Information, 10 Questionnaire Feedback Summary, 11 Report Structure, 11 Chapter Summary, 13 14 CHAPTER TWO CURRENT FULL-SCALE ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TESTING PROGRAMS AND EQUIPMENT Introduction, 14 Full-scale Accelerated Pavement Testing Programs, 14 Associations and Committees, 26 Sensors and Instrumentation, 36 Chapter Summary, 52 53 CHAPTER THREE PAVEMENT MATERIALS AND STRUCTURE EVALUATION Introduction, 53 Hot Mix Asphalt and Related Materials, 53 Concrete and Related Materials, 70 Granular Materials, 74 Pavement Structures and Systems, 77 Miscellaneous Topics, 78 Chapter Summary, 81 82 CHAPTER FOUR VEHICLE–PAVEMENT–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Introduction, 82 Load Parameters, 82 Environmental Parameters, 88 Chapter Summary, 91 92 CHAPTER FIVE MODELING AND ANALYSIS Introduction, 92 Modeling and Analysis, 92 Chapter Summary, 97

98 CHAPTER SIX IMPACTS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Introduction, 98 Impacts, 98 Economic Analysis, 98 Educational Benefits of Accelerated Pavement Testing, 103 Chapter Summary, 104 105 CHAPTER SEVEN TRENDS AND CONCLUSIONS Introduction, 105 Continued Trends, 105 New Trends, 106 Conclusions, 106 Chapter Summary, 108 109 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 110 REFERENCES 128 BIBLIOGRAPHY TRB Presentations, 128 Papers, 129 Graduate Degrees Based on Full-scale Accelerated Pavement Testing, 131 Other, 134 139 APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire 153 APPENDIX B Survey Respondents and Interviewees 155 APPENDIX C Full-scale Accelerated Pavement Testing Programs and Facility Descriptions 206 APPENDIX D Response Analysis APPENDIXES C AND D ARE WEB-ONLY AND CAN BE FOUND AT WWW.TRB.ORG, SEARCH ON NCHRP SYNTHESIS 433 Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 433: Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing documents and summarizes significant findings from the various experimental activities associated with full-scale accelerated pavement testing (f-sAPT) programs that have taken place between 2000 and 2011.

The report also identifies gaps in knowledge related to f-sAPT and where future research may be needed.

NCHRP Synthesis 433 is designed to expand the f-sAPT base of knowledge documented in NCHRP Syntheses 325 and 235, both with the same title of Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing.

f-sAPT is the controlled application of a wheel loading, at or above the appropriate legal load limit, to a pavement system to determine pavement response in a compressed time period. The acceleration of damage is achieved by one or more of the following factors: increased repetitions, modified loading conditions, imposed climatic conditions, and thinner pavements with a decreased structural capacity which have shorter design lives.

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